Geological mubvunzo: chii zvicherwa vakasiyana pamatombo

Kazhinji mumabhuku dzakakurumbira zvesayenzi pane mashoko okuti "chicherwa" uye "dombo". Vanhu vasina dzidzo chaiyo, havapindi izvi pfungwa, achiziva mashoko aya rinenge sezvo anoreva zvakafanana. Izvi categorically chakaipa. Ngationei zvicherwa vakasiyana pamatombo.

zvicherwa

Kuti kujekesa musiyano pakati zvicherwa kubva padombo, ndezvomuzvarirwo inotungamirwa, funga zvose. Maererano zvinodiwa International mineralogical nokushamwaridzana kuti zvicherwa zvinosanganisira nezvishoma akaumba norudo dzenyika kana hukawanika zvayo muchiva makemikari anoumba uye crystalline marongerwo.

Asi kwete zvicherwa zvose zviri chaizvo kusangana tsananguro. Somuenzaniso, pane zvinhu muchiva makemikari anoumba asi regai kuumba sekristaro yekamuri, dzinonzi amorphous zvicherwa (hiakindi). Maatomu ari zvivako zvakadaro pedyo chaizvo nevamwe uye regai kuumba akarayira hurongwa. Saka chisungo pakati maatomu simba zvakakwana. The mamiriro anogona kuenzaniswa girazi.

kupatsanura zvicherwa

Masayendisiti inosvika anenge 2500 zvicherwa, vane akasiyana zvavo. Maererano zvine maatomu akafanana dzichiumbwa chikamu, zvicherwa rakakamurwa mapoka akawanda:

• Native zvinhu - fuma sekristaro yekamuri chine mumwe chete namakemikari maatomu akafanana. Somuenzaniso, sarufa, ndarama, Platinum. Interesting chokwadi: nedhaimani uye graphite - zvicherwa kuti maingova kabhoni, asi kuva zvakasiyana sekristaro mamiriro. Panyaya iyi, nedhaimani - mureza simba uye graphite nekusiyana, nyoro zvikuru. boka iri zvinosanganisira anenge 90 zvicherwa.
• Sulfides - zvicherwa vane crystals akaumbwa sarufa simbi kana nonmetals. Somuenzaniso, galena, sphalerite. Interesting chokwadi: The chicherwa pyrite ane zita rechipiri "webenzi goridhe." Izvi imhaka yokuti sokuti pyrite ruvara uye esimbi zvakajeka sezvinoita anokosha simbi. boka iri zvinosanganisira 200 zvicherwa.
• Sulfates - chaivo munyu pamusoro sulfuric acid. Somuenzaniso, barite, jarosite, gypsum, anhydrite. Interesting chokwadi: barite - chete chicherwa kuti anogona neutralize kuti X-ray. Naizvozvo, sefa vari X-ray mukamuri ine zvicherwa uye masvingo akafukidzwa barite purasita. The boka rinosanganisira vanenge 260 zvicherwa.
• Halides - zvicherwa inoumbwa wemishonga siyana zvine maatomu akafanana ne halogens. Somuenzaniso, fluorite, sylvite, halite. Interesting chokwadi: Mambo weRoma Nero aiva simba kwemakore fluorite, kutenga zvigadzirwa akaita nazvo mari yakawanda. The boka rinosanganisira anenge 100 zvicherwa.
• Phosphates - chaivo munyu phosphoric acid. Somuenzaniso, vivianite, nezvishava, apatite. Interesting chokwadi: tekoizi - zvikuru kufarira chiwanikwa navaPeresia. Mari zvimwe zvinhu muna 3-4 nguva kupfuura mutengo nendarama. Muboka vanenge 350 zvicherwa.
• Carbonates - chaivo munyu carbonic acid. Somuenzaniso, calcite, dolomite, magnesite. Interesting chokwadi: mu inosanganisira Alps gomo cheni siyana, anonzi Dolomites nokuda dombo zvinosanganisira dolomite. Mountains pasi chiedza chezuva vadzoke pingi.
• Oxides - zvicherwa, inoumbwa yeimwe chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi uye oxides. Somuenzaniso, Alexander, mapanga, hiakindi. Interesting chokwadi: Ametrine imwe rarest munyika. Its chinhu ndechokuti mufananidzo ibwe rinokosha rakasiyana nemamwe, mumwe Somuenzaniso itsva kwakasiyana yapfuura mumwe. The boka rine vanenge 200 zvicherwa.
• Silicates - kupfuura rakakura boka zvicherwa izvo zvinosanganisira nesilicon, aruminiyamu. Somuenzaniso, netopasi, plagioclase, unomonereka. An dzinonakidza ndechokuti pamberi nokugadzirwa pamberi girazi hwendefa akaiswa mukati mahwindo waMika.

Zvino, kuti uone kusiyana uye kusarurana pakati pamatombo uye zvicherwa, isu anotsanangura pfungwa yokutanga inonzi.

matombo

goko zvicherwa The Earth hazvisi kuwanikwa voga zviitiko. Kazhinji, achifuridzirwa nechitarisiko zvinhu, ivo zvinobatana kuti fomu matombo. Saka, zvicherwa vakasiyana dombo kuti chiri chivakwa nechigumbuso chinokosha. Asi kwete zvicherwa zvose zvinobatanidzwa pakugadzirwa pamatombo. Saka, masayendisiti zviparadzanise vave rock-dzichiumbwa (kunyanya silicates) uye incremental.

Kupatsanura nematombo

Nokuti kunzwisisa zvakawanda zvakajeka kuti zvicherwa vakasiyana pamatombo, isu tsanangura paumbwe yokupedzisira. Vanodzidza kusiyanisa mapoka matatu mabwe munzira dzavo mavambo:

• Magma akaumba nokuda effusion magma panyika kana mukobvu panyika (anoputika). Ndivo chikuru kwemarudzi, iyo kuguma kwezvakatipoteredza zvinofurira akasiyana vakaumba mapoka erudzi maviri asara. Somuenzaniso, girenayiti, basalt, gabbro.
• Metamorphic inoumbwa tectonic fambisa pasi goko. Izvi zvinoreva kuti sediments uye magmatic mabwe vakanga zvakare muna Dzenyika mukobvu uye ipapo pasi pokudzora mukuru tembiricha uye kumanikidzwa tinoshandurirwa dzinoita itsva. Somuenzaniso, gneiss, schist, namatema.
• Mugove sedimentary mabwe pamusana chete 10%. Vari aumba somugumisiro mhepo chiito pamusoro mvura magmatites dzinongoda pamusoro pepasi. Somuenzaniso, eluvium, talus, alluvium.

Paumbwe matombo uye zvicherwa - kunyatsotevera zvinodyidzana. We uzive zvicherwa zvakasiyana kubva padombo, uye tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti zvinoumba aya goko paNyika vari zvinodyidzana.