Ndivanaani vari mukomana nevakuru?

Ndivanaani vari mukomana? Iyi ndiyo yepamusoro, yakange iri muRussia kubva muzana remakore rechi10 kusvika kuma17. Machinda makuru uye akajeka aivewo eboka rakaropafadzwa.

Kuwedzera kwemakomana

Muchikwata chechihedheni makomana acho akatora basa rinotungamirira pakarepo mushure meGuru Duke, pamwe naye muhurumende.

Iyi dzimba yakagoverwa muzana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu, apo kuumbwa kwenyika yekare yeRussia yakatanga. Pakati pavo, munguva dzemazana gumi nemazana gumi nemazana gumi nemazana matanhatu pakange pane avo vaiva madzishe uye zemstvo boyars. Vokutanga vainzi machinda uye wechipiri nevakuru veguta. Vakanga vari zvizvarwa zvekudzwa kwemarudzi. Apo muzana remakore rechi11 varume vakuru vakapiwa nyika, vakabatana ne zemstvo boyars, vachiva imba imwe chete.

Machinda nemakomana muhurumende yezvematongerwo enyika muzana remakore rechi12 nemakore gumi nemashanu

Sezvo mukomana aiva vashandi vechinda, mabasa avo aisanganisira kushanda muuto rake. Asi ivo vaivewo neropafadzo dzakawanda: vaiva nekodzero yokuenda kune imwe muchinda; Simba risina simba uye kudzvinyirira munharaunda yenzvimbo dzavo; Vavengi vavo.

Kuparadzana kweRussia, kwakaitika muzana remakore rechi12 nerechi15, kwakabatanidza kuderera kwesimba guru. Panguva imwecheteyo, simba rezvemari reimba yechidiki rakakura, uye simba rayo rezvematongerwe enyika rakakura.

Semuenzaniso, munharaunda yeGalicia-Volyn nharaunda uye nyika yeNoggorod muzana remakore rechi13, vakomana vacho vakatora mumaoko avo sarudzo yezvematongerwe enyika, iyo yakaitwa pane iyo inonzi mapurisa. Nokuda kwesimba rakasimba renzvimbo iyi Chernigov, Polotsk-Minsk, Muromo-Ryazan mapurisa haana simba rine simba guru.

Kurwisana kwemachinda nemukomana-votchinniki

Kuti kuderedze simba rekomana-tenzi, machinda akashanyira rubatsiro rwevakomana nevakuru.

Apo, kutanga muhafu yepiri yezana remakore rechi14, simba reMukuru Duke rakatanga kukura zvakare, izvo zvinonzi zvinonzi zvakanaka zvinonzi zvakaonekwa. Masimba avo aisanganisira kutungamirirwa kwemapazi ehupfumi hwemuzinda.

Ndivanaani ava mukomana? Uyu muteteti, falconer, chashniki, nezvimwe. Vaisanganisirawo voivods, mune hutungamiri hwaive dzakaparadzana ndima dzave dzichiva kudya kwavo.

Kuumbwa kwehurumende yepakati penyika kwaisanganisira kugadziriswa kwekodzero dzevakomana, izvo zvaisanganisira kuderedza huwandu hwekudzivirirwa, kudzivisa uye kubvisa kodzero yekuenda kune imwe muchinda pakupera kwezana remakore rechi15. Nzvimbo yemagariro edzimba yacho yakashanduka.

Kuparidzirwa kwemasimba muzana remakore rechi15 nerechi17

Ndivanaani vari mukomana kubvira muzana remakore rechi15? Ikozvino iyi ndiyo yakakwirira kwazvo pakati pevanhu vebasa renyika yebaba. Kuvapo kwezita rakadaro kwaireva kuti munhu aigona kutora chikamu mumabasa e Boyar Duma, izvi zvakapa kodzero yekuonekwa sepamusoro yeDuma. Boyars, sekutonga, ikozvino yaiva pamusoro pehutungamiri hukuru, hutongi neyemapurisa, dzakamira pamusoro wemirairo.

Vakomana, avo vakaramba vachirwisana nehurumende yehurumende yepakati iyo yakaumbwa, yakarasikirwa nemaropafadzo mazhinji emagariro evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika. Mhando dzose dzemhirizhonga uye hurukuro dzakabva dzadziviswa. Uyu mukomana aristocracy akatambura zvikuru kubva kune oprichnina Ivan IV.

Nekutongerwa kuchigaro choumambo cheRomanovs, kugoverwa kwesimba pakati penyika kwakashanduka zvikuru. Iko zvino vashumiri vakasimbiswa mune zvoupfumi vakomana nevatongi vezana remakore rechi17, nepo mazita emhando dzakanaka dzakamira. Yaiva nekuda kwezvikonzero izvi kuti kuparara kwemakirasi ekirasi pakati pevakomana nevakuru vakatanga kuonekwa. Uye apo nzvimbo yepanyika uye yekutakura nyika, maererano nehurongwa hwe1714, yakabatanidzwa, yakanga yakabatanidzwa pamwe chete mumutauro we "veneti". Gare gare izwi iri rakashandurwa kune shoko rokuti "bar", kana kuti "master".

Muna 1682, hutongerwo enyika hwakabviswa, uye ikozvino mukomana wacho akanga asina kunyanya kubatanidzwa munyaya dzehurumende. Uye mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi18, Peter I akagumisa zvachose zita re boyar.

Upenyu hwevakomana nevakuru

Vakuru nevakomana vezana remakore rechi17 muRussia, sezvatotaurwa kare, vakatanga kubatana mune rimwe kirasi.

Kana tichitaura pamusoro pehupenyu, saka kune zvimwe zvigadziri zvezviitiko izvozvo, tinogona kugumisa kuti mumasimba makuru uye mukomana mune zvombo zvizhinji uye zvinhu zvesirivha, mabhanhire anokosha uye zvinhu zviri mukati. Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi17 manori akawanda akanga ava nhare dzenyika, umo vanhu 60 kusvika ku80 vaigona kurarama.

Kuonekwa kwekutanga kwekugadzikana kwemazuva iwayo mahedheni ndeyemakore gumi nemazana nema11. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vamwe vavo vakagumburwa munguva yekuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana. Vazhinji vakatora nzvimbo dzavo. Asi vamiriri vemhuri inofadza yakakwanisa kuchengetedza pfuma nenharaunda, nezana remakore rechi16 nerechi17, yakavhara nzvimbo dzayo nemasvingo akareba, zvichiita kuti dzive dzimba dzechokwadi.

Upenyu hwevakomana nevanokudzwa muzana remakore rechi17

Kupinda kwakapinda kweEuropean mararamiro ehupenyu muzvikoro zvakachengetedzwa zvakabhadhara kwakaita kuti kuwedzerwa kunetseka kwenyaradzo yehupenyu. Uye ndedzipi imwezve kunzwisisa kuti vana vanakomana nevakuru ndiani? Zvidzidzo zvepamusoro zvakapiwa zvinhu zvakaratidza izvi nokukurumidza sezvazvaigona: zvakasiyana-siyana zvekucheka uye napkins, zvigadziro zvemunhu mumwechete uye mapepa efurafura zvakaonekwa pamatafura. Iye zvino nhengo yese yemhuri yaiva nekamuri yakasiyana. Kunyanya rich rich dynasties yakashandisa pottery kubva kune faience, tin uye nemhangura.

Vamiririri vezita rakakurumbira panguva iyoyo (Golitsyns, Naryshkins, Odoyevsky, Morozovs nevamwe) vakashongedza dzimba dzavo dzebwe dzematombo maererano neshoko rekupedzisira reEuropean fashion: madhura mapurisa, makateti nematehwe pamadziro; Mirror nemifananidzo; Nhamba yakawanda yezvinyorwa zvitsva, kunyanya chandeliers uye makenduru ekushongedza.

Vadzidzisi vose nevashandi vakapfekedzwa mufashoni yeEurope: micheka yakareba yakasvibirira, kusunungura, zvishongo zvishongo zvegoridhe nesirivha nematombo anokosha. Pasinei nokuti mabhii eEurope akanga ari oga kunze kwechiitiko chisingaperi zvachose muRussia muzana remakore rechi17, nzvimbo dzakakosha mune dzimwe nzira dzakatanga kutevera mafambiro eFestern fesheni.

Chimwe chinhu chitsva muhupenyu hwevapfumi vane hupfumi nevakuru vakashanda. Kutamba chesche, kuenda kumakonti nezvimwe zvinhu zvinofadza zvakava chikamu chinokosha chehupenyu hwevapfumi. Vaifamba mumakamuri mashoma nematsime nevaranda pazvitsitsinho zvavo, vaipfeka maviki, uye varume vakatanga kuveura vhudzi.

Posadskaya yakararama zvakanyanya zvishoma. Vamiririri vake vakapfekedzwa mujasi, machira nemidziyo zvakanga zvisina mari. Asi mukati mehupenyu hwavo paivawo nechido chokunyaradzwa. Mumakamuri unogona kuona mifananidzo, maawa, mirati. Kugamuchirwa kwevaeni kwaiitwa mumasangano chaiwo emhemberero.

VaNobles vakaedza kutevedzera dzimba dzeumambo, hongu, kwete nekumambo hwekuchiva, asi zvakadaro. Muimba yavo yakaonekwa mahwindo ne mica, midziyo yakagadzirwa kubva pamatanda akavezwa, makateti pasi.

Ndivanaani vari mukomana muWallachia neMoldavia?

Munharaunda yeWallachia neMoldavia chikwata chechipiri chakaumbwa muzana remakore rechi14. Muchikati chavo pakanga pane chimiro chakanaka. Generic boyars vaiva varidzi ve bastin (patrimonial), uye nzvimbo-nzvimbo dzakanaka. Nekufamba kwenguva, kusiyana kwakaita pakati pavo kwakatanga kupfeka. Sechikamu chemakomana eRomania akazvimiririra ezana remakore rechi19, zvizvarwa zvevatengesi vakuru nevatungamiriri vakaonekwa. Munharaunda idzi, kuregererwa kwemakomana sekirasi kwakaitika chete musi waMarch 22, 1945 mukugadzirisa kwekutevedzera mutemo panyaya yekugadzirisa marongerwo enyika.

Izwi rokuti "boyars" uye "vanokudzwa" mubhuku rezvinyorwa

Ndivanaani vari mukomana nevakuru? Tsanangudzo yenhau inopa mhinduro yakajeka uye yakajeka mubvunzo uyu.

MaNobles vamiririri veboka rakaropafadzwa rakasimuka munharaunda yevanhu vanonyengera.

Boyars ndivo vamiririri vesangano rakakwirira kupfuura mamwe ose evanhu vanobva kumazana ekuma10 kusvika kuma17, munharaunda yeKivan Rus, mutevedzeri weMoscow, Bulgaria, mutungamiriri weMoldavia, Wallachia, uye kubva muzana remakore rechina muRomania.