Kuumbwa kwekarst funnels. Chii chinokanganisa karst?

Nyika yedu inoratidzika sehombodo huru ine zvipo: yakawanda sei zvisingatsvaki, iwe unogona kugara uchiwana chimwe chinhu chitsva. Nyika inogara ichipa vanotsvakurudza nezvishamiso, uye izvi zvave zvichiitika kwenguva refu. Chimiro chakanaka ndicho chiitiko che karst funnels, iyo inowanzoumbwa pasi pose.

Cheese nemakomba, kana fragility yekuve ...

Murume uyu aiziva nezvekuvapo kwezvinhu zvikuru zvepasi pasi kubva panguva yapfuura. Zvinongoitika zvekare kuti munguva yekare vaisonganirana chete nemanomano emidzimu yakaipa, vanhu munzira dzose dzaigona kutarisa nzvimbo iyo dzidzo yavo yenguva dzose yakaitika. Makomba kubva kuma karst funnels aifungidzirwa kuti masuo eguva.

Paiva mazana emakore, murume akaziva shanduro dzakasiyana-siyana. Zvishoma nezvishoma, geologist yakawana chakavanzika chezvimiro zvakasikwa. Uye saizvozvo. Kuvhara pasi pasi kunowanikwa munzvimbo idzodzo apo matombo akadzika pasi pasi anonyanya kukonzerwa nokukwira kwegeji. Apo mvura inopinda nepasi pevhu, inowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma mumarara, iyo inoguma pakuumbwa kwepasi pevhu. Kazhinji mumvura yakadzika yepasi kunyange makungwa makuru ekarst akaumbwa, ayo kwemazana emakore anoramba asingagoni kuwana munhu.

Iwe unogona kunge uchiziva imwe yenyika yakakurumbira pasi pevhu rine stalactites uye stalagmite: zvisingazivikanwe sezvazvinogona kurira, zvose zvakafanana pasina caste. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika, dombo rezasi pasi penyika maererano nehuwandu hwemakomba inogona kukwikwidzana kubudirira kunyange neSwitzerland cheese. Sezvo mune zvikamu izvi zvekuparara kwekuenderera kwevhu, pane nzvimbo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yenzvimbo inoumbwa, iyo inonzi "karst relief".

Kwemazuva mazhinji vanhu vakabata nzvimbo dzakadaro nekuremekedza kukuru, sezvo vakafunga kuti ndeye hugaro hweMwari nemweya. Pamwechete, vanogona kunzwisiswa: pavanotarisa kune dzimwe nzira dzoruponeso, pfungwa dzepurogiramu dziri kure dzinouya pangariro ...

Chii chinonzi karst kubva mune zvesayenzi zvemaonero?

Nenzira, unoziva kuti izwi rokuti "Karst" rakabva kupi? Uye iyo tsanangudzo yakabva kune zita renharaunda iri kuchamhembe kweItaly, Kras (Karst). Zvinhu zvakafanana zvakasikwa zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakawanda muSlovenia neCroatia.

Kubva pane zvesayenzi zvemaonero, izvi ndezvekubatanidzwa kwegadziriro ye geological uye phenomena. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kubuda kwe karst funnels kunongobvira chete munzvimbo inowirirana nemhando dzematombo (iyo yatakataurwa pamusoro apa).

Zvinokosha! Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu vanogara vachisiyanisa pseudo-karst. Izwi iri rinoreva kuumbwa kwevhaids muvhu uye pasi pematombo. Misiyano kubva ku "yechokwadi" karst ndeyokuti yakasikwa semagumisiro emamwe maitiro ezvisikwa kupfuura kuparadzwa. Somuenzaniso, pasi peshoko iri, mapako anomuka mushure mekubuda kwemadoumusi kana kuti kupera kwekuvhara kwemvura kunowira pasi. Usakanganwa zvakare nezvekusakosha kunoonekwa semugumisiro wemabasa evanhu (kubviswa kwegesi nemafuta).

Tichazo tsanangura ikozvino zvinhu izvi. Iyo yakakurumbira ndeye "Latin American" karst funnel. Guatemala ndiro guta rakaratidzwa.

Latin America

Muvanze raiva zuva rokupedzisira raMay 2010. MuCentral America, "mapoka maviri" akatakura dutu remvura "Agatha", zvichiita kuparadza zvose mumugwagwa wayo. Mambakwedza zvinhu zvose zvakanga zvakanyarara, uye muguta guru reGuatemala, mapato ehurumende akatanga kutora basa rekuvaka zvakare. Nenguva isipi chirongo chikuru chakaumbwa pamharadzano yakabatikana, iyo yakareba mamita 18, uye yakadzika yakareba mamita makumi matanhatu. Mukusakatika kukuru kwekarst, imba yeimba nhatu nhatu uye imwe piro rimwe-kamwe yakawira pakarepo.

Zvinoshamisa kuti, kuGuatemala chiitiko ichi chakanga chisiri chimwe chezinga risingafungi: makore matatu chete zvisati zvaitika, makiromita mashomanana kubva muguta, kuvhara kwakagadzirwawo, yakadzika yaive mamita zana. Zvinosuruvarisa, muzviitiko zviviri, pane vanhu vakaurayiwa.

Chii chakanga chiri

Pakarepo mushure mechiitiko ichocho, munhu wose aifunga kuti zvinhu zvose zvakaitika nekuda kwekuumbwa kwekarst craters. Asi magwegorike akakurumidza kujekesa kuti guta racho riri pane dombo rine dutu rinopisa, iro rinongogona kunge risina kuchena. Zvakaitika sei kuti ganda guru rakagadzirwa mucheka we dense geological rock?

Zvinoshamisa kuti, asi zvinhu zvose zvaive zvakakonzera ... zvisinei zvisina basa. Nemhaka yezviitiko zvinogara zvichiitika uye kuputika kwemasipireti emvura, ayo akaiswa munguva yekare, nzvimbo chaiyo yepasi pevhu inosvibisa mvura inosvibisa mvura yakaumbwa pasi peguta. "Mvura" yavo yakajeka uye yakanyungudutswa ibwe repumice, iro rakakurumidza kushambidza nemhepo inoshamisa. Somugumisiro, imba yakakura yakaumbwa muvhu.

Mvura haisi nguva dzose inobatsira ...

Muna Mbudzi 2010, mamiriro ezvinhu akawedzera kunyanya kuwedzera nekuda kwemvura zhinji yemvura inounzwa naAgata. Zvadaro, vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti kune dzimwe nzvimbo makungwa e "karst" akaumbwa, ayo achiri kuzere nemafuta emvura nemvura. Hazvisiko kutaura kuti yakaipa sei "makungwa" akadaro anokonzera mamiriro ezvinhu epidemiological muguta rose.

Nokudaro, nyaya yakatsanangurwa nesu haisi yemhanzi ye karst. Guatemala inoreva nzvimbo shomanana dziri pasi pano apo dzidzo yavo inonyanya kusarudzwa. Nenzira yakawanda, nyika inoputika inowanzoonekwa pasi rese. Kazhinji hukuru hwavo hunofadza chaizvo: hupamhi hwemoto hunogona kusvika makumi emakumi emamita mamita, kwete kureva hupamhi hwemazana mazana emamita.

Nemhaka yekuti nguva yakawanda yekuumbwa kwavo inokura sei

Pasinei nedzidzo, munzvimbo dzakawanda, zvinhu izvi zvepanyama zvinoramba zvichiri kuonekwa sechinhu chisingaoneki. Uye vanhu vanogona kunzwisiswa: zvinoratidzika hazvishamisi kuti mhepo yakasimba uye yakasimba iri pasi petsoka dzenyu inogona kuve kusakona kukuru mumaminitsi mashomanana, umo kunyange dzimba pazviverengero zvakadzika zvinopera. Mamiriro ezvinhu anowedzera gore negore, uye ndicho chikonzero kushungurudzika kwevanhu kuchikura.

Nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti mhosva yacho inenge yega yechipiri yechipiri karst iri pamunhu iye pachake. Ichokwadi ndechokuti vanhu vanokanganisa pasi rose nezvivako zvikuru, uyewo zvinonyanya kuipa pasi mvura yakadzika. Nokuda kwevanhu, mabasa avo anoramba achiderera, uye saka njodzi yekukundikana inowedzera zvikuru.

Anthropogenic factor

Muenzaniso wakajeka wekuti kunyange kunyange karst yakawanda inogona kubuda kuburikidza nemhosva yevanhu West West, USA. Iwe uchange uchiri kuseka, asi mugore rimwechete ra 2010 chirongo chemukati chakaona kukanganisa kunoshamisa. Mahara geologist akada kuve akachena, sekuenderana nenyanzvi dzemagariro (dated 1980), nzvimbo iyi yakanyatsogadzikana (nei yakasarudzwa kurasa).

Yakatsanangurwa zvishoma: pasi pacho nzvimbo iyo yaiva mureza wegungwa pasi pevhu. Kubvira gore iroro rakanga rakasviba, mvura kubva mairi yakanyanyisa kuputirwa pasi rose. Somugumisiro, kukanganisa.

MuAmerica chete, kukanganisa kwegore negore kunokonzerwa nekukundikana kunofungidzirwa pa 10-15 mabhiriyoni (!) Dollars.

Zvinoshamisa kuti, asi dzimwe nguva karst maitiro ekununura anogona kushandira murume anoyevedza basa. Ichokwadi ndechokuti nzvimbo dzakadaro dzakanaka kwazvo, sekugara. Muenzaniso wakaisvonaka unogona kushanda semakwenzi akawanda e karst mumasango eIndonesia, pamwe chete neGreat Blue Hole, iri pedyo nemhenderekedzo yeBelize.

Kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwevhu remvura

Munzira dzakawanda, mudzi wehuipi hwose huri muhupenyu hwekuti vanhu vanonyanya kushandiswa nekushandisa zvakanyanya zvinokosha zvevhu nevhu pasi. Ichokwadi kuti izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kusiya: mhepo inonyanya kukosha, uye nekubudirira kwehurimi hwepasi pose inoshandiswa muhuwandu hwakawanda. Mvura yomuguta inoputirwa pose pose pakudiridza kwenyika yezvirimwa, uye pane imwe nzvimbo nhasi vanoshandisa tsika inotyisa yekuderedza matamba, izvo zvinotungamirira kumatambudziko anowedzera kusagadzikana. Nokudaro, munyika dzakawanda pane kutotadza kunwa mvura yekunwa.

Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, vese vanyori venhema vanyori vakanyora pamusoro pehondo dzinouya, uye nhasi vari kutotaura nezve "mundane", nyanzvi ye pragmatic.

ChiGermany mashoma

Kamwe zvakare, tinosimbisa kuti karst voids zviitiko zvakasikwa. Mugore rimwechete 2010 (nguva isina kugadzikana), guta rakanyarara uye rorugare rweGermany guta reSchmalkalden muTitingia kaviri rakakurukura chiitiko chinoshamisa. Pakava nerunyararo munaNovember mangwanani (November 1st), mhiri kwegwagwa wakakomberedzwa, nzvimbo yakareba mamita makumi mana pakureba yakagadzirwa, yakadzika iyo yakasvika kamwechete mamita makumi maviri. Ndizvo chete zvaifungidzirwa zvakapera, sezvakaitwa musi waNovember 11 zvakafanana zvakaitika munzvimbo imwe chete.

Pasi pamuganhu nechekare, imwe itsva yakaumbwa, inotora pamwe nayo garaji dzakawanda dzevagari vemo. Sezvo pasi rakagumburwa usiku, vanhu vakaurayiwa vaidziviswa.

"Hell Gates"

Munguva pfupi yapfuura yakava kuzivikanwa kuti mumasango ezvikomo zviri murenje reTurkmen reKarakum, kune zvakawanda zvakakura zvegasi chaiwo. Kunyanya zvakanyatsonaka, kwaive muna 1971 chete zvatakadzidza pamusoro peizvi. Panguva iyoyo, pedo neguta duku reDarvaz, vanokora drill vakanga vachiita imwe tsime. Munguva iyi inonakidza, yakakotamira mu karst underground cavity. Paiva nemhepo mukati mayo. Zvakawanda.

Goro rekuchera rakangoerekana rawira mukati mavhavha akaumbwa, iyo yakareba mamita makumi maviri, uye yakadzika - yose mamita 60. Nemafaro, kwakanga kusina kuurayiwa, asi gesi yakatanga kupukunyuka kubva pasi penyika. Sezvo kuumbwa kwayo kwakaisa njodzi kuhupenyu hwevanhu nemhuka, zvakasarudzwa kuti zviise moto. Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti gas reserves ichakurumidza kupisa. Maiwe, ivo vave vachitsva kwemakore anopfuura makumi mana.

Sezvo shoko rokuti "Darvaz" mumutauro weko rinoreva "masuwo", vanhu veko vanoti nzvimbo ye surreal "masuo egehena".

Hakusi kukanganisa kwose karst

Hazvishamisi kuti mumakore achangopfuura kutsvakurudza kwakanyanya kwakaitwa mumunda wekudzivirira kudzivirira kwezvakaipa zvinotyisa pasi pevhu. Saka, geologist anozivikanwa zvikuru weIsrael Lev Eppelbaum weYunivhesiti iri muTel Aviv ari kushingaira kudzidza kukundikana kwakapoteredza Gungwa Rakafa, achishandisa rubatsiro rwevamwe vake vanobva kuJorodhani neFrance. Iko kunofanira kutaurwa kuti gungwa ndechimwe chinhu chaicho chakasikwa chaiwo. Uye hazvisi muhuni hunoshamisa hwemvura yaro, asiwo mune chokwadi chokuti gungwa iri riri 415 mamita pasi pegungwa.

Rudo rwayo rwakanyanya kwazvo nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka chokuti mvura kubva pagungwa inoputika zvikuru, iyo iyo Rwizi rweJoridhani rusingakwani nenguva yakakwana yekuunza. Mukuwedzera, mukana wekupedzisira unonyunguduka zvakare gore negore, sezvo zvido zvekurima kweIsrael neJorodhani zviri kukura. Nokudaro, chiyero cheGungwa Rakafa chinoderera (anenge mamita rimwe pagore). Saka izvi zvose zvinobatanidza sei nenyaya yenyaya yacho?

Munyu Unokundikana

Zviri nyore: pamwe nemhenderekedzo yose yeGungwa Rakafa, pakadzika mamita 25 kusvika ku50, hurukuro huru yemunyu yakavanza. Kare, nzvimbo idzi dzaiva pasi pemvura yakasviba, asi ikozvino yakaderera. Somugumisiro, mvura inotonhora inotanga kuuya inosangana nemaruva emunyu. Somugumisiro - rudzi rwe "karst" nzvimbo, dzakanyatsoratidzirwa nekukundikana. Sezvo zviri nyore kufungidzira, iyo yekupedzisira inobva mukuderera kwemunyu nemvura.

Kusvika parizvino, nhamba yemapanga, ayo akaenzana akaenzana kubva mamita kusvika mamita makumi matatu, anofungidzirwa pazviuru zvuru. Kubva kumhepo, nzvimbo yacho iri kuwedzera kufanana nepamusoro pemwedzi. Uye mamiriro ezvinhu ari kuramba achipfuurira: kune avo makumi masere makumi masere, panguva iyo vanhu vakacherechedza huwandu hweGungwa Rakafa, yakawa mamita makumi maviri.

Ndingavandudza sei mamiriro acho ezvinhu?

Mamiriro acho anogona kungoponeswa nekuwedzera kuyerera kwemvura kubva muJorodhani. Zvinosuruvarisa, izvi bedzi zvinotofanira kurota, sezvo kushingaira kukura kwekurima kunoda huwandu hwezvakawandisa. Nyanzvi dzinotaura pamusoro pekugona kwekugadzira dheni kubva kuGungwa Dzvuku. Izvi zvingave zvataurwa pamusoro penguva yakareba, saka kune mukana wekuti rimwe zuva richaitwa. Panguva ino, geologists vari kuedza maitiro matsva uye miedzo inogona kuchenesa vagari vemo vagari venyika pamusoro pekuda kwekukwirira kwepasi kune ivhu.

Nokudaro, karst yakatanga iri kure nekukundikana kose panyika. Zvisinei, zvisinei nokuti yakabva kupi, imwe neimwe yezvirongo izvi zvinogona kuva nengozi yekuti inogona kuwedzera kukura kwayo.