International makadhi: mifananidzo, sei kuwana uye kushandisa

Nhasi, mabhanga Russian kupa zvakawanda epurasitiki makadhi. Vamwe vavo vanogona kushandiswa chete mukati munyika, ukuwo vamwe - kunze. International makadhi vanogamuchirwa aripe mabasa vari akashumira zviteshi uye ATMs pose munyika.

A Nhoroondo shoma

First bhangi kadhi analogues akazviratidza 1914 muNew York. Vakabva akabudisa nemakadhi makadhibhokisi uye yaishandiswa ritsigire mutengi wacho solvency. Makore 14 gare gare nechikonzero ichochi kuti simbi yakatanga kushandiswa, izvo zvichaita michina kubudiswa mashoko. Yokutanga vakawanda kubhadhara hurongwa wakatangwa muna 1949 vachitungamirirwa Diners Club. Raiva tsvimbo ezvinhu ane vashomanana vechikamu uyo aishanda sezvaiitwa ano Visa uye Mastercard.

Cards hwakatanga wakabudiswa aine 50-ies wekupedzisira remakore muUnited States idzva chishandiswa cashless kubhadhara, achitsiva chikare chequebook. Akawana muna 1951 akava New York nebhengi Long Island Bank. MuEurope, nokurongerwa itsva kubhadhara mudziyo akasuma British kambani Radhika Services. Chete kuburikidza rinobva ubvise akaonekwa, uye mumakore 90 ari Chip 10 pamusoro mapurasitiki.

Glossary

Tisati takurukura nzira nokuda kwema pamwe mubhengi makadhi dzakawanda, unofanira kudzidza zvazviri:

• Kuwana - bhangi muchishumira mepu.
• Issuer - kadhi sangano kuti ape nayo.
• Processing centre - a tumisoro pakati pemahombekombe kuti pamwe pakati kugarwa vechikamu nechinangwa yakaungana uye kubudiswa kadhi kwema.
• Dzomupepanhau nhoroondo rakazaruka pamahombekombe muna Central Bank.

The algorithm of kukarukureta

Operation pamwe mubhengi makadhi dzakawanda zvinogona kuitwa chero chitoro nzira yokubudisa wenyika, akashongedzerwa inouraya. Asi iyi, basa muitiro rakasiyana mureza:

• Panguva muripo chinouraya verifies epurasitiki nderechokwadi uye Kuwanikwa mari iri munhoroondo.
• Means vari debited, kuti chirwere anozivisa risiti.
• Trading nguva transmits kwayo kuwana pamahombekombe, iro rinotaura uwandu nhoroondo chekambani. Iyewo anotuma ruzivo pamusoro kwema vachishandisa dzimwe makadhi kugadzira centre.
• Data izvi aunganidzwa, vakaongorora, uye ipapo kunoguma ruzivo inotaurwa kuna issuer, acquirer uye mubhadharo gadziriro.
• Settlement kubhengi anorega runodiwa mari kubva munhoroondo issuer uye acquirer anotakura izvozvo.
• The achivaratidza bhangi anonyora chikwereti pamwe kadhi pedhi zvose komisheni mari.

nhamba

Pasinei peculiarities ari wechipfuwo kumusika, Karate kubhadhara kuwedzera gore rimwe nerimwe. Mumakore mashanu apfuura, nhamba rakapa yaiva mamiriyoni 230 zvidimbu, izvo miriyoni chete 30 -. With kadhi muganhu. Russian musika iyo vane nhamba vemamwe Exchange kwema yakawedzera 6 nguva uye chete vakasvika zvidimbu mabhiriyoni 2,549. Panguva iyoyowo vokuRussia vakanga kashoma kuti mubve mari munhoroondo (kwema mamiriyoni 751 akasanganiswa 5 317 400 000 000 kwiza.) Uye kupfuura kushandisa kadhi kubhadhara zvinhu (mamiriyoni 1798 kwema zvinosvika 1,714 tiririyoni rubles.). Chikonzero ndechokuti kuwedzera kwenhamba nehoro, akashongedzerwa aine chirwere, uye kuwedzera nhamba ATMs, kuburikidza rinogona kubviswa zvinoreva (224 zviuru. Hrs.) Uye kubhadhara zvinhu (133 zviuru. Hrs.).

marudzi makadhi

Munyika mune mbiri muripo mugadziriro dzakawanda kwakavakirwa makadhi kubhengi: Visa uye Mastercard. Vanopfuura hafu musika anotora Visa International maitiro - 57%. At Mastercard International chinoita 26% kubva pamusika. Uyewo, pane dzimwe vechikamu: American Express (13%), DinersClub (4%) uye JCB - (4%). The chikuru basa muripo hurongwa - nechokwadi kuti vachibhadhara pakati pemahombekombe munyika dzose. Mastercard inobatanidza vanopfuura zviuru 20 masangano zvemari munyika 220, vhiza -. 21 zviuru masangano .. International Visa makadhi Anonyanyowanika kushandiswa kugadzira mari mu madhora. Mastercard achingoraramira pamusoro kweeuro. Zvisinei, nokuti avhareji Russian mutengi kusiyana maviri hurongwa vasingadaro.

zvimwe zvinodiwa

Debit muripo Zviridzwa zvinoshandiswa kuita Masvomhu mukati kutsanangurwa mutengi nyaya. mapurasitiki aya inowanzoshandiswa mari uye magariro zvirongwa. Makadhi kukubvumira kubhadhara zvinhu tichiregeredza mari yacho kubhangi; mugodzoka ari vaunganidza chikwereti kufarira prices. Statement ichi wokurarama nemutsara chikwereti kumunhu mumwe nomumwe.

Panewo kupesana kupinda makirasi kubva Erekitironi uye Maestro kuti "Platinum". The yepamusoro muchikwata, mikana yakawanda anaro, hunobata mutengo epurasitiki. International makadhi zvinowanikwa Categories Classic, Gold, Platinum uye Black Edition. Kuwedzera mukirasi basa rinokura chikwereti muganhu. Somuenzaniso, mashoko chaiwo rokubhengi, "Alfa Bank" anogona kusimuka kusvika 150 zviuru rubles, uye pamusoro Platinum -. Nechekare 750 zviuru rubles ..

Govera imwevo kirasi zvigadzirwa makadhi, izvo havana mumuviri vezvenhau. Ivo zvakagadzirirwa chete kutenga nhumbi pamusoro Indaneti.

International makadhi ane chikwereti muganhu ndivo vanonyanya zvikurukuru pane vatengi avo kakawanda kufamba. Kwavari, yakatanga imwe inokosha chigadzirwa - co-branding makadhi vendege. Maererano naye wokuisira anogamuchira bonuses kuti kushandisa nemudiwa mabasa. Somuenzaniso, dzibate Via Visa "Aeroflot" makadhi dzakatorwa 'maira' kupedza pamusoro kutenga matikiti neMweya iwoyu kambani. Chimwe okuwedzera Ipfungwa - Cash Back. For kutenga inobhadharwa kadhi pakupera mwedzi anaro akapiwa mumwe chikamu mari vakapedza kudzokera nhoroondo. Vamwe mapurasitiki haana wakasiyana senguva makadhi.

kunyoresa

Chinenge mushandi ose ane Russian debit kadhi, hwaakange muhoro rinowanikwa. Kakawanda iri mapurasitiki Erekitironi uye Maestro, asi makambani hwakasimba kupa vashandi vavo kubhengi nemakadhi dzakawanda. Unogona kurayira kadhi, onana kubhengi tisingatungamirirwi.

Application nzira iri nyore. Tinofanira kuenda kubhangi mushandi, kupa pasipoti, yechipiri gwaro achisimbisa nokuzivikanwa (chitupa chokutyaira, pasipoti, etc.) uye kunyora mashoko. Mavhiki maviri vachafanira kumirira kusvikira achaita epurasitiki. pagore basa kubhadhara iri deducted zvakananga munhoroondo. Plastic mubhadharo mudziyo kare akapa akaipa nomwero.

Arayire kadhi rechikwereti, unofanira anowedzera kugadzirira mari mashoko uye kumirira chikwereti maneja wacho. Kuwanikwa pasipoti pamwe matsva zvisimbiso ari kunze kwenyika kana magwaro pamusoro pfuma kunowedzera mikana kuwana kadhi rechikwereti.

For ani?

Kunyange kana usingabvumirani kushandisa kuminamato vendege, kashoma parwendo kunze kwenyika, vane kuchengeterwa dzakawanda kadhi aine chikwereti muganhu hachingatongovakuvadzi. Chero nguva, zvingava zvakakodzera kuti kutenga nhumbi dzimwe mari kuburikidza neindaneti kana kungorega nezvinetso debit muripo zviridzwa.

Nhasi, dzakawanda makadhi ane chikwereti muganhu - iri nyore muripo kuti zvichaita chigamuchirwe estrus nyika chero. Kana kutsvakwa, munhu anogona kunyange kuwana chigadzirwa pamwe nguva refu ari nyasha uye risingamboshandisi basa kuti withdrawals kubva ATMs.

Bayirai mari Bank

In chikuru Russian pamahombekombe anogona ngaateme dzakawanda makadhi Maestro uye Erekitironi. Ndivo yakakodzera chaizvo kushandisa uye anodhura kuramba. International bhangi Sberbank kadhi anobvumira anaro kugamuchira muhoro, dhipoziti mari, kubhadhara zvinhu mu nehoro muRussia uye kunze kunyika. Classic makadhi anowedzera kugamuchira discounts pamusoro kutenga ari mudiwa muzvitoro. Nokuraramisa mutengo reserves uye 30 900 rubles (madhora, euros) rokutanga gore uye 600 rubles, 20 (madhora, euros) - mumakore ose tevera.

yakanakisisa bhangi kadhi Gold kirasi dzaizopiwa vaifarira vatengi. The mutengo waro basa wepagore uri 3000 rubles. Nokuti mari yeGmail.END_STRONG haagamuchiri chete zvakasikwa chiridzwa muripo kuti zvakabatana nhoroondo rubles, madhora kana euros, asiwo mukana kuitawo kubhangi kuti migove uye muripo gadziriro pacharo, kuti withdrawals asina kadhi bhokisi yebazi chero bhangi kunze. Uyezve, Gold Card inosimbisa zvakanaka dzemari uye yakakwirira munzanga yacho muridzi.

Mvumo kubva rwezvemabhengi musika

Maererano CBR, mumakore gore, chikwereti masangano akanga wakabudiswa mamiriyoni 234 makadhi, iyo 87% - 13% uye debit - zvikwereti. Pasi matambudziko zvirango dzakawanda nhamba mabhanga aidaro kuwana, yakaderera nezvikamu 7.8% kusvika 572 dzakabatana. Vazhinji makadhi rakapa rinoreva yomunharaunda muripo hurongwa. Izvi zvinooneka pane kukura mugove yokuisira kuti muripo zviridzwa: pamudyandigere uye kushanda vanhu vakatanga kuti ape munzanga kuchengeteka makadhi kuti zvinobatsira.