Economy yeNorway: zvinowanzoitika

Northern Norway inonzi inozivikanwa nehupenyu hwepamusoro hwehupenyu. Nyika yacho isiri nyore kuponesa dambudziko rezvemari rose, uye hupfumi hunoratidza kugadzikana uye kwakanaka kwemasimba. Ndeupi musiyano pakati pehupfumi hweNorway nedzimwe nyika dzeEurope? Ngatitaurirei pamusoro pezvisikwa zvehurumende yeNorway, maitiro ayo, tarisiro.

Geography yeNorway

Upfumi hweNorway mupfungwa inokonzerwa nenharaunda yenyika. Hurumende iri munzvimbo yekumavirazuva yeScandinavian Peninsula, muNorthern Europe. Inonyanya kuvimbika pamakungwa ayo anoshambidzwa. Mhenderekedzo yegungwa iyo makiromita zviuru makumi maviri. Norway inosvika kumakungwa matatu: Barents, Norwegian uye North. Nyika yacho inopinda kuSweden, Russia neFinland. Chikamu chikuru chinowanikwa kumaodzanyemba, asi nharaunda yaro inosanganisirawo huru (50 000) kechikwata chesekiti, vamwe vavo havagari. Mhenderekedzo yeNorway yakazara nemifananidzo yakanaka. Chikamu chikuru chenyika yacho ndeyemakomo. Kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba kwakatambanudza gomo rezvikomo, iro mune dzimwe nzvimbo rinoshandura nepamusoro pemiti uye midzi yakadzika yakazara nemasango akaoma. Kurutivi rwokumusoro kwenyika inobatwa neArctic tundra. Munharaunda uye kumaodzanyemba kune nzvimbo yakanaka yekurima. Nyika yacho inopfuma kwazvo mumvura yakachena, kune makiromita anenge zviuru makumi mashanu uye nzizi dzakawanda, iyo huru pane iyo Glomma. Norway haisi yakawanda kwazvo mumaminerari akasiyana-siyana, asi ine zvakanyanya zvakachengetwa zvegesi, mafuta, ores akawanda, mhangura, mutungamiri.

Mamiriro okunze uye zvipenyu

Norway iri munharaunda yekutenderera kweGulf Stream yakasvibira uye izvi zvinoita kuti mamiriro emamiriro ekunze ave akaenzana kupfuura eAlaska uye Kure Siberia iri panzvimbo yakafanana. Asi zvakadaro mamiriro ekunze enyika haasi kunyanya kusununguka muupenyu. Chikamu chekumadokero kwenyika chinotungamirirwa nemhepo inopisa uye kune hunyoro hwemamiriro okunze nemhepo inotonhora uye nguva yechando inopisa. Pano kuwanda kwemvura kunowira gore rose. MunaJuly-August, pano mhepo inovhuvhuta kusvika 18 degrees Celsius, uye munguva yechando haigoni pasi pemadhigiri maviri pasi pe zero. Icho chikamu chekutanga chinoreva nzvimbo yekunakidza kwekontinende yemamiriro okunze nechando chando uye nguva shoma, asi kwete yechando inopisa. Munguva yechando, yevhareji yekupisa iri 10 degrees pasi pezero, uye muzhizha mhepo inovhuvhuta kusvika 15 degrees Celsius. Icho kuchamhembe kwakanyanya kwenyika inoratidzirwa nekunze kwepasi, nechinguva refu, chisina kuoma uye zhizha rinotonhora. Muchando, avhareji inonzi thermometer inoratidza kudarika zvidhi 20, uye muzhizha thermometer inokwira kune chiratidzo chemadhora gumi ekupisa. Kumusoro kweNyika kune chiitiko chekudenga - kumativi ekuchamhembe.

Pasi pose, hupfumi hweNorway hunogona kutsanangurwa muchidimbu se eco-friendly. Pano hutano hwakanyanya hunobhadharwa kuti uchengetedze chimiro chakanaka. Kunyange zvazvo kuve nekufambisa kwemafuta kunokonzera kukuvadza kune zvakasikwa, Norway haigoni kurarama neizvi zvakare. Kunyange zvakadaro, kune mhepo yakachena uye mvura, mabhizimusi emabhizimisi anoshandisa maererano nepamusoro ekuchengetedza mitemo, iyo inofungidzirwa kuva yepamusoro-soro munyika yose. Kukura kwekufambisa kwevashanyi kunomiririrawo kune ngozi kune hupenyu hwepanyika uye dambudziko iri harina kuwana mhinduro yacho.

Nhoroondo yehupfumi

Kusvikira muzana remakore rechi9, Norway yaiva nyika yevanokunda. MaViking akatya zvose zveEurope, kusvika kusvika kumhenderekedzo yeTurkey. Mari yakawanda yevagari venyika iyi ndeyekutora mutero kubva kune nyika dzakundwa. Muna 9-11 mazana emakore nyika huru dzaiva mambo weNorway, dzakapfuura nzira yekuvandudza, munharaunda chiKristu chikaedza kupindira kakawanda, pane kurwisana pakati penharaunda dzakasiyana, pane zvinofadza zvevanhu. Upfumi huri kuchinja zvikuru. Nzvimbo dziri pasi pemitero zvishoma nezvishoma dziri kuderedzwa, maitiro matsva ekutungamirira aidiwa. Muna 1184 uyo aimbova muprista Sverrir anotonga, anorova simba guru kune vafundisi nevakuru uye anotanga mazano matsva ekuvapo kwehurumende - democracy. Zvizvarwa zvitsva zvinotevera zvemadzimambo zvakabatanidzwa mukutonga kwenyika uye kugadzirisa kukakavadzana kwezvematongerwe enyika. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi13, Norway yaiva nechinetso chekurima chekurima, chakange chichibatanidzwa nehosha yehosha. Izvi zvinotungamirira kukundikana kusimba kwehurumende. Kubvira muzana remakore rechi14, Norway yakange ichirarama kwenguva yakareba yekuvimba nematunhu eScandinavia. Izvi hazvikwanise kuve nemigumisiro yakanaka mukukudziridza kwehupfumi. Nyika iri kuwedzera kuve yeruzivo rwehurumende nehupfumi husina simba. Pakati pezana remakore rechi17, nyika iri kutarisana nekukwirira kwemari, yakonzerwa nokuwa kweHanseatic League. Europe inotanga kushandura chiNorway zvinhu zvitsva: matanda, ore, zvikepe. Ikoko kuwedzera kukura kwemabhizimisi. Asi nyika yakaramba iri chikamu cheSweden. Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, Norway, yakatungamirirwa naKristu-Friedrich, yakakwanisa kudzivirira kodzero dzayo yekuzvimirira. Asi kwete kwenguva refu. Sweden haina kuda kuparadzanisa nenzvimbo idzi. Uye iyo yose yezana remakore rechi19 yaiva hondo yekusimudzira kodzero dzevanhu veNorway kuhurumende yavo nemitemo. Panguva imwecheteyo, pane kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwemabhizimisi, iyo iri kuva chikwata chekubuda kweboka rakapfuma raisada kugara pasi peSweden. Muna 1905 nyika yakakwanisa kubvisa simba reSweden, mutungamiriri weDanish akauya kuzotonga. Munguva Yekutanga Hondo Yenyika, hurumende inonamatira kusarerekera, izvi zvinobvumira Norway kuchinja zvikuru hupfumi hwayo. Asi dambudziko rezvemupfumi pasi rose rekupedzisira kwe20-makore makumi matatu-asati asvika munyika. Pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, Norway zvakare yakasarudza kuramba isina kwematongerwo enyika, asi Germany haina kubhadhara uye yakabata nyika. Hondo yepashure-hondo yakatanga kugadzirwa kwehurumende nehupfumi hutsva. Pano, kune imwe nzvimbo yakawanda kudarika kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope, nzira dzekusaridzirwa kwemari yakakwana inoshandiswa. Panguva ino, maitiro ehurumende yeNorway anogona kutsanangurwa mumashoko maviri: kururamisira uye democracy. Nyika yacho yakaramba kaviri kubatana neEuropean Union, kunyange iyo inotsigira kubatanidzwa kwehurongwa pamwe nesungano yeSchengen.

Vagari veNorway

Vagari venyika yacho zvishoma kudarika mamiriyoni mashanu. Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevanhu kune vanhu 16 chete pamakiromita mana. Km. Nzvimbo yevanhu vakawanda inotaridzika kumabvazuva kwenyika, yakawanda inogarwa nechepamhenderekedzo yeAnglo, uyewo kumaodzanyemba nekumavirira kwenyika. Nzvimbo dziri kuchamhembe uye nechepakati dzinenge dzisina chinhu, uye chikamu chezvitsuwa zvacho hazvigoni kugara. Pfuma yeNorway nhasi inopa basa rakakwirira revanhu. Inenge 75 muzana yevanhu vane basa. 88% yevagari venyika vane dzidzo yepamusoro havana dambudziko nebasa, ichi ndicho chiratidzo chikuru muEurope. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti hupfumi hwenyika hunosimbiswa nepamusoro-soro. Ihwo hukuru hwehupenyu hunoratidzwawo nehupenyu huri kukura hwehupenyu hwevaNorwegi, iyo inenge makore 82.

Zvematongerwo enyika

Norway muhurumende yezvematongerwo enyika iyo inotonga hurumende. Musoro wevakuru vakuru vehurumende uye mukuru mukuru wehurumende ndiye mambo. Simba reMutemo rakapiwa muparamende isina kubatana. Mambo ane runyararo rwakakura kwazvo rwemabasa uye kodzero. Anogadza uye anodzinga hurumende, anobvumira mitemo, anotonga hondo uye rugare, anotungamirira dare repamusorosoro. Asi nepamusoro pezvinhu zvose zvakakosha zveutungamiri wenyika zvinotarisirwa nehurumende pamwe nemutungamiriri wehurumende ari pamusoro. Vakuru vane simba ndivo vane kodzero yekuita mitemo yehurumende yehupfumi hweNorway, inodzora basa rehurumende yehurumende, iyo inobatsira zvikuru pfuma, uye inotarisirawo mabasa emabhizimisi emafuta. Nyika yacho yakakamurwa kuva matare makumi maviri, anonzi county, magavhuna anosarudzwa namambo. Fülke yakabatana nemakomene. Kune hutano hwakasiyana-siyana munyika , uye hutsva hwematongerwe enyika uye mapato ari kuramba achioneka, achiedza kupinda muparamende. Muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika nehutungamiri hwekushanda kwenyika inobatanidzwa inotorwa nehurumende dzehurumende, dzine simba guru.

Zvisizvo zviitiko zvehupfumi hweNorway

MuEurope, kune nyika dzinoverengeka dzakabudirira kukunda dambudziko rezvemari uye kuwana mikana yekukura, imwe yavo - Norway. Pfuma yenyika, hongu, inotarisana nematambudziko, asi ichiri kutarisana zvakanaka pamusoro penzvimbo dzedzimwe nyika. Nyika iri pane yechina munyika yose maererano neGDP per capita. Nhasi, hurumende inoratidza kukura kwekuenzanisa, iyo inowanzobatanidzwa nekuwedzera kushandiswa mumagariro evanhu. Iko kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvekutengesa kuri kuwedzera zvishoma uye basa ravatengi mumhuri iri kuwedzera. Aya maitiro haasi akanaka kwazvo, asi maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu eEurope, vaNorwegi vane zvikonzero zvekutarisira. Hurumende inofanira kupedza mari yakawanda uye kuedza kuchengetedza hupenyu hwepamusoro hwehupenyu. Uye inopa mari yakawanda mukutsvakurudza nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvitsva, iri kutsvaga nzira dzekusiyana-siyana kwehupfumi uye kuderedza huri hupfumi hwakanyanya huripo kubva kumabhizimisi emafuta. Pakati pese, hupfumi hweNorway hwakavakwa maererano nemuenzaniso weScandinavia we "Country of Welfare" uye uri kubudirira mune izvi, kunyange zvazvo pasina matambudziko.

Maitiro

Imwe nzira yepamusoro yehupfumi yeNorway yakatungamirira kukuti kuenzanirana kwemasimba anobatsira kunowedzera. Chimiro chehupfumi hweNorway chinoratidza kuenzanisa kwakakwana pakati pemakambani emitemo uye mutemo wehurumende. Inzvimbo yevanhu inotora chikamu chakanyanya chehupfumi. Hurumende inoshandisa inenge 3% yeGDP mukugadzirwa kwesayenzi uye teknolojia. Imuenzaniso yekutengeserana kune imwe nyika yehupfumi inotungamirira kuhuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvokutengeserana hunodarika zvinotengeswa. 38% yeGDP yenyika yacho inotengeswa, iyo inopfuura hafu yegesi nemafuta. Hurumende iri kushanda kuti kuderedze zviratidzo izvi uye kune kubudirira, kunyange zviduku, gore kuti kuderedze kuyerwa kwezvinhu zvinotengeswa ne 0.1% yeGDP.

Basa rezvemari riri kunze kwenyika

Norway inoshanda pamwe chete nenyika dzakawanda maererano nekutsinhanisa kwezvinhu, zvigadzirwa nemagetsi. Imari yekunze yeNorway inonyanya kubatana nenyika dzeEuropean Union, uyewo neChina nedzimwe nyika dzeAsia. Ihurumende iyi inoshandisa simba reEurope. Gesi nemafuta zvinopiwa kuFrance, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Great Britain. Uyezve, Norway inotengesa midziyo, makemikari, cellulose uye mapepa emapuranga, machira kune dzimwe nyika. Inotengeswa munyika ino mishonga yekuvhenekera uye yezvokudya zvigadzirwa, zvekurima zvekurima, motokari. Chimiro chehurumende yeNorway chinoenderana nekutengeswa kwevatakuri vemagetsi kune dzimwe nyika, hurumende iri kurwisana nechiitiko ichi kwemakore 10 apfuura, asi nzira yekusiyana-siyana inonoka.

Mining industry

Minda yemiorivhi yeNorway yakatanga kuumbwa munguva pfupi yapfuura, kubva muna 1970. Munguva iyi nyika ine chivimbiso ichive chimwe chevatengesi vese vanoita basa iri munyika. Kune rumwe rutivi, mafuta ndeyekusakundikana kunobatsira nyika, inobvumira hurumende kuti irege kuvimba nezvinhu zvekunze zvehydrocarboni. Asi makore anopfuura makumi mana ekugadzirwa kwekushanda, hupfumi hwakawira mune kuvimba kwakasimba uye kutengesa kwemari mumusika wemafuta kwakatanga kutungamirira kumigumisiro yakaipa. Nhasi munyika kune nyika dzakawanda dzine hutariro hwakasimba pamamiriro ezvinhu mumusika wekutengesa, uye imwe yavo ndiyo Norway. Nharaunda dzehupfumi hwemabhizimisi ekuwedzera anoita inenge hafu yenyika yakabuda. Nhasi, mumamiriro ezvinhu edambudziko iri mumabhizimisi emafuta, nyika iri kunyanya kufambidzana mukuvandudzirwa kwemamwe mapazi ehupfumi.

Spheres of production

Mukuwedzera kune simba uye huwandu hweHycarcarbon, Norway ine mamwe makambani makuru. Pfuma yeNorway inogona kutsanangurwa muchidimbu semasikirwo ane zvinhu zvekushandura. Nyika inovaka iyo maindasitiri umo yakange yakasimbiswa kare. Kunyanya, kubhurwa kwechikepe nguva dzose kwave kwakasimba uye kwakapfuura. Mazuva ano kuvaka ngarava kunounza 1% yeGDP yenyika. Zvikepe zveNorway zvinotakura midziyo yemakambani anotakura mafuta, pamwe chete nekutakura uye kutakura vatakuri. Imwe bazi rinokosha renyika imetallurgy. Upfumi hweNorway hunoramba huchikurudzira kugadzirwa kwemagetsi, asi mhizha iri mudambudziko uye inogamuchira rubatsiro rwehurumende. Metallurgy inounza nezve 0.2% yeGDP. Masango emasango nemaspp uye mapepa emakambani ayawo emabhizimisi emagariro kuNorway. Nzvimbo dzinokosha dzebasa rekuNorwegi dzinobata hove uye zvekurima. Mukuwedzera, nyika iri kuedza kukudziridza hutsva, ruzivo-rukuru makambani. Iyi ndiyo sphere ye cosmonautics, nyika inogadzira zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvikamu uye zvigadzirwa zvemasetelliti. Nharaunda yekombiyuta yekombiyuta, kuvaka, dzidzo iri kukura.

Tourist industry

Nhasi, hupfumi hweNorway, iyo indasitiri inobata basa rinokosha, iri kushingaira kuwedzera imwe ruzivo - kutarisa. Iyi inyanzvi inounza zvinopfuura 5% zveGDP uye inopa mabasa kune 150 000 vanhu. Hurumende gore negore inosarudza nyika iyo iyo huru yekukurudzira inotungamirirwa mukati megore kusimudzira ruzivo rwevashanyi pamusoro pezvisikwa zvekuvaraidza muNorway. Kukwezva vatashanyi kumativi ekumusoro kwenyika kunobvumira kukudziridza zvivako zvekugadzirisa nzvimbo ino uye inopa basa kune vagari vomunharaunda vanoona zvakaoma kuwana basa munharaunda iyi isingagari yehurumende.

Sphere yehupenyu uye basa

Nyika dzose dzakabudirira dziri kutevera nzira yekuwedzera chikamu chebasa rebasa nemishandiro muurongwa hwekugadzira, uyewo Norway yakanga isiri iyo. Urombo hwepanyika huri kuwedzera kuva hupfumi hwebasa. Hunhu hukuru hwehupenyu hunotungamirira kune chokwadi chokuti vanhu muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva havanyanyobatanidzi muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, vachipa kutarisira kune vashandi. Zvokudya zvepaguru, kuchenesa makambani, kugadzirisa, kuvaka, kuchengetedza makemikari, mazano ekugadzirira, kutarisira utano, dzidzo nekuchengetedza - idzi nharaunda ndiyo inonyanya kukurudzira kukurudzira niches muNorway. Iyi nharaunda yekugadzirwa haisi kutungamirirwa nehurumende uye inowanikwa mumakambani maduku.

Market market

Mukuedza kuchengetedza hurefu hwehupenyu uye kutamira kune "hupenyu hwepasi rose", hupfumi hweNorway, yemusika wevashandi pane izvo zvinokosha, unowedzera nhamba yemabasa gore negore. Iko kune zvirongwa zvehurumende zvakagadzirirwa pakushongedza mabhizimisi maduku uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzekushandira. Panguva imwecheteyo, nyika inochengetedza kuti vanhu vakawanda sevangagona kuwana dzidzo kuti vabatsire pakuvandudza kwenyika ino. Norway nhasi ine nhamba dzepasi pekushaya mabasa muEurope (5%) uye dzinoramba dzichidzikisa.

Economy muzvifananidzo

Nhoroondo yemazuva ano nezvehupfumi muNorway inoratidza kuti yakasimba, kunyange zvishoma nezvishoma, ichikura, ne2,5% pagore. GDP per capita zvishoma kudarika 89 000 US dollars. Iko kuwedzera kwezvikamu zvinokwana 4%, uye chiyero chikuru chinochengetwa pachikamu che 0.5%. Nzvimbo dzegoridhe dzenyika yacho dzine matani 36. Iko chikwereti chehurumende chika 31.2%.

Matarisiro ekufambisa

Nhasi, muNorway upfumi - chimwe chezvinhu akatsiga muEurope. The State chaitwa kuti wakanaka kugovera mari kubva kutengeswa Mahydrocarbon uye kusimukira evanhu bhora uye indasitiri. Pasinei zvemari dambudziko iri nyika upfumi muNorway yayo tariro zviri zvikuru netariro. Hurumende yave zvishoma nezvishoma achidzikisa kuvimba mitengo mafuta, kuva itsva nzvimbo inoshandiswa, unochengeta hwepamusoro, achishingaira anodzivisa vaitamira kumanikidzwa, yakatsvairwa Europe. Norway - mumwe vatungamiri renewable simba kurimwa munzvimbo. Hydroelectric simba, kushandisa zuva simba uye mhepo, vachibvumira nyika kuwedzera aina magetsi kunyika pedyo. Diversification hwenyika, pave itsva maindasitiri, kukura nzvimbo kukwezvana - ndiyo vimbiso kubudirira muNorway zvoupfumi.