Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: Biography, pakufamba uye zvakawanikwa

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846) harisi chete kunozivikanwa aidzidzisa, Admiral, honorary nhengo Petersburg Academy of Sciences, asiwo yakasiyana munhau uye mumwe havaoni yeRussian Oceanology. Uyu murume aiva chinokosha kwakabatsira vaviri nhoroondo wechipfuwo zvomumvura nzendo, uye vose zvavo kuti chikepe zvose zvavo. Kwete vakawanda vanoziva kuti munyori wokutanga "Atlas South Sea" chaiwo Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Brief Biography yeRussian aidzidzisa iri mabhuku uye nzvimbo yaro chaiyo zvikoro zvose, sezvo ndiro zita rinozivikanwa ose munhu akadzidza, inogara ichiratidzwa chokuita Russian oceanography, jogirafi uye zvichingodaro. D.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern: pfupi Biography

Izvi vezvikepe Russian uyo pakuberekwa ainzi Adam Ioann, aibva Russified German mhuri Ostsee vanokudzwa, ane muvambi kwake kukuru-sekuru - Kuvshinov Kruzius. Akaberekwa Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, ane Biography hunonyatsobatana mugungwa, wechisere November 1770 muEstonia, wenhumbi Hagudis. baba vake aiva mutongi. Kubva achiri muduku, ramangwana Admiral aida kuwana kumativi nemugungwa pose. Kunyange zvazvo upenyu hwake aigara chokuita kugungwa, kuti hope dzake haana pakarepo kuziva.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern pashure vanotozvifarira Church School, apo akadzidza kwemakore matatu kubvira pazera remakore gumi, pakarepo vapinda chete panguva chikoro Kronstadt, izvo akadzidzisa vatariri rengarava - Marine Corps. The danidziro muduku midshipman pamusoro mvura expanses rokutanga aine 1787 paGungwa reBaltic. Nokukurumidza hondo yeRussia-Swedish. Kufanana nevamwe vakawanda, Ivan Kruzenshtern, vasina nguva kupedza kosi, mberi purogiramu akanzi kupinda midshipmen uri Linear 74-pfuti chikepe "Mstislav". Izvi zvakaitika muna 1788. Musiyano vazvisimbise Hondo Hogland zvegore, wechiduku Ivan pakataurwa murayiro. Uye nokuda kwebasa rake mugungwa hondo muna Vyborg Bay pana Krasnaya Gorka uye vanotozvifarira 1790 akanga akaita refutenendi.

kuzvipira nguva muUK

Muna 1793, gumi vakuru standouts kuitira kuvandudza nepagungwa zvenyika akatumirwa England. Pakati pavo paiva uye Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Biography pamusoro Admiral yemberi kubvira panguva ino anotanga kukura chaizvo. Abva Russian Empire, iye nechikepe pamusoro frigate KARAMOKO kure kuchamhembe kwemhenderekedzo America, uko kanopfuura kamwe muchirongwa hondo pamwe French zvikepe vakashanyira Suriname, Barbados, nguva refu Bermuda. Kuti kudzidza East Indian mvura, akapinda Bay pamusoro Bengal. Chinangwa chacho chaiva chokuunza nzira nokuda wokuRussia kutengeserana mudunhu.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, paakanga mukuru Order of St. George mugwaro rechina, kufarira zvakasimba muna mbava zvokutengeserana kuRussia uye China, vakatora nzvimbo nomumugwagwa nzira kubva Okhotsk musi Kyakhta. Ari Canton, aiva nomukana kuona zvazvakanakira, izvo aizowana Russia iri zvakananga rokutengesa pamusoro furs yavo China nemugungwa. Uyezve, zvisinei hama vechidiki, ramangwana Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern vakaedza kumisa zvakananga ukama Russian Metropolis Holdings iri munharaunda America, kuitira kuti vakwanise kupa navo zvose zvakakodzera. Kunze, akanga Wakatotanga zvakakomba kufunga nezvazvo akabva pamberi Swedish hondo yakakura circumnavigation chirongwa, ane chinangwa chikuru yaizova kuvandudza yokuRussia Navy sezvo nzira kure, uyewo kugadzirwa kwepurogiramu ichitongwa kutengeserana. Saka, kushambira ari kubata mvura Indian, Pacific uye Atlantic nyanza, aidzidzisa ari kusora zvose zvinobvira nzira.

Homecoming

Makore matanhatu gare gare ruzivo uye yakasimbiswa, muna 1799 Ivan kuRussia. In St. Petersburg, akaedza kupa zvirongwa zvavo uye pfungwa nezvikepe izvo, asi havana kuwana kunzwisisa.

Zvisinei, kana mune 1802 yakafanana panyaya yaiva kuita chikuru bhodhi yeRussian Ministry of Commerce, Mambo Alexander I achibvumirana nazvo, uye kwakasarudzwa, pursuant kushongedzera nyika rwendo. Just nenguva ino uye ndikarangarira Kruzenshtern, kumukumbira kuti mambo.

Wokutanga circumnavigation

The Emperor, akafuridzirwa zvikuru basa racho, mvumo uye akapa mukana pachake Kruzenshtern Implementation kwayo. Rwendo akagadzwa mbiri duku nechikepe sloop "Hope", rairema matani 450 uye zvishoma kupenya chikepe "Neva". Kurayira rwendo uye chikuru chikepe Kruzenshtern akanga Ivan, kuvhurika iyo yakazonzi kuburukira munhau wokuRussia navhigesheni somumwe chinonyanya kukosha. A nokurayira sloop "Neva" dzaakapiwa kuti shamwari yake yepedyo, refutenendi-Mutungamiriri Yu Lisyansky.

Zvinokudzwa rwendo akatanga pakutanga August 1803. zvikepe zvose panguva imwe chete kubva Kronstadt chiteshi kuenda refu uye zvakaoma chaizvo nzira. Huru basa rakanga yakaiswa pamberi rwendo - kudzidza pamuromo Amur River kuwana pakutengeserana itsva. Kwagara ndaviga chinangwa Russian Pacific Fleet, kuziva kuti refu-nguva aivimba shamwari uye navo - Kruzenshtern uye Lisyansky. Vakabva akanga kuenda kuburikidza akawanda nezvinetso.
Court aifanira kupfeka uto mureza. Kunze kutenga zvinangwa, kuti sloop "Hope" kutakurwa kuJapan, kuRussia mumiririri - Chamberlain Rezanov, uyo aifanira kuronga kutengeserana ukama Japan. Uye nechinangwa kwesainzi kubva Russian Academy of Sciences rwendo vakatumwa zvakasikwa Langsdorf pamwe Tilesius uye zvomuchadenga Horner.

Southern hemisphere

Vachibuda kurwisa Kronstadt, Dare dzishambire chengarava Copenhagen, muna Falmouth, nemotokari kuchitsuwa Tenerife, uye yatova namana November, kuburikidza nekudzvanya neequator kokutanga vakauya Russian hondo mureza kumaodzanyemba hemisphere. Pavaifamba nechikepe kururamiswa yose mepu, vatsvake zvitsuwa itsva yakapoteredza kumahombekombe mabukira chaizvo vachipa Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich. Kuti akasvinudzwa panguva circumnavigation iyi iri aiongorora kukuru, zvichava kuzivikanwa mune makore mashomanana, kana akabudisa ake manotsi parwendo urwu, aendesa paruzhinji yakawanda zvinhu zvinofadza nezvinhu zvose zvaakaona panguva rwendo.

Kuzadzisa Brazilian Santa Catarina, vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti "Neva" waida kuchinja shongwe vaviri, saka taifanira kuita diki kupaka mujenya. Kana apedza kugadzira, zvikepe vakaenda kuyambuka neequator. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, pamwe Kruzenshtern Lisyansky kutozivikanwa angava kudada mabasa avo munyika. Pashure pezvose, kuRussia mureza wokutanga yarova kumaodzanyemba hemisphere, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva zvechokwadi echimurenga danho.

In February 1804 yokutanga kunhivi nyika rengarava, rounding Cape Horn, yakakamurwa. Chikonzero chaiva mamiriro mamiriro okunze. Pakazopera April Kruzenshtern akakwanisa kusvika kuna Marquesas Islands, apo vafambi zvakare: pachiteshi chengarava Anna Maria, uyo vaizova inonziwo Nukuhiva, "Neva" ne "tariro" vakasangana.

Kupfuura Vashingtonovyh zvitsuwa, wokutanga Russian circumnavigation rwendo akaramba kurutivi rwokumusoro. Asi "Neva" ne "tariro" akapinda May pedyo Hawaiian Islands zvakare. Ngarava wokutanga nechikepe akananga Alaska uye mumwe chinhu kune nemahombekombe Kamchatka kuJapan. Zvinonzi kubva Ingalik eskimo Island, raiva kuUnited States, akanga pamutemo zita chitsuwa Krusenstern.

Japanese chikamu rwokuparidza

Twenty-wechitanhatu muna September 1804 ari sloop "Nadezhda" akasvika Nagasaki. MuJapan, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern aifanira kugara kusvikira gore rinouya. Vasina kuvimbika uye zvikuru anononoka Japanese akaramba kugamuchira Russian mumiririri. Pakupedzisira, muna April, nyaya yave kugadziriswa.

Vanodzokera pamwe Rezanov Kamchatka Kruzenshtern akafunga kuburikidza Gungwa Japan, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva zvachose unexplored navigators. Munzira akakwanisa kuongorora kumadokero kwemhenderekedzo Nipon uye Matsmaya, uyewo kumaodzanyemba uye kumabvazuva nehafu pachitsuwa Sakhalin. Uyezve, Ivan ave kuzivikanwa uye nzvimbo dzimwe zvitsuwa zvizhinji.

basa Chirongwa

Kushambira ari Petro naPauro chengarava, yagara mumiriri Kruzenshtern unodzokera nemahombekombe Sakhalin, vapedza zvidzidzo ake, zvino rounding kuti kuchamhembe, anopinda Amur estuary, apo wechipiri August akadzokera Kamchatka, apo, marambi zvokudya mumatanda, "Hope," iri akatumira Kronstadt. Saka kupera munhu kunozivikanwa rwendo munyika Kruzenshtern, unova wokutanga rakanyorwa munhoroondo Russian wekushandisa. Zvinonzi zvikuru anoruramiswa chawakaronga zvirongwa achava kwete chete kwenguva itsva, asiwo rokuvandudza geography sayenzi zvakasikwa anobatsira mashoko pamusoro zvishoma-anozivikanwa munyika. Emperor chaizvo zvakawanda mubayiro Kruzenshtern uye Lisiansky, uyewo dzimwe nhengo dzose rwendo. Kuti vachengete chiitiko chinokosha iyi Alexander I kunyange akarayira menduru chaiyo kugogodza.

Achiratidza

Muna 1811, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, vane mapikicha kuonekwa chero bhuku ose zvomumvura zvikoro uye zvimwe zvikoro chaiwo, akagadzwa inisipekita nemakirasi muGungwa kadheti Corps. Zvisinei, kuva ziso chirwere uye kwete kubudirira zvachose ndiye ukama youmambo zvomumvura gurukota zvakamutungamirira kukumbira anosiya kubva kubasa, uye muna December 1815 vokutanga kuenda nokusingagumi pazororo.

Munenge kubvira panguva iyoyo akatanga kuva mirayiridzo hwakadzama aiendeswa rwendo nyika, kwakaitika kubvira 1815 kusvika 1818 achitungamirirwa Kotzebue - mudiki mukuru musikana rwendo. Kruzenshtern kunyange ndakaenda England, apo akarayira zvakafanira zvishandiso kufamba. Zvino paakadzoka, akagamuchira nokusingagumi ngavabude, akatanga kushanda pakusikwa ake "Atlas South Sea", izvo zvinofanira kunge achiperekedzwa hydrographic manotsi uye kuongorora vashandi izyasneniem. Ivan kumubatsira kuti vanachiremba inokurukurwa uye akasika tsanangudzo huru yedzidzo rwendo pamwe yakawanda mepu uye mifananidzo. basa iri, rakabudiswa muna Russian uye German, rakashandurirwa mumutauro French, uye gare gare zvose pasina chaakasiya mitauro yokuEurope. Akanga paakavapa ari Demidov Prize.

Manual Marine Corps

Muna 1827 Kruzenshtern akava mukuru Marine Corps. Inenge panguva iyoyowo, akava nhengo Admiralty Board. Makore gumi nematanhatu ari achidzora kuchiratidzwa dzinokosha kuchinja sangano muchiuto: Ivan akatanga zvidzidzo zvitsva pakudzidzisa uye zvakapfumisa raibhurari uye miziyamu makomborero akawanda. Achinje zvakakanganisa tsika uye rokudzidzisa pamwero kwete chete. Admiral akasimbisa mukuru kirasi, muviri hofisi uye Observatory.

By chikumbiro inokosha muviri Ivan muna 1827 akava Naval Academy.

Scientific uye musangano mabasa

Pakutanga World Yechipiri, muna 1812, Kruzenshtern, ari mupfumi, vakabayira vanhu nevarwi -third werombo rakanaka ake. Mumazuva iwayo kwaiva mari yakawanda - chiuru rubles. Mugore iroro akabudisa ake mavhoriyumu matatu "rwendo pasi pose ...", uye ari 1813th akasarudzwa nhengo dzakawanda dzesayenzi nzanga uye kunyange zvikoro muEngland uye Denmark, Germany uye France.

Kusvikira 1836 Kruzenshtern akabudisa ake "Atlas Sea South", yakanga yakakura hydrographic manotsi. Kubva 1827 kusvika 1842 wokutanga, zvishoma nezvishoma achifumira kuburikidza panhengo, akasvika Admiral. vafambi vazhinji vakakurumbira uye vatsvakurudzi vakatsvaka rubatsiro kana zano kuna Ivan. Aiva murongi rwendo rinotungamirirwa Otto Kotzebue, kwete chete, asiwo Vavileva uye Shishmareva, Bellingshausen uye Lazarev, Stanyukovicha uye Litke.

kurovedza muviri

Maererano vomuzuva, Kruzenshtern akamira kunze zvakavapoteredza, zvakasiyana mitambo uye fudzi nebhanhire uye umhare zamu yepamusoro muna rwendo. Sezvineiwo, zviri kufamba, pasinei nekuwanda kwenzira dzekunamata navo, naro zuva nezuva zviyereso uye vakashanda navo. Waaidisisa muviri aiva kusunda wokudhinda.

Pakuyeuka

In St. Petersburg muna 1874 maererano mapurani uye muvezi Monighetti Schroeder pamberi Marine Corps akasimbisa shongwe Krusenstern. Akanga yakavakwa private mari, kunyange chiduku wezvokudya yakagamuchirwa uye kubva ehurumende.

Zita guru aiongorora ainzi akakamanikana, the reef uye kuhukura. Uye muna 1993, Russian Bank rakapa kuyeukwa mari "wokutanga Russian vakapoteredza nyika rwendo" dzakatevedzana.

Vakaviga guru Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern muna Tallinn Dome Church.