Space chitundumuseremusere. Russian nzvimbo zvitundumuseremusere uye US

Kusvika panguva Russian Federation ane munyika simba kupfuura nzvimbo indasitiri. Russia ndiyo undisputed mutungamiri mumunda aigarira nzvimbo kutiza uye anewo parity pamwe United States munhau muchadenga wekushandisa. Vamwe backlog wenyika yedu, pane chete zvidzidzo kure interplanetary nzvimbo, uyewo kugadzirwa kwepurogiramu kure vachifunga Nyika.

nyaya

Space chitundumuseremusere yakatanga pamuviri nemasayendisiti Russian Tsiolkovsky uye Meshchersky. Ivo muna 1897-1903 akasika dzidziso dzayo kutiza. Pave paya, muitiro uyu akatanga kuva masayendisiti yokumwe. Rakanga vokuGermany von Braun uye Oberth uye American Goddard. Norugare pakati hondo, mubvunzo ndege propulsion, uyewo zvinhu iyi chinangwa zvikukutu uye mvura injini zvinobatanidzwa munyika nhatu chete munyika. Yaiva Russia, USA uye Germany.

Pakazosvika 40 fung remakore rechi20, nyika yedu aigona kudada nokubudirira kubudirira vanokwanisa hwakasimba-propellant injini. Izvi akabvumira kushandisa chombo ngozi muHondo Yenyika II se "Katyusha". Panyaya pakusikwa guru zvombo kurwa vaine mvura injini, mutungamiri Germany yakanga pano. Zviri munyika ino dzinotevedzera rakagamuchira "V-2". Ichi ndicho chokutanga ballistic zvombo, vane kure diki. MuHondo Yenyika II, "V-2" raishandiswa kubhomba kweEngland.

Mushure Soviet kukunda pamusoro Nazi Germany makirisito chikwata Wernher von Braun pasi zvakananga utungamiriri hwake vatanga mabasa ayo muUnited States. Zvisinei, vakatora navo kubva akakundwa munyika kare dzakabudirira vanodhirowa uye Masvomhu pamusoro izvo nzvimbo vachiongorora yaifanira kuvakwa. dukuduku chikamu boka remasayendisiti German uye mainjiniya chete akaramba basa rayo muSoviet Union kusvikira epakati 50s remakore rechi20. At dzavo dziripo vamwe zvikamu kwacho michina uye zvombo pasina Masvomhu uye vanodhirowa.

Mune ramangwana, zvose US uye USSR zvombo "V-2" (pano ndiyo P-1) kunge kuburitswa uye kuti akasarudza kukura chitundumuseremusere, zvakagadzirirwa kuwedzera kuwanda.

pfungwa Tsiolkovsky

Ichi Russian musayendisiti mukuru uye chinoshamisa kuzvidzora akadzidzisa muvambi vaiona baba astronautics. Vakatosvika munhau manyoro "Free Space" rakanyorwa 1883. In basa iri Tsiolkovsky yokutanga nguva yakati kuti kufamba mapuraneti zvinokwanisika, uye kudiwa ichi rinokosha ndege, unonzi "nzvimbo chitundumuseremusere". Fungidziro pacharo reactive mudziyo azviratidza muna 1903. Yakanga ine basa rakanzi "Kudzidza wenyika nzvimbo". Pano munyori kunopa uchapupu hwokuti nzvimbo chitundumuseremusere ndiro midziyo naro zvinokwanisika kusiya mhepo paNyika. Dzidziso iyi yakanga chimurenga chaiyo sayenzi. Pashure kutizira Mars, Romwedzi nemamwe mapuraneti vanhu akarota kwenguva refu. Zvisinei, nyanzvi vave kukwanisa kuziva kuti ndege inofanira kurongwa kuti vakatamira munyika zvachose chinhu pasina rutsigiro, inokwanisa kuti ape kumhanyisa. dambudziko iri rakanga kugadziriswa Tsiolkovsky uyo zvinganaka kushandisa kuti chinangwa ichi imwe ndege injini. Chete tichibatsirwa mashandiro yakadaro inogona kukunda nzvimbo.

musimboti oparesheni

Russian nzvimbo zvitundumuseremusere, US uye dzimwe nyika kure kunyika Pasi muchadenga uchishandisa chitundumuseremusere injini, inopiwa yakafanira Tsiolkovsky. In izvi Hurongwa, makemikari simba peturu iri dzikwanise kinetic simba vakabatwa ne ndege vabudiswa kubva kamwene. Of Kunyanya kwacho kunoitika muna combustion mumakamuri injini dzakadaro. Ivo zvichiguma zvakaitwa oxidant uye mafuta zvinowanisa nekupisa. Saka combustion zvigadzirwa vari rakawedzerwa, pakutsamwisana wakakurumidza ari kamwene uye vabudiswa nokukurumidza kukuru. Rocket apo kutamira kuvonga mutemo kuchengetedza tichimhanya. Zvinonzi nokukurumidza, iyo chinotungamirwa mu negwara.

To musi, pane injini mazano akadai nzvimbo elevators, zuva maseiri, uye zvichingodaro. D. Zvisinei, havasi kushandiswa tsika, sezvo vachiri pasi kukura.

Wokutanga chitundumusere-musere

Rocket Tsiolkovskii aronga nemasayendisiti aimiririra resimbi yomukati elongated chimiro. Nechokunze, iye akatarira akafanana chibharuma kana airship. Front, musoro nzvimbo chitundumuseremusere yakanyorerwa vanhu. Pano, kuzvidzora mano kunge akagadzwa, uyewo kuchengetwa absorbers ose, carbon dioxide uye yakachena zvokuyamura. The mupanda chiedza inowaniswa vanhu. The chikuru Chikamu chitundumuseremusere Ziolkowski rechipiri akaronga combustibles. Kana vachisanganisa zvakaguma paumbwe putika guru. Zvakanzi chinopiwa mariri anosarudzwa nzvimbo mumwoyo chitundumuseremusere uye vabudiswa rakawedzera nenyere kukuru nokukurumidza muchimiro inopisa magasi.

Kwenguva refu zita Tsiolkovsky haana kuzivikanwa, kumwe kwete chete asiwo Russia. Vazhinji vaiona iye muroti, imwe idealist uye eccentric-muroti uya. A tinyatsonzwisisa mabasa musayendisiti ichi chikuru zvechokwadi akagamuchira chete veMubatanidzwa simba yeSoviet.

Kutanga chombo gadziriro yacho USSR

Rinokosha matanho kukura interplanetary nzvimbo zvakagadziridzwa panopera Hondo Yenyika II. Yaiva nguva apo kuUnited States bedzi simba renyukireya, akatanga kushanda political rinomanikidza yedu nyika. Chinangwa iyo chepakutanga akaiswa pamberi masayendisiti edu achisimbisa kuzvidzivirira reRussia. To kurambwa pasi dzakarwiwa mumakore kutonhora hondo zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti avake mabhomba uye ipapo rehydrogen bhambu. Wechipiri, hapana zvishoma rakaoma raiva vazopa chombo kuti kupfura. Nokuti ichi uye zvinodiwa zvitundumuseremusere zvechiuto. Kuti asimbise ruzivo urwu sezvo mangwanani sezvo 1946 hurumende vakuru vagadziri pakati gyroscopic mano vakanga nominated, chitundumuseremusere michini, kuzvidzora hurongwa uye zvichingodaro. D. Anokonzera unobatanidza mugomba chete chairema zvose hurongwa vakava SP Korolev.

Nechekare muna 1948 wokutanga yakatanga muSoviet ballistic chombo akanga vakabudirira akaedzwa. Similar Vols kuna US rwaiitwa makore mashoma gare gare.

Kushanda rakagadzirwa nevanhu Satellite

Kunze uto hurumende akavaka-yeSoviet kuisa pacharo basa nzvimbo kudziongorora. Basa mirayiridzo iyi zvakaitwa nemasayendisiti akawanda uye vagadziri. Kunyange asati mhepo yamuka chombo pakati intercontinental siyana, kuti Developers muzvigadzirwa kwakadaro, zvakava pachena kuti Akaroromesawo payload pamusoro ndege, zvakakwanisika kubudirira aimhanya zvinopfuura muchadenga. Izvi zvinoratidza mukana caffeine pamusoro paNyika muchadenga ane chakagadzirwa Satellite. chiitiko ichi ichikosha rokuita kwakaitika 10/04/1957 Raiva kutanga rinokosha idzva muchadenga kudziongorora.

Pakusikwa zvombo Soviet

Basa iri kukura ane airless Pasi nzvimbo vakakumbira guru nesimba pamusoro chikamu dzakawanda zvikwata vagadziri, masayendisiti uye vashandi. The creators of nzvimbo zvitundumuseremusere vaifanira kukudziridza purogiramu ndege iri muchadenga, pasi debug basa, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Chinangwa raiva basa rakaoma. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuwedzera uremu pamusoro chitundumuseremusere uye kuti tikwanise kubudirira wechipiri yepasi pose nokukurumidza. Ndokusaka muna 1958-1959, ine dariro matatu musiyano wezvinyorwa pamusoro ndege injini yakazokudziridzwa munyika yedu. With kuvamba yake yava zvichibvira kuti wokutanga nzvimbo chitundumuseremusere, izvo zvinogona achikwira muchadenga murume. Three-pavaipfuura michini akazarura mukana zvinobhururuka kumwedzi.

Next, vomurova motokari dzakawanda uye yakagozha. Saka, muna 1961, zvakanga akasikwa mana womuenzaniso ndege injini. Naye, chombo chinoita zvokukandwa aigona kusvika kwete chete mwedzi asiwo kusvika Mars kana Venus.

Yokutanga aigarira ndege

Tanga nzvimbo chitundumuseremusere nomunhu ari muchikepe yakatanga wakaitwa 12.04.1961 zvakakwidzwa kubva pasi "Vostok" piloted ne Yuriem Gagarinym. chiitiko ichi muJinja yevanhu. Muna April 1961, nzvimbo ubanguranyika vakagamuchira kukura kwayo itsva. Yezwi aigarira ndege akarayira kuti vagadziri kusika ndege kwakadaro, izvo vaizodzokera Earth zvakachengeteka tikurire mhepo. Mukuwedzera, nzvimbo chitundumuseremusere aifanira kupiwa upenyu-rutsigiro hurongwa hunosanganisira mhepo patsva, kudya kunovaka uye zvakawanda. mabasa ose aya zvave vakabudirira kugadziriswa.

Humwe ubanguranyika nzvimbo

Zvombo akadai "East" kwenguva refu nguva pave chengetedzo ari kutungamirira basa USSR mumunda ubanguranyika yomumba Vacuum. Kushandiswa yavo kunosvika kuna ino nguva. Kusvikira 1964 ndege "East" kupfuura zvose zviripo analogues wayo chinzvimbo.

Zvishoma Papera, munyika yedu uye motokari dzakawanda simba vakasikwa muUnited States. Zita muchadenga zvitundumuseremusere kwakadai, yakagadzirirwa munyika yedu - the "Purotoni-M". American zvakafanana midziyo - "Delta-IV». MuEurope, kushanda motokari "Ariane-5" akasikwa, raiva zvikuru mhando. Vose ndege izvi kubvumira goho matani 21-25 kuti zvinhu kuti kukwirira 200 km, inova shoma-Earth muchadenga.

zviitiko itsva

Sezvo chikamu chacho aigarira kutizira mwedzi vakasikwa Rn kungova super-rinorema kirasi. Ndivo US nzvimbo chombo se "Saturn-5 'uye H-1 Soviet. Pava paya Soviet super-rinorema chitundumuseremusere "Energy" hwagadzwa, iyo pari asina kushandiswa. Simba American chitundumuseremusere aiva "Space Shuttle". Ichi chombo akabvumira muchadenga chitundumusere-musere guru 100 matani.

Vagadziri ndege

Space zvombo yakagadzirwa uye vakasikwa db-1 (Special Design Bureau) TSKBEM (Central Design experimental Engineering Office), uye NGO (Scientific uye Industrial Association) "Energy". Zviri pano kuti vakaona chiedza Russian ballistic zvombo pakubhadhara zvose. Nokudaro takasvika uye gumi inokosha zvivako kuti akatora uto zvombo zvedu. Nokuedza makambani aya vashandi hwakagadzwa uye R-7 - wokutanga nzvimbo chitundumuseremusere, izvo vaiona kupfuura akavimbika munyika panguva ino. Kubva pakati pezana remakore rapfuura, maindasitiri aya yakatangwa uye kuitwa basa munzvimbo dzose chokuita kukura cosmonautics. Kubva muna 1994, boka akapiwa zita idzva, achiva OAO RSC "puhti".

Nhasi, ari mugadziri nzvimbo zvitundumuseremusere

RSC "puhti". SP The Queen ari inokosha zvebhizimisi weRussia. It anobatsira aitungamirira basa magadzirirwo uye anogadzira zvinhu aigarira nzvimbo enyika. nzeve Great iri rwakabhadharwa kuna kusikwa michina mitsva. Pano dzinokudziridzwa kushandiswa otomatiki nzvimbo gadziriro uye chitundumuseremusere nokuda nezvekutanga ndege. Uyezve, RSC "Energy" ari kushingaira Pakusuma dzakakwirira ruzivo kuti pagadzirwe zvigadzirwa asina chokuita kukura kunoita Vacuum.

Sezvo chikamu asingashumbi ichi, kuwedzera musoro akagadzira Bureau vari:

- JSC "experimental Machine Building Plant".

- JSC "PO" Cosmos ".

- JSC "Volga Design Bureau".

- "Baikonur" Bazi.

The vaizotibata kupfuura kushanda ari zvebhizimisi vari:

- nyaya mamwe nzvimbo ubanguranyika uye kusikwa azvino chizvarwa aigarira nzvimbo kwezvinhu;

- Kugadzirwa aigarira ndege, zvinokwanisa kuita kuti tenzi interplanetary nzvimbo;

- kugadzira uye kusikwa simba uye foni nzvimbo enyika nokushandisa chaiwo reflectors diki kadikidiki uye antennas.