Hubble rusingaperi. The kuwedzera wezvinhu zvose. Mutemo Hubble raMwari

Kana munhu achifunga kuti shoko "paradzira" chinokuvadzwa zvemitambo zvakanyanyisa, "antisupruzhesky" hunhu ndiyo ndakanganisa. Kune dudziro zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, Mutemo wacho cosmological Hubble zvinoratidza kuti renyeredzi kuwana ...!

mhando nhatu nebulae

Fungidzira: nhema, chihombe Vacuum nyeredzi hurongwa chinyararire uye zvishoma nezvishoma kure mumwe, "Good chisarai! Akaonekana navo! Akaonekana navo. " Zvichida, tisingabatanidzi "lyrical digressions" uye kutendeukira kuna yesayenzi uchapupu. Muna 1929, kupfuura simba nyanzvi pakati American musayendisiti XX remakore Edvin Pauell Habbl (1889-1953) vakasvika pakugumisa kuti pane rakadzikama kuwedzera zvakasikwa.

Man, mukuru yose upenyu hwake kuti kuparara sechivako pezvakasikwa, akaberekwa muna Marshfield (Missouri). With kwouduku zvipikiri kuziva nezvenyeredzi, asi pakupedzisira akava gweta vaipupurirwa. Ndapedza kubva Cambridge University, Edwin akashanda Chicago, muna Observatory York. Muna First World War (1914-1918 gg.) Icharwirwa. Frontline makore chete adzosa nguva yokutanga. Nhasi, nyika yose kwesayenzi anoziva neHubble rusingaperi.

Paaienda kuwanikwa

Ndadzoka kubva mberi, musayendisiti akafunga nezvemamwe yokuongorora zvomuchadenga Observatory Mount Wilson (California). Akanga akabvuma kushanda ikoko. In rudo nezvenyeredzi, jaya aipedza nguva yakawanda kutarisa guru kukura teresikopu lenses 60 uye 100 masendimita. Panguva iyoyo - guru, naka kupfuura! On mano, asi vanotanga vakashanda kwerinenge gumi, achivimbisa soro zvaibvira magnification uye mufananidzo zvakajeka.

Yeuka, chinooneka muganhu wezvose anonzi Metagalaxy. Iye anouya hurumende nenguva iyo Big Bang (the cosmological mumwechete). Modern urongwa inoti kuti zvinokosheswa mumuviri constants vari homogeneous (kureva kumhanya chiedza, zvokutanga nokuchengeta, etc.). Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Metagalaxy rinokwana mapoka enyeredzi mabhiriyoni 80 (zvinoshamisa mufananidzo rinonzwika zvakawanda sezvizvi: 10 sextillion uye 1 quadrillion nyeredzi). The chimiro, nouremu - kuti muchadenga kwakasiyana zvachose pane akagamuchira paNyika maonero.

shamisa Cepheid

Kuti aratidze munhu dzidziso kutsanangura pakuwedzera zvakasikwa, zvinotora refu rakadzika tsvakurudzo dzakaoma kuenzanisa uye Masvomhu. Mukutanga maviri ari XX remakore yokupedzisira musoja akazokwanisa patsanura nebulae vakachengeta aparadzane hweGwara Way. Maererano ake zvakawanikwa, ivo zononoka, elliptical uye kutadza (mhando nhatu).

In nyeredzi redu pedyo ezvinhu, asi kwete pedyo zononoka nebula Andromeda, Edwin akaona Cepheid (kirasi pulsating nyeredzi). mutemo Hubble raiva nokusingaperi pedyo yaro yokupedzisira inotungamirwa. Muongorori wenyeredzi nokuenzanisa daro zvikwangwani izvi uye kukura kupfuura renyeredzi of Local Group. Maererano ake mhedziso ANDROMEDA unotora nyeredzi ingangoita tiririyoni (2.5-5 nguva hweGwara Way).

sachinja-chinja

Dzimwe nyanzvi, vachitsanangura yezvakaita Cepheids, enzanisa navo Inflatable rabha balls. Vakabva kuwedzera, ipapo kuderera, ipapo pedyo, ipapo ringabviswa. Makavigwa TOUR velocity zvinosiyana. At compression tembiricha kuti "mufambi" kunowedzera (kunyange pamusoro kunoderedza). Pulsating nyeredzi dziri kujairika zvakavamba kuchinja kuti, nokufamba kwenguva kurega.

Kufanana nevamwe nebula, Andromeda kunoratidzwa nemasayendisiti ive chitsuwa yezvisikwa nzvimbo, nowenyika redu renyeredzi. Muna 1929, Edwin akawana: TOUR velocities emapoka avo marefu ndiwo dyidzana, muri linearly kuzvimiririra. coefficient rinotsanangurwa kuti runoratidzwa / s? km Mpc (Mpc). Izvi zvinozivikanwa sezvo neHubble dzose. Kuwedzera muchadenga - kuchinja rusingaperi. Asi pane imwe nguva zvose pfungwa zvakasikwa mairi ndiye hurongwa. Muna 2016 - 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / Mpc.

Pfungwa kwemamiriro zvakasikwa, dzidziso mberi, extensible, ipapo akasimuka observational hwaro. Masero ari kushingaira kudzidza nezvenyeredzi pamberi pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika II. Muna 1942 iye kuenda kuti dhipatimendi nechitarisiko ballistics panguva Aberdeen Muchiedza Ground (USA). Uku kurota shamwari, zvichida, kupfuura inoshamisa munyika nesayenzi? Kwete, aida "nzwisisa" mitemo yakavanzwa makona emapoka kure! Panyaya enyika maonero, nyanzvi akashora pachena mutungamiri Third Reich pakati Adolf Hitler. Pamugumo hwake aizivikanwawo Hubble ane simba muvengi kushandiswa zvombo zvinoparadza. Asi shure kune nebula.

Velikiy Edvin

muchadenga constants vakawanda kugadziridzwa pamusoro nguva, kune zvinhu zvitsva. Asi havagoni kuenzaniswa Mutemo wezvose wacho kuwedzera. The akakurumbira zvomuchadenga Hubble XX remakore (kubva panguva Copernicus vezera ake haana!) Shongai imwe ndima pamwe muvambi experimental wefizikisi kubudikidza Galileo uye munyori itsva goho ariko akatisiyira enyika raWilliam Herschel.

Kunyange asati mutemo Hubble yaiva yakawanikwa, munyori wayo vakava nhengo National Academy of Sciences of United States of America, gare gare zvikoro munyika dzakasiyana, ane mibayiro yakawanda. Vakawanda zvimwe akanzwa kuti makore anopfuura gumi adarika, kwakatangwa kupinda muchadenga uye zvinobudirira kushanda muchadenga teresikopu "Hubble". Zita iri riri rimwe mwena pamusoro mwedzi, mumwe mapuraneti zviduku orbiting pakati Mars uye Jupiter (the asteroid).

Hazvina chaizvo vakanaka kutaura kuti chete nyanzvi uye aida kuchengeta zita rake, asi pane kunanga hunoratidza kuti Edwin aifarira ndirumbidzwe. Save Photo umo iye nomufaro abvunza pedyo vomumafirimu. Just pazasi tichazvidudzira pamusoro kuedza ake kuti "kugadzira" ari kubudirira pamwero pamusoro Laureates, zvakawanda uye nokudaro kupinda munhoroondo cosmology.

Henrietta Leavitt nzira

The akakurumbira astrophysicist British Stiven Hoking mubhuku rake "A Brief History Nguva", akanyora kuti "kuwanikwa kuti chadenga chiri kukura, zvava mukuru njere chimurenga pamusoro XX remakore". Hubble rombo rakanaka zvokuti ururamiswe panzvimbo yakakodzera. Mount Wilson Observatory aiva nechepakati Kuongorora basa irimo zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika itsva (yakazonzi cosmology). The teresikopu simba kupfuura Pasi Hooker akanga achangobva ishande.

Asi neHubble waiitwa asiri akazarura chete nokuda nemhanza. Raida murefu, kutsungirira, kukwanisa kukunda zvedzidzo vorongerwa. Saka American zvomuchadenga Harlou Shepli vakapa muenzaniso Galaxy. Akanga atova aizivikanwa musayendisiti, chidzore kukura hweGwara Way. Zviri zvinowanzoshandiswa nzira nokuda kuziva daro Cepheids vachishandisa nzira wakavhomorwa muna 1908 na Genriettoy Suon Leavitt. Rinoisa kure kune chinhu, yakavakirwa mureza kusiyana chiedza chakajeka nyeredzi (Cepheid variables).

No huruva uye gasi, uye mamwe mapoka enyeredzi

Harlou Shepli aidavira kuti upamhi renyeredzi 300,000 chiedza makore (anenge gumi nguva kupfuura bvumidzwa ukoshi). Zvisinei, Shapley, kufanana nyanzvi dzakawanda panguva, aiva nechokwadi chokuti hweGwara Way - ndizvo zvose zvakasikwa. Pasinei zano kutanga kwakaitwa William Herschel ari XVIII remakore, akaudzawo nevakawanda kuti vose nebula zvinhu pfupi pedyo - chete ruvara guruva uye gasi mudenga.

Vangani zvinovava, usiku kuchitonhora vakapedza Hubble akagara simba teresikopu Hooker asati kuratidza kuti Shapley kururama. Muna October 1923, Edwin akacherechedza ari nebula M31 (Andromeda) "kunze wakaputsika" yacho uye aigona haagari hweGwara Way. Pashure kunyatsoongorora Photographic mahwendefa, akabatwa chete nzvimbo kare kuongororwa nedzimwe nyanzvi, kusanganisira Shapley, Edwin akaziva kuti Cepheid.

vakawana Cosmos

Hubble akashandisa Shapley nzira kuti kuyera daro kuti shanduka nyeredzi. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti yaiva mamiriyoni emakore chiedza kubva Earth iri kure mhiri Gwara Way. The renyeredzi pacharo rine mamiriyoni nyeredzi. Rizivikanwe Universe akaita kuwedzerwa zvinoshamisa masikati, uye - mupfungwa - pezvakasikwa yakawanikwa!

Pepanhau "New York Times" akanyora kuti: "Kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zononoka nebulae vari nyeredzi gadziriro Dr. Hubbel (sic) anotsigira pfungwa yokuti vakafanana." Omuchadenga "akafanana needu." Kuwanika akanga zvikuru nokuda muchadenga nyika, asi mukurusa nguva neHubble achiri kuuya.

hapana kunofambira mberi

Sezvatakamboreva, kukunda kuti "Copernicus №2» vakauya muna 1929, apo iye Classified zvose anozivikanwa nebula uye akayera velocities dzavo kubva spectra chiedza chaibwinya. Zvakawanikwa Its zvinoshamisa kuti mapoka enyeredzi vose ikaramba ichiserera kubva kwatiri aimhanya Proportional kwavo kuwedzera kure hweGwara Way, kwakakatyamadza nyika. mutemo Hubble kwakaita chakagumisa chinyakare pfungwa kunofambira mberi zvakasikwa, uye akaratidza kuti iye pachake izere simba. Einstein pachake, akakotamisa musoro wake pamberi masimba zvinoshamisa ivavo pakuongorora.

Munyori dzidziso relativity akagadzirisa pachavo equations, izvo wakarurama kuwedzera wezvose. Zvino, Hubble akaratidza kuti Einstein zvakanaka. Hubble nguva - the Ivan Kuchin of Hubble chenguva (T _H = 1 / H). Ndiyo hunhu nguva kuwedzera zvakasikwa panguva.

Raputika uye vakapararira

Kana dzose muna 2016 Gore zvakaenzana 66,93 ± 0,62 (km / s) / Mpc, kukura zvino dzinoratidzwa anotevera nenhamba: (4,61 ± 0,05) · 10 ¹⁷ p kana (14,610 ± 0,016) · 10 ⁹ makore. Zvakare, zvishoma zvinosetsa. Remangwana rakanaka vanoti: zviri kuti renyeredzi yakanaka "paradzira." Kana isu kufungidzira kuti pedyo nepedyo, pakupedzisira kuuya Big Bang. Asi zviri pano kuti akatanga kuberekwa wezvose.

Renyeredzi "vakamhanya" (vakatanga kutama) kwakasiyana-siyana panguva imwe chete. Kana kubviswa mwero haana Proportional kusvika kure - dzidziso maturo kuputika. Chimwe rinobva chenguva - Hubble nechokure - zvinobikwa nokukurumidza chiedza _{nguva: D H = CT H = b} / H. The kuitika - (1,382 ± 0,015) · October ²⁶ M kana (14,610 ± 0,016) · ¹⁰ September chiedza makore.

Uye zvakare imwe Inflatable chibharuma. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kunyange venyeredzi havana nguva dzose zvakarurama kududzira kuwedzera wezvose. Chikamu vanamazvikokota anofunga kuti inflated sezvinoita rabha bhora, asingazivi chinhu vanorwara. Emapoka pachavo hakusi chete kubva kwatiri, asiwo "vashereketi" runobva mu wakaiswa zvemichindwe. Vamwe vanoti enyeredzi kure "kushambira" zvimedu Big Bang, asi kuita zvishoma nezvishoma kudaro.

Ndaigona kuva akahwina mubayiro weNobel

Hubble aiedza kuti Nobel Prize. Mukupera 1940s, kunyange vakaripira ane kushambadza mumiririri (nhasi nayo aizonzi maneja PR), iye vakaswedera nyaya. Asi zvakashaya pasina pakanga pasina chikamu vanodzidza nezvenyeredzi. Edwin akafa muna 1953, mukufamba kwesainzi. Nokuti usiku zvinoverengeka akaona extragalactic zvinhu.

Kurota ake okupedzisira chinzvimbo akaramba hachizadziki. Asi musayendisiti zvechokwadi farai kuti rukudzo rwake nzvimbo teresikopu anonzi. Uye hama chizvarwa pfungwa kuramba kuongorora mukuru uye anoshamisa nzvimbo. It unongoramba zvakavanzika zhinji. Zvakawanikwa Vangani kuuya! Uye nomukaka zviri Hubble kugara, nokuti chokwadi, kuchatibatsira munhu masayendisiti vaduku kuti vave "Copernicus №3».

nokukakavadzana Aristotle

Chii chichakurukurwa akaratidza kana disproved, sezvo apo muguruva nendege dzidziso kusaverengeka, pakusingaperi kusashanduka nzvimbo yakapoteredza Pasi, iro chakatsigirwa Aristotle pachake? Iye samba symmetry uye zvakakwana zvinhu zvose. Cosmological musimboti akasimbisa: zvose runoyerera, zvose kuchinja.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pamusoro emakore matenga maturo uye rima. Kuwedzera "kutakura kure" renyeredzi kuti yepasi pose mujengachenga, apo chiedza havagoni kwatiri. Lovemore neHubble chenguva kwakafanira kuhupenyu kana isina zvakasikwa? Chii chichaitika sayenzi cosmology? Ichanyangarika? Zvose izvi ndizvo zvokufungidzira.

redshift

Panguva ino, kuti teresikopu "Hubble" akaita mufananidzo hunopupurira waifarirwa maturo tichiri kure kure. Mune nyanzvi dzatinoshandira weboka pfungwa kuti zvinokosha kuwana Edwin Hubble, asi kwete murairo. Zvisinei, zvakanga anenge angoona mu vezvesayenzi nguva. Zvingaonekwa kuti "kusuduruka tsvuku" hachisi kuhwina kodzero iripo, ichokwadi, uye XXI remakore.

Uye nhasi, kuti kuona daro mapoka, yakavakirwa musayendisiti superotkrytie. Remangwana rakanaka vanoti kuti kunyange kana redu renyeredzi huchava chete "shaiwa" zvatisina. Pachava mabhiriyoni zvipfupi nyeredzi nemapuraneti. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pedyo nesu acharamba "dzakafanana nyika" kuti dzinofanira.