Kant, "Critique of Pure Reason": kutsoropodza, zvinyorwa

Vanowedzera, vanhu vemazuva ano vanodzokera kune pfungwa dzevezivi vanogara makore mazhinji vasati vaberekwa. Nokudaro, munhu mumwe nomumwe anotsvaka mhinduro dzemibvunzo yake, zvikamu kana kuti anoramba maonero eumwe, anowana nzira yake kana kuti inorasikirwa nayo. Philosophy isayenzi isingazivikanwi zvachose, inotsanangurwa mumashoko asingakwanisi zvachose. Nokudaro, zvachose munhu wose anokwanisa kutarisa zvinhu kubva pano maonero. Nokudaro, mumwe wevanyori vakakurumbira veGermany wefilosofi inofungidzirwa kuti ndiImanuel Kant. Upenyu hwake hwakanga hwakanyatsopindirana nemazuva maviri : Chiedza uye Romanticism. Zvichida, nokuda kweizvi mabasa ake anofadza, uye pfungwa dzake dzinoshamisa, zvisingatarisirwi uye dzakanaka.

The History of Immanuel Kant

Muzivi weGermany akazvarwa muna 1724. Mhuri yake yakanga isina kupfuma, asi mukomana wacho akapiwa dzidzo yepamusoro paElite gymnasium "Friedrichs-Collegium". Muna 1740, Kant akapinda yunivhesiti, asi haana kubudirira pakupedzisa zvidzidzo zvake. Chikonzero chechiitiko chakaipa zvakadaro chaiva kufa kwababa vaImanuel, mushure mokunge jaya racho rakazova mutungamiri mukuru wemhuri yose. Kunyange zvakadaro, musayendisiti weGermany akawana nzira yekubuda mudambudziko ndokutanga kudzidzisa kumba. Nokudaro, Kant akashanda kwemakore gumi, izvo zvakanga zvisingabatsiri, kubva panguva iyi akakwanisa kudzivirira chirevo chake, kuwana chiremba, kukura uye kuparidzira cosmic hypothesis yemakabva kwezuva, uyewo aiva nekodzero yekudzidzisa ku yunivhesiti. Mushure mokuona zviitiko zvakawanda zvisingafadzi, iyo iyo Makore manomwe Makore anonzi (1758-1762), Kant akatanga chirongwa chitsva chekusika kwake. Inonzi "kutsvaga".

Maitiro ekugadzirwa kwemuzivi wechiGermany

Ngatitangei zvakawanda pamusoro pebasa remuzivi wepamusoro. Pamberi pekunyora kwebasa re "Critique of Pure Reason", muchidimbu muchidimbu chinogona kuverengwa nemunhu nhasi, Immanuel Kant akashanda mukufungidzira kwezvisikwa, akaenderera mberi pfungwa yezvakabva kumarudzi evanhu, akaronga mazita emadzinza evanhu vemhuka, akadzidza mafambiro epasi, basa ravo uye nzvimbo Muhupenyu hwePasi. Zvose izvi zvinobudirira nhasi ndezve "subcritical" danho rekugadzira. Zvose zvinoshanda mushure mema1770 zvakazvipira kumatambudziko epistemology, zvinetso zvechimiro zvekuva, ruzivo rwevanhu, nyika, tsika uye aesthetics.

"Chikonzero" chakakosha chebasa raKant

Kubvira muna 1770, basa raEmanuel Kant rakatanga kutumidzwa "kunotsoropodza." Yakanga iri panguva iyi iyo yakanyora mafiropiyo mafiropiko, izvo iye nhasi ari kufungidzirwa kuti mukuru uye anofungidzirwa mupfungwa wezana remakore gumi nemasere. Cherechedza kuti mabasa emusayendisiti weGermany akanga akasiyana uye ane chokwadi zvokuti ane simba mune mazuva edu. Vazhinji mafilosofi vanonamatira kubasa raKant, vachivimba zvizere nemafungiro ake uye mafungiro. Mabasa anonyanyozivikanwa aImanuel Kant ndeokuti "Kurwisana kwePure Reason", "Kururamisa kweKubatsira Kwazvo" uye "Kururamisa Kutonga". Vakarondedzerwa munyaya inotevera: epistemology, mitemo, aesthetics.

Kant's Cruelty Regime

Pane imwe nhanho yehupenyu, hutano uye hupenyu hwemuzivi zvakawedzera zvakanyanya. Kuti arambe achishanda nekudzidza nyika, iyeye, vamwe, Kant yakagadzira mumwe munhu akaoma nzira. Zvinotendwa kuti kuburikidza naye, Emanuel akakwanisa kurarama hupenyu hwakareba zvakadaro ndokufa gare gare kupfuura shamwari dzake dzose.

Chirongwa chikuru chefilosofi chaive kushandisa pfungwa dzake pasi pemamiriro ose. Mukufunga kwake, nokuda kweizvi zvakanga zvakakodzera kuva neushingi chaihwo. Nhoroondo kubva muupenyu hweKant hunotiudza kuti akanga asati atoroora. Izvi zvakaitika nekuda kwekuti muhuduku hwake haaikwanisa kupa munhu akasarudzwa (zvinhu), uye kana mubvunzo uyu wakagadziriswa, muzivi haana kuzova nechido chokuroora. Zvichida, nekuda kwekubatanidzwa kwaImanuel Kant, akakwanisa kunyora mabasa akadai, pakati pe "Critique of Pure Reason" ibasa rinokosha.

Basa refilosofi raKant

Zvinotendwa kuti Emanueri Kant aiva nemabasa matatu chete akashandura upenyu hwake uye nyika yevanhu vakawanda munyika. Mushure mema1770, muzivi wekare akabata mabhuku ake, asi muna 1781 akakwanisa kuparidzira yekutanga.

"Critique yePure Reason" ndiyo nheyo yemabhuku maviri anotevera. Zvichida vamwe vavo vanoita sevakasiyana zvachose, asi zvakadaro hukama hwavo hunopesana. Mune basa iri Immanuel Kant anorondedzera zvinotevera: kutsoropodza chinhu chikuru chekutsvakurudza pfungwa dzako. Nokudaro, vanhu vose havafanire kungomubata zvakakwana, asi zvakare vanoda. Nenzira iyi munhu achafukura chikamu chepfungwa dzake. "Critique of Pure Reason" (Immanuel Kant) inotaura nezvezvenzvimbo, nguva, kukwanisa kuratidza kuvapo kwaMwari kuburikidza nemabasa ekufunga, nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Kant akafunga nezvebasa rake rokutanga kwemakore anopfuura gumi, naizvozvo mazwi ose anorondedzerwa mubasa anoyerwa uye ane chikonzero chekuti unofanira kuverenga pakati pemitsetse. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunyora "Critique yePure Reason", Emanuel akatora mwedzi mishomanana chete.

Mamwe mashoko pamusoro pebasa racho

Zvichida, kuitira kuti unzwisise zviri kuitika, zvakakosha kuratidza basa "Critique of Pure Reason" muchidimbu. Muchiitiko ichi, unogona kukurukura dzimwe pfungwa dzebasa. Asi chiitiko chacho chichava kana munhu paanoverenga zvose zvakakwana, anofunga pamusoro pemutauro mumwe nomumwe uye anonyorera nebhuku racho. Ipapo vanhu vachava nemibvunzo, pfungwa yezvakataurwa nemudzidzi weGermany aida kuudza vanhu vakavapoteredza.

Mumwe munhu asingatomboziviki akanga ari Immanuel Kant. "Kutsoropodzwa kweChiratidzo Chakanaka" kwakaratidza izvi, sezvo pasina munhu munyika asati ataura basa rakajeka uye rakakwana rakanyorwa munyaya yemazuva. Saka, chinokosha chebasa nderuzivo rwepfungwa. Imwe yenzira dzekuita basa iri nekutsoropodza. Izvi zvinoreva, pasi pekuparadzana kwepfungwa, pfungwa dzedu dzinoita zvisingaoneki kune zviri kuitika. Kuti uzvizive, unotanga kutanga kutsoropodza. Asi zvakadaro, munhu wese anoona kuitika kwebasa rimwe nerimwe.

Chinangwa chebasa raKant

Mushure mokuverenga basa rakanyorwa naKant ("Critique of Pure Reason"), vanhu vazhinji havaiti mifananidzo inonzwisisika. Zvose nokuti basa rinoumbwa nezvikamu zviviri: dzidziso yekutenderera pamusoro pemitemo uye nzira. Basa raKant rine musoro mukuru, unosanganisira mukubatanidza zvidimbu zvehupenyu zviri kumativi akasiyana-siyana eimwe muganhu. "Kutsoropodza kwechikonzero chakanaka" uye Kant - idzi pfungwa dzisingatauriki. Saka, vanhu vaitaurirana nemudzidzisi vainzwisisa nzira yake yokunyora uye maonero ake. Muverengi anowanzogona kutanga awana zvakaoma kunzwisisa chinangwa chebasa racho. Kuti udzivise izvi, zvakakwana chete kunyatsotarisa uye pasina kushingaira kuverenga basa remuzivi wechiGermany.

Mubasa rake "Critique of Pure Reason", Emanuel Kant anorondedzera nezvenzvimbo uye nguva, pamagariro ekufungidzira uye zvisiri izvo. Anotanga basa rake nechisarudzo chisina kujairika chekutonga. Somugumisiro, muverengi anozivana nemhando dzayo nhatu: maitiro, kuongorora uye apiori. Zvichienderera mberi pane zvinyorwa, zvose zvinotsanangurwa zvakadzama. Semuenzaniso, chirevo chekunyengedza kwenhema mukukwanisa kwayo kuongorora ruzivo rutsva. Analytical inotibvumira kuti tiratidze zvinhu zveimwe nyaya, uye priori haifaniri kuongorora chokwadi chayo.

Uyezve, mubasa rinonzi "Critique of Pure Reason," pfupiso shomanana iyo isingakwanisi kuiswa mukati megwaro rimwe chete, rudzi rukuru rwekutonga, saka kutaura kuti pamwe (pamwe chete, kugadzira zvinhu), zvinosarudzwa.

Zviri Mukati

Basa "Critique of Pure Reason" rine zvikamu zvakati, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa. Uyewo mubasa pane chirevo chekutanga uye sumo. Chikamu chekutanga-dzidziso yekutenderera yekutanga-inosanganisira zvinhu zviviri, zvakadai se aesthetics uye logic. Bhokisi rekutanga rinotaura nezvekugara uye nguva. Pano panewo mazwi ehuwandu uye zvirevo pane chikamu. Chikamu chechipiri chakanyanyisa zvokuti chinoumbwa nemabhuku akawanda: kuongorora kwemashoko, nheyo, pfungwa dzechikonzero chakanaka, zvinyorwa zvaro zvekutsvaga uye zvishandiso. Chikamu chechipiri - dzidziso yekutenderera yeyo nzira - inosanganisira sumo uye zvitsauko zvina: chirango, kanononi, chigadziri uye nhoroondo yezvakanaka.

Nokudaro, basa rinonzi Critique of Pure Reason rinoonekwa serakakura zvikuru, kuongororwa kunoda nguva nekuedza. Asi hakuna munhu achadziviswa kuverenga basa rinofadza remuzivi wechiGermany wezana remakore gumi nemasere, shoko rimwe nerimwe risati rareva njodzi.

Kururamisa

Kufanana nemabasa ose anozivikanwa, basa raImanuel Kant rakanyoreswa "Vatsoropodzi Vechikonzero Chakanaka." Inonyatsopindirana nemafungiro akasiyana evanozivi uye vatsanangudzo, avo vakapa zvinyorwa, zvirevo kune basa reasayendisiti. Vamwe vanofunga kuti kuongorora kwepfungwa hakuendi zvakadzika zvokuti nebasa iri munhu anogona kupindura makore mazhinji emibvunzo uye kutsvakurudza. Nokudaro, nekubatsirwa nebasa raKant hazvibviri kunyatsonzwisisa ruzivo rwekutanga ruzivo.

Zvose ruzivo runotanga neruzivo

Immanuel Kant akaedza kutaurira muverengi kuti hazvibviri kuziva chimwe chinhu pasina kunzwa kana kuedza. Saka akazosvika pakugumisa kuti chero ruzivo runotanga neruzivo. Kufunga nezvebasa rake (kunyatsotsoropodza "Critique of Pure Reason" angadai aifarira), akaedza kubatsira vanhu vose kuwana izvo zvisingatauriki zvingaita kuti munhu azive pfungwa dzake. Zvechokwadi, kwete zvachose, asi imwe chete yaro, asi inenge iri danho panzira yakareba uye yakaoma. Ona iwe pachako, uverenga zvisikwa zvikuru zveKant.