Mumiririri rokutanga alkenes - ethylene. Zvinooneka ehupfumi, kugadzirira, kushandiswa ethylene

Bright mumiririri unsaturated Mahydrocarbon - ethene (ethylene). Physical Properties: Hauoneki zvinobata moto gasi, panhamo pamwe okisijeni uye mhepo. The zvinokosha kwazvo ethylene kubva peturu akawana kuti unozotevera kwetunhu Organic zvinhu (monohydric uye dihydric alcohols, Polymers, acetic asidhi nezvimwe yeimwe).

Homologous yakatevedzana ethylene, sp ² hybridization

Mahydrocarbon, zvakafanana marongerwo uye zvivako pamwe ethene vanonzi alkenes. Kare midzi rimwe izwi kuti boka iri - olefins. The vakawanda yokuita C _N H _2n inoratidza Kuronga kirasi yose zvinhu. Origin dzinomirira - ethylene, ari morekuru iyo kabhoni maatomu vanoumba kwete vatatu asi chete maviri õ-kukurukura rehydrogen. Alkenes - unsaturated kana unsaturated yeimwe kuti nzira C ₂ H _4. Vari hwakakanyiwa muchimiro simba uye 2 chete p- uye s-1 kabhoni atomu, ari Erekitironi gore, zvose matatu õ serin'i kubatana. Ichi chirwere inonzi SP2-hybridization. The valency rechina kabhoni arambe ari Morekuru kunoitika π-chisungo. Mugore STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa yechivako chacho chinoratidza kunooneka. Asi zviratidzo kuratidza mhando dzakasiyana yokukurukurirana ari chati zvinowa- kushandiswa chete - dashes kana Dots. ethylene mamiriro rinorondedzera kudyidzana kwayo pamwe vanoshingaira zvinhu mumakirasi siyana. Accession mvura nezvimwe zvacho kunoitika nokuda atsamwira kuti kusagadzikana π-zvisungo. Akasunungura valences vari zvakazara nokuda maerekitironi okisijeni, rehydrogen, halogens.

Ethylene: ehupfumi nyaya chaiko

Ethene pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu (mumhepo kumanikidzwa uye tembiricha 18 ° C) - Hauoneki gasi. Rine rinotapira (zvinokosha) kwakanaka, rine inhalation marwadzo nomugumisiro vanhu. Solidifies pa -169,5 ° C, inonyunguduka panguva tembiricha ezvinhu. Mamota ethene pa -103,8 ° C. Unopisa kana neshungu kuti 540 ° C. Gas zvakanaka anotungidza, luminous murazvo pamwe yakaderera chin'ai. Ethylene akanga zvazvichanyungudutswa Eteri uye acetone, zvinooneka zvishoma - mumvura uye doro. Woita matadza guru zvinhu - 28 g / nhuta. The rwechitatu norwechina vamiririri homologous munhevedzano ethene - uyewo gaseous zvinhu. The ehupfumi zvokunyama wechishanu uye zvinotevera alkenes vakasiyana, vari mvura uye zvinhu zvakaoma.

Kugadzirira uye zvivako zviri ethylene

kemisiti German Iogan Beher netsaona akashandisa doro vari kuedza pamwe kuramba sulfuric acid. Saka ethene yakatanga kuwana murabhoritari (1680). In pakati XIX remakore AM Butlerov akapa zita remubatanidzwa ethylene. zvivako mumuviri nemakemikari yave inorondedzerwa kuvazivisa Russian kemisiti. Butlerof aronga STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa inoratidza maumbirwo yacho. Nzira dzekufambisa gadziriro yayo murabhoritari:

1. CATALYTIC hydrogenation kuti acetylene.
2. Dehydrohalogenation chloroethane ne maitiro ane pfungwa yokushanda chidhakwa mhinduro ine simba nechimwe (alkali) pamwe kudziyisa.
3. Cleavage kwemvura mamorekuru ose ethyl doro (kupera mvura mumuviri). Zvinotora maitiro pamberi sulfuric acid. Its mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: H2C-CH2-OH → H2C = CH2 + H2O

The maindasitiri kugadzira:

• achinatsa - Cracking uye pyrolysis pamusoro Mahydrocarbon;
• dehydrogenation kuti ethane pamberi anowedzera. H ₃ C-CH ₃ → H ₂ C = CH ₂ + H ₂

ethylene mamiriro anotsanangura dzayo kwese nemakemikari - accession nezvimedu C maatomu, vari panguva kaviri chisungo:

1. Halogenation uye gidrogalogenirovanie. Zvibereko siyana idzi halogenated.
2. The hydrogenation (saturation rehydrogen), kugadzirwa ethane.
3. Oxidation kuti diol kuti ethylene glycol. Its fomura: OH-H2C-CH2-OH.
4. Polymerization maererano anorimwa: N (H2C = CH2) → N (-H2C-CH2-).

Nzvimbo kushandiswa ethylene

By fractional DISTILLATION epetroleum kuti bhuku guru manzwirwa ethylene. Zvinooneka zvivako, mamiriro uye makemikari hunhu mashoko kubvumira kushandiswa kwayo kugadzirwa panyaya iyi, halogenated alcohols, oxide, acetic asidhi nezvimwe yeimwe. Ethene - polyethylene monomer, uye kutanga mashoko polystyrene.

Dichloroethane rakanga rakagadzirirwa kubva ethene uye kuiisa chlorine, wakanaka solvent zvaishandiswa pakugadzira polyvinylchloride (PVC). Polyethylene yakaderera uye yakakwirira kumanikidzwa ikabereka firimu, mutopota, ndiro, polystyrene - kacho kuti CD-ROM nemotokari uye mamwe mashoko. PVC - ndiyo hwaro linoleum, raincoats. Mune zvokurima, ethene kupatsanurwa muchero vasati wokukohwa kuti mhanyisa ichiibvira.