Etruscan arufabheti. The mutauro Etruscan. The Zvivako inozivikanwa dzakawanda Etruscan arufabheti

The Etruscan arufabheti ndiyo chine vatambi kuti akaita mutauro Etruscan, mutauro zvikuru inoshamisa munyika anogona kuverenga asi hazvigoni kunzwisiswa. Pasinei vakawandisa inonyatsozivikanwa Zvivako zviri Etruscan arufabheti, rinosvika zviuru makopi pasi pose, masayendisiti achiri kukwanisa kugadzirisa chirahwe.

Ndivanaani vaiva Etruscans

The Etruscans - vanhu simba vaigara Italy pamwe 9. BC. e., kusati kwatombova nevaRoma. State Etruria aiva yeUnited marongerwo uye raiva 12 Maguta akazvimirira. guta rimwe nerimwe rine pachake, mambo waro pakati mitemo, asi 4th remakore. BC. e. vakakwirira akauya simba.

Commercial uye mumaindasitiri Chirevo chechinyorwa, neHurumende vakatsigira Etruscans kubva Ancient Greece (Corinth), sezvinoratidzwa pamifananidzo uye zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa. Found pedyo Tarquini ivhu urns uye midziyo pamwe vanodhirowa dzinoratidza hwepedyo pakati unyanzvi pakati Etruscans nevaGiriki. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, mumwe romunhu Painters Greek uye kuiswa arufabheti. Chokwadi chokuti Etruscan arufabheti rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki, haurevi chimiro uye zvinokosheswa tsamba yacho.

Ichatonga zvine mbiri Etruria State

State Etruscans zvikuru kuva zvokutengeserana uye maindasitiri mabasa. Primorye Territory kubva Tarquinia kuna Gulf kunhivi reVesuvius akanga dzinokodzera vafambisi vengarava, saka Etruscans vakaedza ndokudzinga nevaGiriki kutengeserana muMediterranean. Muna pakusava dzakabudirira zvakanaka zvokurima uye handicrafts. Uchapupu Kugadzirwa unyanzvi chivakwa ndizvo zvasara zvezvivako yekare uye pamakuva, migwagwa uye nemigero.

Kutongera uzivewo - lukumony - akatarisira kuvakwa maguta, kuita pakuunganidza kubwinya pachishandiswa hondo uye vachirwisa vari vavakidzani vavo.

Zvakawanda zviri vaitirei chizvarwa muRoma, chokwadi, akaita kuti Etruscans uye yakasimbiswa, somuenzaniso, temberi yekare musi Capitol Hill rakavakwa mhizha kubva Etruria. Madzimambo Roma vekare wakabva worudzii, ari Tarquins dzakawanda mazita Latin akakweretwa kubva Etruscan, uye kwakabva arufabheti muUmambo hweRoma, vanyori vezvakaitika zvizhinji ndiye chete Etruscans.

The ichatonga zvine mbiri Etruria States nezvokuvandudzika 535 BC. e., apo hondo Carthaginians uye Etruscans akakunda vaGiriki, asi pashure makore mashoma nokuda kusabatana ehurumende Roma akabudirira pakuwana maguta itsva Etruscan. Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore 1st BC. e. tsika Roman chose absorbs vemo uye mutauro Etruscan hakuchisina kushandiswa.

Language uye uri Etruria

Panguva Etruscans yakagadzirwa zvakanaka uri: kugadzirwa machena zvivezwa, ruzivo pamusoro Kudzingwa endarira. The inozivikanwa chifananidzo hadzi mhumhi vanoyamwisa vana vakatanga muguta Romulus uye Remus, akasikwa chaizvo Etruscan mhizha vakadzidza kubva nevaGiriki. Painted Terracotta chivezwa akachengetedzwa zvaiva Etruscan vanhu: slanted zvishoma womuarumondi meso, hombe mhino, miromo izere. Vagari Etruria akanyatsojeka akafanana nevagari Asia Minor.

Religion uye mutauro Etruscan yakasiyana chaizvo kubva pedyo marudzi nokuda foreignness. Kunyange VaRoma vasingagoni kunzwisisa mutauro. Kuti vakapona Roman chinoti "Etruscan haana kuverenga» (etruscum zvisiri legitur), izvo vakatsunga njodzi Etruscan arufabheti.

Most Etruscan magwaro ayo akawanikwa nevanochera muzana remakore rapfuura - a kwevafi uye dedicatory zvakanyorwa pamusoro tombstones, vases, zvivezwa, magirazi uye zvishongo. Asi chero mabasa kwesayenzi kana mishonga (maererano mamwe manyuko, mushonga uye zvinodhaka kurapwa yakagadzirwa zvakasimba muna Etruria) kazhinji hazvizorevi kuwanikwa.

Kuedza decipher Etruscan akatorwa makore anopfuura 100. Nyanzvi dzakawanda vakaedza kuzviita achishandisa muenzaniso muHungary, Lithuanian, reFenikiya, Greek, Finnish uye kunyange mutauro wekare. Maererano achangobva kubuda, mutauro uyu runoonekwa kuti kure mimwe mitauro zvose European.

Ranneetrussky arufabheti

Kuti decipher mashoko norumwe rurimi, masayendisiti ari kutanga kuziva mashoko (mazita, mazita okuremekedza, mazita) uye zvadaro achiita kutamira kubva mutauro anozivikanwa, vachiedza kuwana kudzokorora mashoko kana girama siyana. Saka nokuenzanisa nemarongerwo uye Mutauro mutauro ane zvisingazivikanwi sezvamunoita.

Nhasi mumamiziyamu uye okuchengetera zvivako rose kune vanopfuura zviuru 10. Akanyorwa (pamusoro ndiro, pamahwendefa, etc ..), Uchishandisa Etruscan arufabheti. Mabviro Nyanzvi dzacho dzakasiyana zvichishandurwa zvakasiyana. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanouti pelasgskim (prototirrenskim) uye vanodavira kuti iye wakaburuka kubva pre-Greek, vamwe - Doric, vokuKorinde, uye vamwe - Chalcis (zapadnogrecheskogo).

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti kwaari muupenyu hwezuva nezuva kwaiva arufabheti yekare, iyo conventionally vachinzi "protoetrusskim" asi zvakanyorwa umboo kana zvakawanikwa kuwanikwa. The zvekare Etruscan arufabheti, maererano musayendisiti R. Carpenter, Ungangove, yaiumbwa "Greek akawanda" uye yakagadzirwa muna 8-7 mu. BC. e.

Verenga zvawanyora mumutauro Etruscan yakatambarara kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe, dzimwe nguva pane zvinyorwa akaita boustrophedon (mutsetse inoti "nyoka", akavapindurawo, mumwe - kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe, vamwe - kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi). Words kazhinji haana vaparadzana nepedyo.

arufabheti iyi inonzi severoitaliyskim uye funga izvozvo vakaburuka reFenikiya kana muGiriki, uye dzimwe tsamba dzake kwazvo zvakafanana Latin.

Etruscan arufabheti pamwe rokushandura reconstructed nemasayendisiti muzana remakore rechi19. Madudzirwo mumwe tsamba Etruscan arufabheti kuzivikanwa, uye chero mudzidzi anogona kuiverenga. Zvisinei, kuti decipher mutauro apo hapana anogona.

Marsiliansky arufabheti

Kunyora Etruscans yakabuda pakati 7th remakore. BC. E., Uye rinowanikwa dzimwe zvemumba panguva matongo Zvakafukunurwa: nayo ndikamumara zvakanyorwa pamusoro midziyo zvinhu zvinokosha kubva paguva.

Muenzaniso arufabheti kupfuura wakakwana zvakaitika apo hwendefa kuwanikwa kubva Marsiliany of Albegna Pavaichera ane necropolis (zvino Archaeological Museum of Florence). It chakagadzirwa nenyanga dzenzou, kukura 5x9 masendimita uye wakafukidzwa vakasara wakisi pamwe Mabhuku eBraille tsamba. Inogona kuonekwa 22 tsamba reFenikiya (Middle East) uye 4 Greek arufabheti pakupera, 21 tsamba uye 5 mavhawero. Tsamba yokutanga chaizvo earufabheti - tsamba "A" - iri kurudyi.

Under zvekungofungira Vatsvakurudzi ndiro akashanda lähikuva murume akadzidza kunyora. Kuongorora nayo, masayendisiti vakagumisa kuti marsiliansky arufabheti rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki. The Fonts tsamba zvakafanana zvikuru Chalcis.

Chimwe kusimbisa arufabheti ndiyo pamberi pamusoro vhasi wayo, yakawanikwa Formello, uye mumwe zvakawanikwa muhwiro Cerveteri (zvino mumamiziyamu Rome). Both anowana vari yomusi 7-6 emakore. BC. e. The IAA mumwe wavo kunyange ane mazita mabhii (sillabary).

Kukura arufabheti

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo, sei kuchinja Etruscan arufabheti, kuti zviratidzo zvizhinji vaivapo pakutanga uye kana nhamba yavo nechakatsinhiwa gare gare, zvakakodzera kuronda akawana uye akarondedzera "rinoratidza kuverenga" nyanzvi.

Kutonga matongo zvakawanikwa Kwapera nguva (kusvika 5-3 CC. BC. E.), Zvinochinja zvishoma nezvishoma, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa nokuenzanisa ivhu pamusoro mahwendefa Viterbo, Collet and said., Uyewo bumbiro ose Ruzell uye Bomarzo.

Muzana 5th remakore BC. e. Etruscan arufabheti akamborara 23 tsamba, t. To. Vamwe vavo havana kudya zvakawanda. By 400 BC. e. Akaumba "chaiwo" arufabheti zvinosanganisira tsamba 20 kare:

• 4 mavhawero: tsamba A, uye ipapo E, ini, ini;
• 16 emakonzonendi: G, U-digamma, C, H, Th, L, T, N, P, S (imwe), R, S, T, ph, KH, F (sere).

Pozdneetrusskie Zvinyorwa zviri kutoita zvakadaro: mushure nzira "kodzero" rakashandiswa boustrophedon mune ramangwana pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu mutauro Latin kushandiswa nzira "kuruboshwe". Kunewo mashoko ari 2 mitauro (Latin Etruscan +), uye dzimwe tsamba Etruscan akafanana Latin.

arufabheti Novoetrussky rinoshandiswa emakore, ayo emashoko kunyange zvakakanganisa Tuscan bazi remutauro muItaly.

The mukufambisira Etruscan arufabheti

Ziva Etruscan nenhamba uyewo zvakaoma. Danho rokutanga kuziva nhamba akava godsend muna Tuscany pakati pezana remakore rechi19. maviri mijenya vane zviso musi 5 Mashoko: masvomhu, Sat, huth, Ci Sa. Kuedza anoenderana pamapepa aya pamwe nedzimwe mapfupa makapfeka zviso pfungwa, vaongorori vakanga vasingakwanisi kuona chinhu, t. To. The mashoko acho randomly.

Ipapo vakatanga kuongorora kumakuva, iro nguva dzose ane nhamba, uye pakazopera Zvakazoitika kuti Etruscans akanyora nhamba kushandisa summation vemakumi uye vane, uye dzimwe nguva vakanonga maduku nhamba kubva makuru (20-2 = 18).

A musayendisiti kubva Germany Gerhard Stoltenberg akaita systematization kuti dombo repaguva zvinyorwa uye vakawana kuti "50" nhamba kunotemwa neshoko muvalch, uye '5 »- mach. Saizvozvowo kutukana zviratidzo 6 60 kwakawanikwa uye t. D.

Somugumisiro, Stoltenberg vakagumisa kuti Etruscan arufabheti semupi kumumvuri pamusoro sezviverengo Roman.

Pamahwendefa Pyrgi

Muna 1964, pakati mahwendefa temberi pedyo yekare chiteshi Pyrgi iyo inesungano Etruscan guta Perret nevanochera matongo vakawana muna 3 mahwendefa 6-5. BC. e. ndarama zvinyorwa, rimwe raiva pamusoro mutauro reFenikiya, uye 2 - asi Etruscan. Kungovapo mapiritsi aya kunoratidza kubatana kwakaita muCarthage, uye Etruscan taundi Pyrgi. Pakutanga, masayendisiti vakatora mwoyo, zvichiratidza kuti yava mitauro miviri (akafanana kuti chinyorwa mumitauro 2), uye vachakwanisa kuverenga Etruscan zvinyorwa. Asi nhamo ... The magwaro akanga asina chokwadi chete.

Pashure kuedza decrypt mahwendefa aya maviri anozivikanwa masayendisiti uye Pallotino Garbin, yakanga vakagumisa kuti akanyorwa pana mwarikadzi Uni-Astarte mifananidzo kana tembere. Asi uri mundiro duku yaive anotaura Teferi Velinasa uye akatsanangura tsika zvibayiro. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti zvose Etruscan zvinyorwa nzvimbo yakafanana, asi Decryption wakakwana kugona kuita navo.

Kuedza decipher magwaro pamahwendefa aya vakaitwa kakawanda nemasayendisiti munyika dzakawanda, asi nguva imwe neimwe zvinoreva rugwaro unowana yakasiyana.

Communication Etruscan mutauro uye Eastern dzomuzana Middle

Mumwe oddities ari Etruscan arufabheti kushandisa zvishomanana uye dzimwe nguva kushaya mavhawero. Maererano chimiro tsamba uchaona kuti tsamba akafanana kuna Etruscan reFenikiya.

Ancient Literature kuMiddle East ndiko chaizvo zvakafanana "reFenikiya" uye dzinoitwa mumutauro yaishandiswa Etruscans. Kubva chii tinogona kugumisa kuti nguva kubvira muzana remakore rechi13. uye kuti 3-2 emakore. BC. e. zvakanyorwa mutauro kuItaly, kuMiddle East pamhenderekedzo, nechekuchamhembe Africa, uye ndiye chete kwakafanana Etruscan.

Pakutanga yedu nguva Etruscan akanyorwa muzvinhu izvi zvapfuura, inotsiviwa chiGiriki nechiAramaiki. Ungangove, izvi zvakakonzerwa enhoroondo ichikosha nokusimbiswa simba hweRoma.

"The Book of Amai" uye mamwe magwaro

Rimwe zvikuru Etruscan zvinyorwa chakawanikwa remakore rechi19. Croatian nzvimbo vakauya kuna Zagreb mukadzi mummified kubva kuIjipiti. Gare gare, iye unwound kubva dzomucheka rinoparadza, masayendisiti vakawana zvinyorwa, iyo gare gare vaizivikanwa se Etruscan. bhuku mucheka ine zvidimbu 12 rejira, tichibatanidza akagamuchira mupumburu kureba 13,75 m. The chinyorwa ine 12 mbiru anoverengwa kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe.

Pashure pemakore tsvakurudzo zvainzi vakagumisa kuti "Book of Amai" ndiro karenda, izvo zvinoda basa siyana mitambo yechitendero.

Chimwe Etruscan chinyorwa guru kwakafanana akawanikwa panguva rokuvaka muguta Cortona, waiva kare rimwe chikuru maguta Etruria. Cortona chinyorwa icho V.Ivanov kuzivikanwa nyanzvi vakanga vauya pakugumisa kuti ukama Etruscan uye North Caucasian mitauro.

Mumwe ndezvipi zviri musayendisiti aiva akabvumirwa simba pokudzora Etruscan tsika uye mabhuku weRoma, Latin.

Fananidzo Etruscans uye Lezgin

Chimwe shanduro mavambo uye kuverenga mutauro Etruscan yakabudiswa muna 2013, vaongorori, nyanzvi dzemitauro Yaraliev J. uye N. Osmanov rinonzi "History of Lezgins. Etruscans ". Vanoti vave kukwanisa decipher mashoko Etruscan arufabheti, uye Chikurukuru kuti chinyorwa rokushandura, uchishandisa Lezgi, mumwe wemitauro ano nebazi Dagestan.

Vakakwanisa kuverenga zvose zvinowanikwa Etruscan magwaro, mu t. Ch. Mapeji 12 "Book of Amai" uye mumwe mahwendefa 320 pamwe Etruscan magwaro. The Data vakawana, ivo vanoti, vanogona kuratidza yekare nhoroondo ukama pakati kuMiddle East uye Caucasus.

"Slavyanskaya" dzidziso kwakabva Etruscans

Vatsigiri Proto-necheSalvic kwakabva Etruscans vaidavira kuti Etruscans pachavo rinonzi "Rasen" kana "Rosen", ndizvo nzvanyira neshoko "vokuRussia". Hunozoita uye humwe uchapupu hwokuti napedyo netsika iyi mitauro uye.

Achiongorora zvaive Mahwendefa kubva Pyrgi Akakwezva vatsigiri necheSalvic dzidziso Nezvekwakabva mutauro Etruscan. Mumwe vaongorori vari kufarira Etruscan kunyora, aiva musayendisiti Russian Osipov. Akaita kuedza nyorazve mashoko ari Etruscan dzose Russian arufabheti mu mureza divi (kuruboshwe-kurudyi), uye kunyange rakakamurwa mashoko. Uye ndine ... rondedzero yekare bira eroottinen revels kwezuva.

Osipov anokwevera ringanidzo pamwe necheSalvic zororo kubva Ivan Kupala. Mushure buri raro, musayendisiti vakatuma rakashandurwa rwezuva Pyrgi dzavo tsanangudzo nyanzvi Etruscan zvakanyorwa munyika dzakasiyana. Gare gare, akaita shanduro mishoma makumi ezviuru zvinyorwa nzira yake, asi masayendisiti saka kure havana vakaita akadaro budiriro iri tsvakurudzo.

Mumwe musayendisiti Russian Vladimir Shcherbakov mberi dzidziso kuti Etruscans kunyora Decryption inogona kushandiswa nezvionioni dzendarira, zvavakanga ndokuiswa muguva. Achishandisa nezvionioni, rugwaro inogona kuverenga kwakasiyana-siyana, uye dzimwe tsamba zvinogona inverted.

Vezvenhau vanoti izvi ndechokuti tenzi akaita mashoko regai kunge aiva dhipuroma, uye vaikopera tsamba kubva nezvionioni, uye tsamba mumufananidzo nezvionioni vakanga zvayaitenderera paguyo kana flipped. By anozunungusa girazi, Scherbakov akaita rake shanduro achiongorora zvaive acho.

Research Z. Maiani nemamwe

Kuedza kuverenga uye kushandura Etruscan zviratidzo nokuenzanisa Etruscan arufabheti uye staroalbansky, vakaita musayendisiti French Z. Maiani, uyo muna 2003 akabudisa bhuku "The Etruscans vanotanga kutaura," akava akakurumbira Europe yose. Akapedza 300 etymological maduramazwi kuenzanisa pakati izvi mitauro (Etruscan uye Illyrian), asi haana kugamuchira nokutsigirwa nyanzvi dzemitauro.

Kunyora zvakawanwa vaongorori runonziwo mhando dzakawanda pozdneetrusskih bumbiro, izvo zvinosanganisira severnoetrussky uye Alpine, uye Rutsky Venetic bumbiro. Vazhinji vakabvuma chokwadi kuti mukutanga Etruscan arufabheti semupi hwaro pavo. Uye zvose zvakanyorwa izvi akashandiswa vagari Tuscany uye Italy pakutanga wa1 remakore BC. e., pashure kunyangarika yepakutanga Etruscan. Kana vanhu vanokwanisa kunzwisisa mutauro Etruscan, uye anoramba chisinganzwisisiki rokupedzisira zvemakore.