Feofan Grek: mufananidzo "Lady kwatinoita Don"

Muna 1370 achibva Byzantium uye vagare kuvake Novgorod matatu rokupenda ainzi Theophane. Novgorod akamupa zita remadunhurirwa rokuti chiGiriki - uye ndiyo nzvimbo yaizoberekerwa yakanga yakafanana, uye shoko tenzi wokuRussia nguva kuvhiringidzwa muchiGiriki. Kana vacharopafadza, akatanga kupenda Chitarisiko chechi vakanga Ilyina mumugwagwa, akaratidza kushamisika pamberi Novgorod sezvo anoshamisa mifananidzo primeval vehondo richengetwe naye nokubwinya, kwete pomerknuvshaya kusvikira nhasi.

Iconographer S Bosfora Mahombekombe

On upenyu Feofana Greka akaramba mashoko shoma. Zvinozivikanwa kuti akaenda Volkhov kuna Volga muna Nizhny Novgorod, uye ipapo muna Serpukhov uye Kolomna, kusvikira pakupedzisira akagadzirisa muMoscow. Asi kwose kwose, kwose akarayira rutsoka, vachisiya kwazvo kupendwa netemberi ugofukidza mumabhuku muchechi uye mifananidzo kuti vave haungambofari womuenzaniso vazhinji zvizvarwa nenyanzvi.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti kubvira panguva apo iye aigara uye aishanda Feofan Grek, aiva matanhatu emakore, isu achiripo dzakawanda mabasa ake. kupenda ichi kare vanotaurwa Novgorod Church of Chitarisiko, uye Pamifananidzo pamusoro pamasvingo Kremlin machechi - Ngirozi Huru uye Annunciation uye Chechi Lady Wedu Dzokuberekwa. Asi kunze kuti chefuma National Ndiwe kunosanganisira zvakanyorwa ake bhurasho Icon, yakakurumbira zvikuru rinova mufananidzo Mhandara Yakakomborerwa Mary, akaburuka munhau se "The Mhandara of Don."

Gift kuna Prince Dmitry Donskoy

On nhoroondo iyi yakakurumbira muuki akaramba saka zvishoma zvinozivikanwa kuti pakati vatsoropodzi vanoratidzwa zvakasiyana-siyana pamaonero musi uye nzvimbo yaro kunyora. Kune vamwe vanonamata, kuedza pakushora vanonzi Theophanes (mu pfungwa dzavo, chiso mutsvene kupendwa nomumwe vevaanodzidzisa). Zvisinei, kwenguva yakareba kwaiva tsika kuti zvakafanana kwakavakirwa nhoroondo zvinhu uye yemabviro, maererano iyo Feofan Grek vakasika Paaidzidzisa, uye vakaita saizvozvo kusvikira 1380.

Sei zvakadaro? Mhinduro yacho inogona kuwanikwa "tsananguro nhoroondo iri Moscow Donskoy Monastery", rakanyorwa 1865 maererano yakakurumbira wenhau I. E. Zabelinym. Pamapeji aro, munyori anotora ane manyoro ekare, izvo anotaura sei pamberi Hondo Kulikov Cossacks vakauya Grand Duke Dmitriyu Donskomu mufananidzo Mhandara Yakakomborerwa Mary, panopinda chaizvo Queen hweKudenga akapa Orthodox mauto simba uye ushingi pa kukunda villains.

About nzvimbo Don Amai vaMwari pashure pokukundwa Mamaia musi Kulikovo munda muna 1380, pane hypotheses dzakawanda. The kupfuura zvimwe vaiona munhu pasi iro mufananidzo dzvene mazana maviri namakumi manomwe makore pamusoro, Raichengetwa kubvuma Cathedral Simonov wemamongi raakanga anonzi rakanyorwa. Haasi masanga, sezvo icon iri miviri madziro, uye shure kwayo kuchinzi pachimiro nokufungidzira kuti Amai vaMwari vari vanhuwo Church Orthodox ematongerwo mhinduro.

Icon - kudzivirira vokuRussia

Next yakajeka Fani pakati icon, iyo yakagamuchirwa Dmitry Donskoi pamberi Hondo Kulikov, anoreva 1552, apo, achienda ake vanokunda danidziro pamusoro Kazan Khanate, akanyengetera pamberi kuvake ichi chevaux Ivan anotyisa. Vakakumbira voKudenga mubatsiri patronage Her, akatora naye uye mufananidzo kupendwa kubudikidza Theophanes echiGiriki, uye akadzoka akamuisa Ngirozi Huru Cathedral of Kremlin. Pamwe icon mambo, uye kurwisa kwake Polotsk muna 1563.

Saka zvakanga zvinofadza Mambokadzi wokudenga, kuti kunoshamisa mufananidzo "Lady kwatinoita Don" akazviratidza kuna vokuRussia munguva nemiedzo dzakakomba muchiuto, zvishoma nezvishoma mavari ushingi uye muropafadze hondo Orthodox. Zvino 1591, apo paChigaro First akaswedera asingaverengeki gurusvusvu ari Tatar Khan Kazi Giray II. Nechekare kubva kukwirira Vorobyovy Hills, ivo vakanyatsomutarira dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya anopenya pamusoro guru Russian, asi Muscovites vatora kubva Church Don mufananidzo Amai vaMwari, akafamba masvingo guta mudungwe wake, uye vachava dzisingambosvikiki kuti muvengi.

Zuva rakatevera, August 19, vakaurayiwa inotyisa muchinjikwa chikamu mauto Tatar Khan, uye aiva pamwe vakasara vateveri vake haawanzotauri vakapukunyuka uye inoshamisa vakadzokera muCrimea. Zvose izvi nguva Don mufananidzo Amai Mwari wakange ari mukereke regimental, uye hapana munhu aisava nechokwadi kuti aiva murume kureverera akabatsira kutyaira muvengi kubva muvhu Russian.

Pakuyeuka nokukunda kukuru panzvimbo paakange ari panguva Hondo kereke regimental, yakavambwa yemamongi iyo vakagamuchira zita Don. Nokuti yemamongi chitsva ichi yakaitwa pasi pamwe kunoshamisa kuvake, iyo akachipa zita raro, uye ipapo paakagadzwa zuva mhemberero yacho vsetserkovnogo - 19 August (1 September). Kubvira panguva iyoyo, Our Lady of Don riri airemekedzwa soMudziviriri hwokudenga Russian nyika vose vanouya kwaari nomunondo.

King, the pawn Troubles

Apo, muna 1589, pashure pokufa chamber Fodora Ioannovicha - mwanakomana wechitatu Ivana Groznogo, yakakanganiswa Rurik imba kuRussia, uye risina choushe akaenda Borisu Godunovu, mashoko okutanga Patriarch of Moscow uye All Russia , Jobho akamuropafadza mambo ino chaiyo kuvake. Zvisinei, Boris mutemo haana kufara. It rakaenderana yakaoma yenhoroondo Russian, chakazonzi Nguva Troubles.

Vapedza makore manomwe ari musoro rudzi yakabvamburwa vose vatorwa kupindira uye nechomukati nemagakava evanhu, mambo akafa muna 1605, tisati makore makumi mashanu-makore matatu. The yokuzorora wemufi changamire aiva Kremlin raMwari Ngirozi Huru Cathedral, apo tombstone ake zvinosuruvarisa akanyatsoitarira pamadziro pamberi Don mufananidzo Amai vaMwari, iye chete yapfuura, pasi tisanzwa achirira pamusoro zvitare, akapika taurai kuvimbika kuna Yababa.

Pakutanga ushe Peter I

Zvinozivikanwa kuti pakutanga ushe Peter I Russia yakanga hondo pamwe Turkey, urwo rwakatora gumi nemana uye akava nhengo yeEuropean Great Turkish War. Yakatanga pamushandirapamwe kweuto Russian muCrimea. Iye rinotungamirirwa shamwari yaro akatendeka Changamire Prince Vasiliy Vasilevich Golitsyn.

Icon kuti "Lady kwatinoita Don" vaimuperekedza panguva yose nhimbe, rwakazokura kuti Russia dambudziko uye mari vanobatwa yake zhinji. Asi kurevererwa Amai vaMwari, vanoratidza nayo kuburikidza mufananidzo kuti kwave zvakachengetwa muTende-mukuru, akabatsira Warriors, kunyange vane rinorema nezvinhu, asi kuti adzokere kumba, ndakapedza basa basa kwavari sungano mitoro. Mumakore okupedzisira ari XVII remakore mufananidzo chinoshamisa rakaitirwa mumakamuri hanzvadzi Peter I Natalia Alekseevna Tsarina, apo mifananidzo mutana zhinji, uye apo akanga dzakwidzwa hwakatamisirwa Annunciation Cathedral of Kremlin dzakatorwa.

Njodzi mufananidzo muna XVIII uye XIX emakore.

Muna XVIII uye XIX emakore, icon akashandisa akakurumbira kunamata. Akanyengetera uye akanyora mashoko okurumbidza. Mukuwedzera, yakakurumbira mufananidzo nechepakati enganonyorwa zhinji uye nyaya pfupi, zvimwe izvo kuratidza zviitiko chaiyo, akazara izvo vakanyengerwa kubva muvhidhiyo manyuko, sezvo chikamu zvibereko fungidziro yavanhu, aida kuratidza rudo rwavo uye kuonga Heavenly Mediatrix.

The kushongedzwa icon asina kurega mari. Zvinozivikanwa kuti kuna Napoleon kubvuta mufananidzo akazadza mupfumi muhoro namabwe anokosha. Mabwe vave wakabiwa chiFrench, uye pashure pokudzingwa kwavo kwakanga chete furemu yendarama icon kuti nenhubu ndakanganisa mhangura.

Art Zviri mifananidzo

Zvakanyorwa pabhodhi kadikidiki 86h68 cm. Achitaura iconographic mufananidzo zvinhu izvozvo, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti icon "Don Virgin" rinoreva mhando wokurera ari unyanzvi Marian mifananidzo "Unyoro", inova maitiro chepfungwa mukomboni anotarisana Virgin uye Her Eternal Child. Asi chedzidziso yezvouMwari kuri muna mifananidzo iri mhando hakungogumiri hwezuva nezuva zvikamu, unoratidza amai vomwana rudo.

Muchiitiko ichi anopa kutarisana kutaura kwechitendero dzidziso, iyo inorondedzera ukama Musiki kuzvisikwa zvake. Gwaro anotaura kwerudo rwaMwari zvakadaro vanhu kuti avaponese kubva parufu husingaperi, akapa Mwanakomana wake akaberekwa ari mumwe oga.

Special mutambo yakabatanidzwa nhamba zvino akarasika yendarama mamiriro zvakanga anofananidzirwa Musikana uye Child. Hazvina vakachengetedzwa zvakanaka uye gilding kuti rakafukidza halos, asi sezvinei, zviso uye nguo achiripo zvakanaka.

Compositional uye ruvara mifananidzo

Chinoumbwa mufananidzo chisarudzo nokururamisira zvakafanana nezvaiitwa vamwe mifananidzo recension ichi (dzakafuridzirwa mhando). Virgin Mary kumbundirwa mwanakomana wake agere pamakumbo ake uye akanamatirana navo dama. Eternal Child vanoratidzwa vozdevshim rworudyi chikomborero uye ruoko rwake rworuboshwe akabata mupumburu.

Icon Feofana Greka yakasiyana nedzimwe mifananidzo nomufananidzo recension kupfeka Bogomladentsa makumbo kuti ibvi tichifunga chiningoningo kuruboshwe Mhandara. Matanga chokufuka chake nguo ocher - nguvo, akasimbisa zvakarukwa dzakarukwa zvakanaka akashanda goridhe mitsetse, yakatangwa pavanoparidza Mucheka ruvara uye dzokuAustralia yebhuruu yakatarwa uye mutambo kutarira. Anotsigira zvinonyatsorehwa pfungwa zvegoridhe resi, constricting mupumburu.

Zvakafanana kwezvokufuka uye panguva imwe chete ine Kumubata kwamachinda dzaimirirwa nguvo Mhandara. Her yokumusoro jasi - mafory - kuitwa kwasviba Cherry mavara uye vakagadziridza nenyika goridhe, yakashongedzwa masa. nyeredzi goridhe matatu, dzinozivikanwa kushumira Her kushongedzwa kushongedzwa, muri evasingatombonamati ndizvo pfungwa. Ivo zvinomirira husingaperi mhandara Amai vaMwari - kare, panguva uye pashure kwaJesu.

Zvarakasiya kubva Byzantine canons

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti, maererano vatsoropodzi vakawanda, painter Feofan Grek (Byzantine mavambo) mubasa rake akaenda mhiri akasimbisa tsika chikoro weConstantinople, unova tenzi haana kubvumira pachavo kuti kuedza okusika kutyora canons. Don kuvake Our Lady ari muenzaniso mukuru.

Kuti chiso zvinhu Virgin mukuru simba uye okuti Artist rinobvumira zvimwe asymmetry nzvimbo muromo uye maziso. Havana kuenderana, zvose mifananidzo iri Byzantine vanatenzi, uye dziri pamusoro-pasi namasanhu. Mukuwedzera, muromo chekutaura zvaizopedza kurudyi.

Izvi mashoko inoita vasingakoshi, aishandiswa munyori mune evasingatombonamati unyanzvi zvinangwa vaiva Zvisinei, kutyora canons dzakatangwa neChechi Constantinople uye Byzantium vaionekwa isingagamuchiriki. Uye mienzaniso yakawanda yakadaro iri mifananidzo uye Pamifananidzo, izvo Feofan Grek akanyora. "Lady kwatinoita Don" - ndomumwe wavo.

The neizvi divi icon

mubereko Great ndiye pafiripi divi puranga, iyo unoratidza mafungiro - kuvake, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, duplex. Paintings anochengetwa nani zvikuru pane kumeso. Zvakajeka verengeka kunyange chinyorwa dzisinganyatsooneki vachibata zvitsvuku. Angangodaro zvange icon kamwe aimbova muhoro, kubiwa neDare French muna 1812, iyo inoshanda se chiyeuchidzo chete hwakawanda huripo nendarama puranga kuti icon.

Kana kutarisa mufananidzo unoshamisa kusavapo zvinhu zvetsika panzvimbo. Tenzi haana kuiswawo pakati Zvinoumba zvatinosiita mu Pakadaro, mifananidzo vatumwa, hunokwira vaapostora, vakadzi uye vazhinji nevamwe zvakafanana hunhu vachichema. Central ndiye mufananidzo waJesu Kristu akabata duku zapelenovannuyu mufananidzo, inomiririra mweya kusingaperi Musikana.

Pamberi mufananidzo Kristu pamubhedha zororo unofa zvasara Musikana, takapoteredzwa mifananidzo gumi navaviri uye nemabhishopu maviri - vaivapo, maererano neMagwaro, parufu wemhandara Mariya. Dzinoratidzwa zvikamu zviviri, vari kutaura magungano vakagamuchirwa iri iconography: Chivako anoiswa pamusoro yehombodo icon zvinoreva kuti chiitiko ichi kunoitika mumba, uye kenduru pamberi pamubhedha wemhandara Mariya - chiratidzo rinooma upenyu.

Gakava pamusoro vanonzi icon

Hazvina maitiro kuti yacho anofananidzirwa pamusoro neizvi kurutivi icon, anotakura yakatsauka pachena kubva tsika Byzantine art. Izvi kutanga kuratidza zviso vaapostora, kunyimwa hunhu Constantinople tsika revatongi zvinhu. Sezvo akasimbisa pamabasa ake, nyanzvi Feofana Greka vazhinji, ivo vari kuramba dzinoratidzwa evasingatombonamati murimi mudiki unhu muvanhu vanhuwo zvavo.

Hazvishamisi akawanda kusiyana nemabasa kubudikidza Feofana Greka Byzantine canons uye unyanzvi tsika ndakasika dzinoverengeka vatsoropodzi akabvunza vakanyora mabasa anonzi kwaari. maonero avo kunonzwisisika, nekuti pamahombekombe ari Bosphorus Artist kwete chete kuzvarwa, asi yakabuda ari mwene iconography - munhu haafaniri kukanganwa kuti akasvika Russia kare makore matatu.

brushwork yake pedyo Novgorod chikoro kupfuura yake yaakaberekerwa Byzantine. Perennial kukurukurirana nyaya handiregi nhasi, asi ivo vakatonga maonero kuti, kuva munyika itsva kwaari uye ane mukana kuona mifananidzo yekare yakawanda vakasikwa vatenzi Russian, yokudhirowa anoshandiswa pabasa rake unhu hwavo.

The yakakurumbira kopi icon

Zvinozivikanwa kuti munguva refu nhau icon wandei mazita aro zvakaitwa. The tanga Mikoko kumugumo XIV remakore. Rakanga zvinoberekwa sezvakarayirwa hama Dmitry Donskoy - Prince Vladimir Andreyevich, uye yakashongedzwa nesirivha gilt muhoro yaiva chipo chake Utatu-rwacho Segiyo Lavra.

Munguva Ivana Groznogo kuti hurongwa ake akanga akaita mazita maviri, mumwe icho yakatumwa Kolomna, akanga vakabva akarasika, uye mumwe, akaisa muna kubvuma Cathedral, akachengetedzwa kusvikira nhasi. Apo aidzivirira Kudenga muna 1591 akabatsira Muscovites vanoratidza nechisimba Khan Giray, pakarepo pamire chechi regimental yakatangwa Donskoy wemamonk, ipapo nokuti iye akaita mumwe mazita kunoshamisa mufananidzo. Panewo makopi anoverengeka yakazotevera kumwedzi.

Donskoy wemamonk kero uye nemakanzuru zvifambiso tikiti

nguva Soviet akava Danho idzva iri nhoroondo Don Amai vaMwari. Kubvira muna 1919, nhamba iyi rwuripowo muThe Tretyakov Gallery. Hezvinoi rimwe Exhibits chikamu chinonyanya kunoshamisa Old Russian kupenda. Kamwechete pagore, nezuva rake vsetserkovnogo kupemberera, mufananidzo akapa Donskoy Monastery (kero :. Moscow, Don Square 1-3), apo isati inoitika yakatarwa yokunamata, izvo inobatanidza zviuru zvevanhu. Vose, ari panguva ino muMoscow, achida kutora chikamu mariri, anogona kupinda chechi, vakabuda kuchiteshi Shabolovskaya.

Zvinonzi hapana masanga iri mufananidzo Mhandara Yakakomborerwa anofarirwa rudo chaiyo kubva vokuRussia. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zviri munhoroondo yayo yave chokuita zvakapembererwa ose maoko vanotsigira Yababa, uye kuburikidza nawo Mambokadzi Denga kakawanda Orthodox ľudu rubatsiro uye kureverera.