Inotungamirwa, Sainzi
Ndeipi kodzera nhamba? Ndezvipi zvimwe?
Ndeipi kodzera nhamba? Senior vadzidzi uye vadzidzi kwemasvomhu unyanzvi vanogona kupindura nyore mubvunzo uyu. Asi avo kubudikidza basa iri kure ichi, zvingaoma. Chii chaizvoizvo chiri?
The Chaizvoizvo uye izita
Under kufunga nhamba anoreva avo iyo inogona achimiririrwa chimwe hacho. Positive, kunaka, uye razero zvinosanganisirwawo ichi yakatarwa. The numerator of chikamu chiduku ichi nyaya anofanira kuva integer, uye dhinomineta - vanomiririra zvakanaka integer.
Wakaisa ichi wemasvomhu anonzi Q uye anonzi "munda kufunga nhamba." Vanosanganisira zvose uye zvakasikwa, runotaurwa sezvo Z uye N. The ichocho akagadzirwa Q dziri yakatarwa R. Zviri tsamba iyi dzinomirira vanonzi chaiye kana chaiyo nhamba.
zano
Sezvambotaurwa, kune ouchenjeri nhamba - Wakaisa ichi, izvo zvinosanganisira zvose integer uye fractional tsika. Vanogona anounzwa zvakasiyana siyana. Chekutanga, muchimiro zvavo zvikamu zviduku: 5/7, 1/5, 11/15, etc. Chokwadi, integers zvinogona kunyorwa nenzira yakafanana: 6/2, 15/5, 0/1, - .. 10/2, etc. Second, imwe mhando pamharidzo - munhu finite grade fractional chikamu: .... 0.01, -15,001006, etc. zvichida uyu chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana siyana.
Asi pane wechitatu - nguva nenguva hacho. Miti iyi haisi zvakajairika chaizvo, asi richiri kushandiswa. Somuenzaniso, chikamu chiduku 10/3 anogona kunyorwa sezvo 3,33333 ... kana 3, (3). The akasiyana maonero ichakurukurwa chete nhamba. Sezvo vachanzi raireva, uye kuenzana mumwe nezvikamu akadai 3/5 uye 6/10. Kunenge kuti zvava pachena kuti ndaisagona nhamba. Asi nei rinoshandiswa kureva kwavari?
Origin of zita
Shoko "musoro" iri ano mutauro Russian zvavo anotakura siyanei zvaanoreva. Asi "hunonzwisisa", "nemaune". Asi kwemasvomhu mashoko vari pedyo chaiyo pakati vakakwereta shoko. The "reshiyo" muchiLatin - ndiye "mafungiro", "mupumburu" kana "kupesana." Saka, zita inoratidza musimboti zvinhu kodzera. Zvisinei, chinangwa wechipiri
vachikorovhera
Kugadzirisa matambudziko akarongeka, tiri kuramba kungori pfungwa nhamba, asingazivi pachavo kuita. Uye vane nhamba kunonakidza zvivako. vose vanotevera kubva tsanangudzo yakatarwa yezviito kana.
Chokutanga, ouchenjeri nhamba vane pfuma hukama pakati hurongwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pakati nhamba mbiri zvinogona ukama chimwe chete - ivo kana akaenzana mumwe, kana mumwe kupfuura mumwe. Semuna.:
kana = b; kana> b, kana
Uyezve, pfuma iyi transitivity reshiyo sezvinotevera. Kureva, kana munhu mukuru kupfuura b, b kupfuura c, zvadaro mukuru c. Mumutauro wemasvomhu riri sezvinotevera:
(A> b) ^ (b > c) => (a> c).
Chechipiri, pane svomhu amabasa pamwe zvakaringana nhamba, kureva, Uyezve, kubvisa, kupesana, uye, chokwadi, chokuwanziridza. Mukuita tishandurwe kunogonawo sarudza zvinoverengeka zvivako.
- mumwe + b = b + munhu (kuchinja mashoko nzvimbo commutativity);
- 0 + mumwe = ane + 0;
- (A + b) + C = munhu + (b + c) ( associativity);
- mumwe + (kureva) = 0;
- AB = sq;
- (AB) c = munhu (azvarwa ) ( Distributivity);
- 1 = demo 1 xa = munhu;
- demo (1 / a) = 1 (sezvamakaropafadzwa munhu haasi 0);
- (A + b) C =, ac + AB;
- (A> b) ^ (c > 0) => (Mab> azvarwa) .
Kana totaura vanhuwo, kwete grade, zvikamu zviduku uye integers, zviito navo zvingasafadza matambudziko. Somuenzaniso, kuwedzera uye kubvisa zvinobvira chete zvakaenzana denominators. Kana zvakasiyana pakutanga, zvinofanira kuva kuwana zvakafanana, achishandisa chokuwanziridza zvikamu zviduku zveropa zvose rimwe nhamba. Enzanisa kakawanda zvinogoneka chete pasi ichi.
Division uye chokuwanziridza zvikamu zviduku zveropa anobudiswa maererano nemitemo zvakarurama nyore. The rutapudzo rwakafanana dhinomineta hakusi zvakakodzera. Oga, vawande pamusoro numerators uye denominators, apo mune nedanho Implementation zviri chikamu chiduku inobvira zviito vaifanira kuderedza uye hureruke.
Kana weboka, ipapo rakafanana wokutanga pamwe zvishoma musiyano. Nokuti bara wechipiri vanofanira kuwana Ivan Kuchin, kureva kuti,
Pakupedzisira, mumwe pfuma vaiita nokushandisa pfungwa nhamba, yainzi axiom pamusoro Archimedes. Zita "nheyo" rinowanzoshandiswa rinowanikwa mabhuku. It chinoshanda yose yakatarwa chaiyo nhamba, asi kwete pose pose. Saka, zano iri hairevi vamwe anoita kodzera mabasa. Chaizvoizvo, axiom ichi zvinoreva kuti kana pane tsika maviri uye b, unogona nguva dzose kutora zvakakwana mari imwe, b kuti outperform.
zvoupenyu chikumbiro
Saka, vaya vakadzidza kana kurangarira, kuti ndaisagona nhamba, zviri pachena kuti vari kushandiswa kwose kwose: mu ndizvidavirire dzezvoupfumi, nhamba, wefizikisi, kemisitiri sayenzi vamwe. Sezvingatarisirwa, panewo nzvimbo navo masvomhu. Kwete nguva dzose muchiziva kuti tiri kubata navo, tinogara kushandisa kodzera nhamba. Kunyange vana vaduku kudzidza kuverenga zvinhu, achicheka migove apuro kana kupedza zvimwe zviito nyore, atarisana navo. Ivo chaizvoizvo isu idzodzi. Asi nokuti vamwe mabasa havakwanisi, kunyanya, muenzaniso Pythagorean theorem no, tinogona kunzwisisa kukosha kudzidzisa pfungwa pamusoro safunga nhamba.
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