Mhando mapuroteni, mashandiro uye mamiriro

Maererano dzidziso Oparin-Haldane upenyu pasi redu akaberekwa kubva coacervate mumate. It akanga ari puroteni Morekuru. Kureva, zvinganzi vakagumisa kuti mishonga iyi - hwaro huripo nhasi hwose upenyu. Asi chii munhu anomiririra mapuroteni zvivako? Chii nebasa razvinoshanda mumuviri uye upenyu vanhu? Api mapuroteni zviripo? Edza kunzwisisa.

Mapuroteni: mukuru pfungwa

Mukuona kwemakemikari mamiriro, morekuru nefuma mune mubvunzo ari kutevedzana kwezviitiko amino acids chokuita pamwe peptide zvisungo.

Mumwe amino asidhi ane mapoka maviri dzichipfekeka:

• carboxyl-COOH;
• imwe amino boka -NH _2.

It therebetween uye achiumbwa kubatana kwakaita mamorekuru siyana. Saka peptide chisungo ane chimiro -CO-NH. mapuroteni Morekuru angave nemazana kana zviuru mapoka akadaro, zvichaita kuvimba chaiyo fuma. Mhando mapuroteni vari siyana chaizvo. Pakati pavo vane avo kuti ane zvinokosha amino acids muviri, uye saka inofanira anwa nezvokudya. Kune mamwe marudzi kuti vane mabasa anokosha muchitokisi Kamudzira wayo cytoplasm. Catalysts zvinobudisawo chaivo hunhu - makemikari, idzo uyewo mapuroteni mamorekuru. Vari zvinowanzoshandiswa upenyu hwevanhu, uye kwete chete munyaya nokukanganisika dzinotsanagura zvipenyu.

The samolecular Uremu yeimwe vari mubvunzo Ingasiyana kubva shoma makumi mamiriyoni. Nekuti kuwanda monomer vezvikwata zviri polypeptide cheni zvikuru guru uye kunoenderana mhando maduramazwi fuma. The puroteni zvayo yakachena chimiro, zvayo chizvarwa conformation, unogona kuonekwa kana kufunga zai iri kwayo mbishi chimiro. Light-yellow segirazi makobvu colloidal guru, iro riri mukati mondo - ndiro achida fuma. Ndiro pamusoro asiri mafuta koteji chizi, chigadzirwa ichi zvakare anenge akachena mapuroteni zvayo dzinongoitika chimiro.

Zvisinei, havasi vose nezvenyaya yeimwe zvakafanana spatial marongerwo. In zvachose pane masangano mana Morekuru. Types mapuroteni zvivako pakutsvaga zvivako ayo uye kutaura STRUCTURAL kunzwisisa. Tinozivawo kuti zvakawanda spatially oma mamorekuru vanosangana zvakaoma kugadzira muvanhu nemhuka.

Types mapuroteni hurongwa

In zvachose pane ina. Funga kuti chii chinoumba mumwe nomumwe wavo.

1. Primary. Zviri kwakajairika Linear kutevedzana kwezviitiko amino acids dzaibatanidzwa peptide zvisungo. No spatial dzinokanganisa, hapana akamonyoroka. Kuwanda inbound Links kuti polypeptide kungava kusvika zviuru zvinoverengeka. Mhando mapuroteni zvakafanana mamiriro - glitsilalanin, jekiseni, histone, elastin, uye vamwe.
2. Secondary. It unotora zviviri ngetani polypeptide ayo vakamonyanisa helically uye nezvatinovavarira kune imwe vachichinjana kuumbwa. Saka pakati pavo kuitika rehydrogen zvisungo vakabata pamwe. Saka aumbwa imwe mapuroteni Morekuru. Marudzi ichi mhando zvinotevera mapuroteni: lysozyme, pepsin uye nevamwe.
3. Tertiary conformation. Ko munhu dzine ndokurongedza yakabatana isiri inounganidzwa marongerwo coils yechipiri. Pano, pane dzimwe mhando nekuita, kuwedzera rehydrogen zvisungo - ndiwo Van Der Waals kudyidzana uye electrostatic kukwezvana mauto, hydrophilic-hydrophobic kuonana. Mienzaniso zvivako - sealbumin, fibroin sirika mapuroteni nezvimwewo.
4. Quaternary. The kwazvo chimiro, ndiro imwe polypeptide ngetani akaruka kuva zononoka, ndokukungurusira kuva bhora uye kubatanidzwa pamwe chete globule. Mienzaniso yakadai jekiseni, ferritin, Chizenga, collagen, zvinoratidzira chete conformation pakati mapuroteni akadai.

Kana tikafunga zvose nezvokuzadziswa samolecular mamiriro kubva makemikari nemaonero, ari kuongorora anotora nguva refu. Pashure pezvose, Chokwadi, dzakanga dziri configuration, zvakaoma zvikuru uye nokuvhiringidza ayo mamiriro, zvikuru mhando mukukurukurirana akaona Morekuru.

Denaturation mapuroteni mamorekuru

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha namakemikari ehupfumi ari polypeptides kukwanisa avo kuputsa pasi pokudzora zvimwe zvinhu kana makemikari nevamiririri. Somuenzaniso, kwakapararira dzakasiyana siyana mapuroteni denaturation. Chii ichi chichiitwa? Ndiye kuparadzwa chizvarwa mapuroteni mamiriro. Ndiko, kana yepakutanga Morekuru aiva tertiary chimiro, pashure kuitwa anokosha yomuchipatara ichaparadzwa. Zvisinei, ari kutevedzana kwezviitiko amino asidhi residues ari Morekuru anoramba yakasimba. Denatured mapuroteni vari kukurumidza kurasikirwa kwavo zvivako mumuviri nemakemikari.

Chii yomuchipatara kungatungamirira nedanho kuparadzwa conformation? Kune akawanda.

1. Tembiricha. Pamusoro kudziyisa, zvishoma nezvishoma kudzikisirana pakati quaternary, tertiary nemamiriro Morekuru, yechipiri. Nemaziso, zvinokwanisika kuchengeta Somuenzaniso, imwe kwakajairika chakabikwa zai. The zvichiguma "mapuroteni" - chikuru maumbirwo sealbumin polypeptide, iyo yave iri wakaipa chigadzirwa.
2. Radiation.
3. Kuitwa simba namakemikari nevasori: acids, alkalis, munyu, inorema nesimbi, zvokufembedzwa (semuenzaniso, alcohols, ethers, benzene, uye vamwe).

Izvi unowanzonzi Fusion Morekuru. Mhando denaturation kwemapurotini kuvimba pomutumwa, kuitwa izvo zvaitika. Panguva iyoyowo, mune zvimwe zviitiko pane neizvi chirongwa nezvawo. renaturation ichi. Havasi mapuroteni zvose vanokwanisa kudzorera shure kwayo yakarongeka, asi zvakawanda zvinogona kuzviita. Saka, mishonga kubva Australia neUnited States rakatangwa pakati renaturation yakafashaidzwa mazai huku achibatsirwa nevamwe reagents uye nzira centrifugation.

Izvi zvinokosha kuti zvipenyu zviri kwetunhu polypeptide ngetani rRNA uye ribosomes mumasero.

Hydrolysis of puroteni Morekuru

Par pamwe denaturation kwemapurotini yo mumwe makemikari pfuma - hydrolysis. Izvi zvakare kuparadzwa chizvarwa conformation, asi kwete chikuru chimiro, uye chose kuti munhu amino acids. Chinokosha kugaya - the hydrolysis mapuroteni. Types hydrolysis anotevera polypeptides.

1. Chemical. Zvichienderana kuitwa acids kana alkalis.
2. Biological kana enzymatic.

Zvisinei, musimboti kwacho anoramba kuzochinja uye hakutsamiri chii siyana mapuroteni hydrolysis vari kuitika. Somugumisiro amino asidhi vari kuumbwa, ayo yaitakurwa masero ose, nhengo uye munyama. zvimwe kushanduka yavo kunosanganisira kutora chikamu pamusoro kwetunhu itsva polypeptides, ane avo zvaida chaicho muviri.

In indasitiri, puroteni mamorekuru hydrolysis kwacho rinoshandiswa senguva chokuwana vaida amino acids.

Mashandiro mapuroteni mumuviri

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana mapuroteni, makabhohaidhiretsi, mafuta zvinokosha zvinoumba kuti chakaipa upenyu chero sero. Uye izvi zvinoreva kuti yose muviri. Naizvozvo, muzvinhu zvakawanda basa ravo akatsanangura nemupristi mwero kukosha uye ubiquity mukati zvipenyu. Pane zvakawanda zvinokosha mashandiro ari polypeptide mamorekuru.

1. CATALYTIC. Voitakura kunze makemikari ane puroteni hunhu chacho. About pavo papera kutaura.
2. Mamiriro. Mhando mapuroteni vavo mashandiro mumuviri zvikurukuru kukanganisa chimiro sero pacharo, wawo. Uyezve polypeptides mu basa iri, kuumba bvudzi, nzara, anoshongwa pamusoro mollusks, shiri minhenga. Ndivo vamwe mavharuvhu ari muchitokisi muviri. Shwashwa uyewo panofanira pakubhadhara izvi kwemapurotini. Mienzaniso: tubulin, puroteni actin, uye vamwe.
3. Pamutemo. Nyaya iyi kunooneka pachayo iri kutora chikamu polypeptides muzvirongwa zvakadai transcription, kushandura, sero inaye, splicing, mRNA nemamwe kuverenga. Vose zvinoita basa rinokosha kuti regulator.
4. Signal. basa iri rinoitwa nevanhu mapuroteni iri muchitokisi membrane. Ivo wokushandura anonongedzera dzakasiyana mumwe Unit mumwe, uye izvi zvinotungamirira pabango tishu pamwe chete. Mienzaniso: cytokines, jekiseni, kukura zvinhu, uye vamwe.
5. Transportation. Dzimwe mhando mapuroteni uye mashandiro avo kuti vaite, inongova zvinokosha. Izvi zvinoitika, somuenzaniso, puroteni inonzi hemoglobin. It anotakura okisijeni chokufambisa muchitokisi nechitokisi muropa. zviri dzetsika dzemagariro vanhu.
6. Replacement kana negadziriro yeparutivi. polypeptides kwakadaro kuunganidza mune miti nemhuka seinokonzera oocytes dzokuwedzera simba uye simba. Muenzaniso - globulins.
7. Motor. A chinokosha zvikuru chinhu, kunyanya majemusi uye utachiona. Pashure pezvose, vanokwanisa kufamba chete tichibatsirwa flagella kana cilia. Uye organelles izvi kwagara chinhu chakafanana mapurotini. Mienzaniso polypeptides zvakadai ndeinotevera: myosin, actin, kinesin, uye vamwe.

Zviri pachena kuti mashandiro mapuroteni mumuviri womunhu uye zvimwe zvipenyu zvakawanda kwazvo uye inokosha. Izvi zvinosimbisa kamwe zvakare kuti pasina kubatana haagoni kunzi nesu, upenyu pasi redu.

Kudzivirira basa kwemapurotini

Polypeptides anogona kudzivirira dzakasiyana zvinofurira: makemikari, panyama uye zvoutachiona. Somuenzaniso, kana muviri zvaizochengetwa pangozi utachiona kana utachiona pamwe vatorwa hunhu, ivo immunoglobulins (antibodies) kuuya kwavari "mukurwa", kuita rwokudzivirira basa.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro mumuviri zvinokonzerwa, pane guru acting Somuenzaniso, fibrin uye fibrinogen, izvo urimowo kweropa.

chikafu mapuroteni

Mhando Mishonga mapuroteni ndeinotevera:

• azere - avo kuti ane zvose zvinokosha amino acids;
• chakaremara - avo umo pane haasaruri amino asidhi sezvamunoita.

Zvisinei, nokuti muviri womunhu hunokosha uye avo uye nevamwe. Kunyanya boka rokutanga. Munhu wese, kunyanya panguva dzamunenge muchinyanya kukura (uduku uye kuyaruka) uye kuyaruka vanofanira kuramba kuramba pamwero mapuroteni pachayo. Pashure pezvose, isu kare akafukidzwa mabasa kuti vaite zvinoshamisa mamorekuru izvi, uye tinoziva kuti zvinenge hapana urongwa, hapana nokukanganisika maitiro matiri kuita pasina kutora chikamu chezvinhu polypeptides.

Ndicho chikonzero uchifanira nerimwe zuva kuti upise nezuva zvinodiwa mapuroteni, izvo huri anotevera zvinhu:

• zai;
• mukaka;
• koteji chizi;
• nyama uye hove;
• bhinzi;
• soyabhinzi;
• bhinzi;
• nzungu;
• gorosi;
• oats;
• nenyemba nezvimwe.

Kana iwe uchapedza zuva 0,6 d polypeptide pa makirogiramu kurema muviri, ipapo munhu haazombofi kuperevedza yeimwe izvi. Kana kwenguva refu muviri haagamuchiri zvakafanira mapuroteni, hosha kunoitika, mumwe ainzi amino asidhi nzara. Izvi zvinotungamirira zvakakomba metabolic zvirwere uye somugumisiro, nezvimwe zvirwere zvakawanda.

Mapuroteni muchitokisi

Inside, ruduku STRUCTURAL chairema zvose zvipenyu zvose - masero - zvakare mapurotini. Uye vanozviita anenge ose pamusoro kushanda. Zvikurukuru nokuumba Masero cytoskeleton zvinosanganisira microtubules, microfilaments. Inoshanda kuramba chimiro, uyewo kutakurirwa pakati organelles mukati. Nokuti mapuroteni mamorekuru, migero vaviri kana njanji, kutama ions siyana, yeimwe.

The rinokosha kwemapurotini midzi muna Kamudzira uye riri pamusoro wayo pechiso. Pano vari, uye Kanotokonya uye achipa chiratidzo mashandiro yaitwa, vari rutivi pakuvaka Kamudzira pachayo. Mira rwavarindi, uye nokudaro kutamba rwokudzivirira basa. Ndezvipi mapuroteni muchitokisi zvinogona kunzi boka iri? Kune mienzaniso yakawanda, tinopa vashoma.

1. Actin uye myosin.
2. Elastin.
3. Puroteni.
4. Collagen.
5. Tubulin.
6. Chizenga.
7. Jekiseni.
8. Transcobalamin.
9. Transferrin.
10. Sealbumin.

In zvose pane mazana akasiyana siyana mapuroteni, izvo yairamba ichifambira mukati musero rimwe nerimwe.

Mhando mapuroteni mumuviri

Ndivo, Chokwadi, zvakasiyana siyana hombe. Kana tikaedza sezvineiwo vagovane zvose zviripo mapuroteni mumapoka, zvinogona mutendeuke munhu kupatsanura yakadaro.

1. Globular mapurotini. Zviri dzaimirirwa tertiary mamiriro, i.e. dzine rakachengetwa globule. Mienzaniso zvivako dzakadaro dzinosanganisira: immunoglobulins, dzakawanda makemikari, mahormone akawanda.
2. Fibrillar mapurotini. Dzinomirira zvachose akarayira filaments kuva akarurama spatial symmetry. Ichi boka mapuroteni zvinosanganisira nesekondari marongerwo. Somuenzaniso, puroteni collagen, tropomyosin, fibrinogen.

Kazhinji, unogona kutora sezvikonzero yakatarwa unhu kuti kupatsanura kwemapurotini mumuviri. Single haako asi.

makemikari

Biological catalysts mapuroteni hunhu, izvo zvinoita kuti ukurumidze zvose kuitika nokukanganisika kwendangariro. Normal kupanana zvinhu nyore kuva zvinogoneka pasina yeimwe izvi. Vose dzinotsanagura kwetunhu nokuparadzwa, ungano mamorekuru vavo kuberekana, transcription uye shanduro, uye vamwe vari kunze pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu chaiyo chimiro enzayemu. Mienzaniso mamorekuru izvi zvinosanganisira:

• oxidoreductase;
• transferase;
• catalase;
• hydrolase;
• isomerase;
• lyase nevamwe.

Nhasi, makemikari anoshandiswa muupenyu. Somuenzaniso, muna kugadzirwa washing Nezvakakuyiwa anowanzoshandiswa vanonzi makemikari - kuti pane chaivo catalysts. Ivo kuvandudza washing pasi akarongwa tembiricha ezvinhu. Zviri nyore kuti vasunge kuti tsvina inoramba uye kuvabvisa kubva panyika munyama.

Zvisinei, nokuda hunhu puroteni makemikari havagoni kushivirira mvura zvakare inopisa kana napedyo kuti alkaline kana zvinodhaka acidic. Zvechokwadi, muchiitiko ichi, kuti denaturation muitiro kuchaitika.