Andre Geim, mumwe yefizikisi ano musayendisiti: Biography, dzesayenzi kubudirira, mibayiro uye mibayiro

Sir Andre Geim - yeDare Royal Society, University of Manchester uye British-Dutch yefizikisi, akaberekwa muna Russia. Pamwe Konstantin Novoselov muna 2010 akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize muna wefizikisi basa rake pamusoro graphene. Parizvino iye Regius Professor uye Director Muzinda Nanotechnology uye mezonauki Manchester University.

Andre Geim: Biography

Akaberekerwa mumhuri 21.10.58 Konstantin Geim uye Nina Nikolayevna Bayer. Vabereki vake vaiva mainjiniya Soviet chakangomuka German. Maererano Heim, ambuya ramai vake rakanga muJudha, uye iye akatambura Anti-Semitism, nekuti zita rake rinonzwika Jewish. Geim vane mukoma Vladislav. Muna 1965 mhuri yake vakatamira kuguta Nalchik, apo akaenda kuchikoro, kushandisa Chirungu. Ndapedza pamwe kukuru akaedza kaviri kupinda Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, asi haana kushandisa. Zvadaro akapa zvinyorwa kuna MIPT, uye nguva ino akakwanisa kuita. Maererano naye, vadzidzi vakadzidza zvakaoma - kumanikidza akanga ane simba zvokuti vanhu kazhinji akaputsa uye vakasiya chikoro, uye vamwe akapedzisira nokuora mwoyo, schizophrenia uye kuzviuraya.

zvedzidzo basa

Andre Geim ndipedze yake muna 1982, uye muna 1987 akava miteva muna Physics pamusoro Metals Institute of Solid State Physics muna Chernogolovka. Maererano musayendisiti, paakanga asingadi kuita mirayiridzo iyi, vachisarudza havo chepuraimari PARTICIPLE wefizikisi uye zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika, asi nhasi iye akafadzwa sarudzo yavo.

Geim aishanda ari tsvakurudzo wadzana panguva Institute of Microelectronics Technologies muna Sciences, uye kubvira muna 1990 - University of Nottingham (kaviri), Bath uye Copenhagen. Maererano naye, kumwe aigona kuita tsvakurudzo, uye kwete kubata enyika, uye saka vakasarudza kusiya USSR.

Jobs muNetherlands

yokutanga yakazara nzvimbo yake Andre Geim vakakunda muna 1994, apo akava mutevedzeri wapurofesa wepaYunivhesiti Nijmegen, kwaakaramba pfungwa mesoscopic superconductivity. Gare gare iye akagamuchira Dutch citizenship. Mumwe wake akapedza vadzidzi rakanga Konstantin Novoselov, uyo akava yesayenzi naye huru. Zvisinei, maererano Geim, basa rake zvedzidzo muNetherlands akanga kure risina makore. Akanga ndokubaya professorship pa Nijmegen uye Eindhoven, asi akaramba nokuti akawana Dutch zvedzidzo hurongwa chinokutambudza hierarchical uye vakauraya kuduku zvematongerwo enyika, zviri zvikuru zvakafanana British, apo mushandi mumwe nomumwe zvakaenzana. In Nobel ake hurukuro Game pashure akati kuti izvi zvakanga zvishoma surreal, nekuti kunze yunivhesiti akanga noushamwari kwose kwose, kusanganisira maneja wake, uye mamwe masayendisiti.

Kutamira kune UK

Muna 2001, Game akava purofesa wefizikisi paUniversity of Manchester, uye muna 2002 akagadzwa kuva Director of Manchester Center mezonauki uye Nanotechnology uye Professor Lenguorti. Wife uye-refu nguva co-munyori Irina Grigorieva vakatamirawo Manchester mudzidzisi. Gare gare vakanga vakabatana Konstantin Novoselov. Kubvira 2007, Game akava mukuru navo panguva Council of Engineering Nokusangana Sciences Research. Muna 2010, University of Nijmegen akamugadza purofesa itsva zvinhu uye nanoscience.

tsvakurudzo

Geim kuwana nyore nzira imwe paiva graphite maatomu, rinozivikanwa graphene, pamwe nevamwe pamwe masayendisiti paUniversity Manchester uye IMT. Muna October 2004, boka yakabudiswa migumisiro mumagazini inonzi Science.

Graphene chinosanganisira kabhoni rukoko vane maatomu kurongwa nenzira mbiri-dimensional Hexagon. Ndiro thinnest zvinhu munyika, uye mumwe kupfuura Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye zvakasimba. In fuma pane zvakawanda zvinogona mafomu, uye chinhu chakanakisisa pane nesilicon. Maererano Heim, mumwe kushanda kunoita graphene rokutanga vangave kukura kusanduka kubata sefa. Haana bvumidzwa pfuma itsva, nekuti kuita saka aifanira yakananga munda kushanda uye mumwe nomumwe ari indasitiri.

The yefizikisi huchisimba biomimetic namira, yakazozivikanwa seshanduro nechipfira tepi nokuda stickiness ose nechipfira maoko nemakumbo. Zvidzidzo izvi vachiri vachiri chikuva asi anopa tariro mune ramangwana vanhu vachakwanisa achikwira pasirin'i kufanana Spiderman.

Muna 1997, Geim funga zvingangoitika migumisiro remagineti pamusoro mvura, izvo zvakazoita kuti yakakurumbira rechitsauko zvakananga diamagnetic levitation mvura, iyo inozivikanwa kuti kuratidzira kwayo levitating munhu datya. Akaita basa iri superconductivity uye mesoscopic wefizikisi zvinobatanidzwa.

About pakusarudza vanotongwa tsvakurudzo wake Geim akati anoshora nzira, kana vazhinji vanosarudza nyaya yake miteva chinyorwa, uye ipapo mberi chete nyaya asati pamudyandigere. Asati akagamuchira yokutanga yakazara nzvimbo yake, akachinja nyaya ake kashanu, uye akamubatsira chaizvo kudzidza.

Muna 2001, iye co-authored akamutumidza kufarira BoyzMikaro Tisha.

History of kuwanikwa graphene

Rimwe mumatsutso manheru muna 2002 Andre Geim nezvazvo kabhoni. Iye specialized ari microscopically matete zvinhu uye akashamisika kuti subtlest akaturikidzana nezvinhu zvinogona kuita pasi zvimwe zvirwere experimental. Graphite, ina monovalent mafirimu, aiva pachena kukwikwidza nekuda pakutsvakurudza asi zvinodiwa nzira voga pakati ultrathin ivhu zvaizotorwa overheated akariputsa. Naizvozvo Heim akarayira mumwe akapedza kudzidza zvitsva Hungu Jiang kuedza kudaro mutete mharidzo, kure sezvinobvira, mazana dzinenge dzakawanda mabhomba akaturikidzana, pakuonekwa graphite sekiristaro kukura chete padiki. Vhiki shomanana gare gare, Jiang akauyisa kabhoni zviyo Petri mundiro. Pashure pokudzidza pasi maikorosikopu Heim akamukumbira kuedza zvakare. Jiang akati kuti izvi ndizvo zvose izvo vasara sekristaro. Panguva apo jokingly kuti Game yakamutsiura kuti akapedza kudzidza mudzidzi kudzimwa kugomo kuti tsanga jecha, mumwe wake mukuru nevamwe vakaona ari marara nemavhinga inoshandiswa Scotch tepi, namuka kudivi iro akazadza kuchena, zvishoma kupenyerera anoonekwa graphite residues.

Mumarabhoritari pasi pose, vatsvakurudzi kushandisa tepi kuti kuidza namira ehupfumi ari experimental ivhu. The akaturikidzana pamusoro kabhoni, graphite zvinoriumba, akasungwa zvakaneta (s g. 1564 zvinhu rinoshandiswa nepenzura, sezvo inosiya chinooneka mucherechedzo pamusoro paper) kuitira kuti tepi anoparadzanisa nyore flake. Game akaisa chimedu mutsinga dzinofamba nemukaka tepi pasi maikorosikopu uye vakawana kuti pakukora ari graphite raiva shoma kupfuura aona saka kure. Folding, compressing uye kucheka tepi, akakwanisa kuita kunyange wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose akaturikidzana.

Geim vaiva vokutanga chokubvisa miviri-dimensional zvinhu: kabhoni monatomic rukoko kuti pasi mabhomba maikorosikopu iri ndege yacho yekamuri hexagons, akafanana muzinga. Yokungotaura yefizikisi ane fuma inonzi graphene, asi havana kutarisira kuti rinogona kuwanikwa pa nzvimbo tembiricha. Vaifunga kuti zvinhu unoora kupinda nemaziso balls. Panzvimbo Heym akaona graphene unorambira mundege imwe, riri dimpled sezvo pakudzikamisa pomutumwa.

Graphene: zvinoshamisa ehupfumi

Andre Geim wechi kubatsirwa akapedza mudzidzi Konstantin Novoselov, uye vakatanga maawa gumi pazuva kuti kudzidza zvinhu zvitsva. Pavakanga vakaperekedza dzakatevedzana kuedza, umo unoshamisa ehupfumi kwemashoko kwakawanikwa maviri akatevera. Nokuda kwayo nedzimwe mamiriro, maerekitironi pasina kutambura migumisiro dzimwe akaturikidzana, anogona kufamba vakasununguka pautanda hwaro uye zvikuru kutsanya. The conductivity pamusoro graphene ndiyo chiuru nguva yakawanda mhangura. Chizaruro nokuti Heym zvaakazvionera yokutanga akanzi "munda zvazviri", iro kunooneka pacharo pamberi wemagetsi hwuripo anobvumira kudzora conductivity. Izvi ndeimwe zvaraireva zvechadenga nesilicon zvaishandiswa kombiyuta Chips. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti graphene aigona kuva yokutsiva yake, iyo kombiyuta vagadziri vakatsvaka kwemakore akawanda.

The nzira kuti kuzivikanwa

Geim uye Konstantin Novoselov kunyora imwe-peji matatu mapepa achirondedzera zvakawanwa dzavo. Her vakaramba Nature, mumwe reviewer uyo akati voga kuti akatsiga maviri-dimensional zvinhu zvisingaiti, uye mumwe havana kuzviona kaviri "mberi zvakakwana nesayenzi." Asi muna October 2004, imwe nyaya yaiva nomusoro unoti "The mugumisiro electric yeminda kabhoni atomu-gobvu mafirimu" yakabudiswa mumagazini inonzi Science, vavesa kukuru mupfungwa masayendisiti - pamberi pavo ingano anova chokwadi.

aval pamusoro Zvavakawana

Laboratories munyika yose vakatanga kudzidza kushandisa namira tepi unyanzvi mutambo, uye masayendisiti vanozivikanwa zvimwe zvivako zviri graphene. Kunyange zvazvo aiva thinnest zvinhu zvose, zvakanga 150 nguva pane simbi hwakasimba. Graphene akaratidza pliable sezvo rabha, uye anogona ruchatambanudzirwa kusvika 120% pakureba kwayo. Kuburikidza tsvakurudzo Filippa Kima, vakatevera nemasayendisiti pana Columbia University, kwakaonekwa kuti mashoko aya zvikuru electrically conductive kupfuura kare iiswe. Kim graphene akaiswa mugomba Vacuum, apo pasina zvimwe zvinhu vasingagoni kumboderera ayo kufamba subatomic nezvimedu uye akaratidza kuti ane "kufamba" - mwero panguva iyo magetsi vebasa inopfuura nomunyika semiconductor - 250 nguva kupfuura iya nesilicon.

Michina rudzi

Muna 2010, makore matanhatu pashure zvakawanikwa yakaitwa Andre Geim uye Konstantin Novoselov Nobel Prize asi rakanga paakavapa. Ipapo vezvenhau akadana graphene "chishamiso zvinhu", mumwe nenhumbi kuti "anogona kushandura nyika." Akaswedera pedyo zvedzidzo vatsvakurudzi muminda wefizikisi, zvemagetsi engineering, mushonga, kemisitiri uye vamwe. Rinopihwa patents kuti vashandise graphene muna mabhatiri, kusanduka anoratidza, desalination hurongwa, yepamusoro inoshandisa simba rezuva, Ultra-kutsanya microcomputers.

Masayendisiti ari China ndakasika lightest zvinhu munyika - graphene-airgel. Zviri ka7 vakareruka kupfuura mhepo - fuma pa cubic mita anoyera 160 d Graphene-airgel iri zvinoberekwa Ndinoda-kupwa gel chaiva graphene uye nanotubes.

The University of Manchester, apo vanoshanda Geim uye Novoselov, hurumende yeBritain akaita paakapiwa mamiriyoni 60 emadhora kusika pasi hwaro dzacho National Institute of graphene, izvo aizobvumira nyika kuva ndima pamwe wenyika pamusoro bvumidzwa-yokuisira - Korea, China uye United States, uyo akatanga munhangemutange pakusikwa wokutanga echimurenga zvigadzirwa munyika inobva zvinhu zvitsva.

Honours

Kuedza rinobva levitation matatya mhenyu vakauya kunyatsoti zvokuti vanotarisira Maykl Berri uye Andre Geim. IG Nobel Prize akanga paakavapa navo 2000

Muna 2006, Geim akakunda Scientific American magazini 50.

Muna 2007, Institute of Physics paakavapa iye mubayiro uye menduru pamusoro Mott. Ipapo Heim akasarudzwa Fellow of Royal Society.

Game uye Novoselov akavakamura Award 2008 gore, "Evrofizika" "nokuda kuonekwa uye voga kuti monohydric kabhoni rukoko uye tsanangudzo zvayo kunoshamisa zvemagetsi ehupfumi." Muna 2009, akagamuchira mubairo Kerber.

Chimwe bhonasi Andreya Geyma, ainzi Dzhona Karti, chaainge paakavapa US National Academy of Sciences muna 2010, akapiwa "wake experimental kuzadziswa uye kuongorora kuti graphene, mumwe maviri-dimensional muchimiro kabhoni."

Uyewo muna 2010 akagamuchira rimwe matanhatu honorary professorships of Royal Society uye Hughes menduru "nokuda echimurenga kuwanikwa graphene uye anoratidza nzvimbo yaro chinoshamisa." Game rave paakavapa honorary doctorates kubva Delft University of Technology, Institute of Technology Zurich, University reAntwerp uye Manchester.

Muna 2010, akava Knight of Order of Dutch Lion kuti mupiro wake Dutch nesayenzi. Muna 2012, mabasa kuti sayenzi Game akanga akaita knight tsvimborume. Iye akasarudzwa imwe nhengo Academy of Sciences of United States muna May 2012

akahwina mubayiro weNobel

Geim uye Novoselov nokuda groundbreaking kutsvakurudza kuti graphene akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize muna wefizikisi muna 2010, vachinzwa award, Geim akati haana kutarisira kuwana nayo gore rino, uye haasi kuzochinja zvirongwa zvavo ramangwana panyaya iyi. The ano yefizikisi aitarisira kuti graphene uye vamwe vaviri-dimensional crystals richachinja upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevanhu zvakafanana sezvakaitwa mapurasitiki. Award vakamuita munhu wokutanga uyo akahwina uye IG Nobel Prize panguva imwe chete. Hurukuro yakaitwa musi waDecember 8, 2010 muna University of Stockholm.