Dzemunharaunda Religious: mienzaniso. Mutemo uye dzemunharaunda dzechitendero

The ukama pakati pamutemo Mapato tsika uye zvetsika zvine chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma jurisprudence. Mukuedza kuparadzana Mapato aya kana kwemazana emakore, kana, mune chero chiitiko, kuti muve musoro pachiyero. Asi nhasi dambudziko iri kure kugadziriswa.

netsika Religious uye mutemo

Kuti zvakarurama uye ezvitendero dzemunharaunda zvine chokuita kuti kunozivikanwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda kune mumwe. MuRussia, zvichida, chete kupfuura okunyanyisa vamiririri libertarian dzidziso (V. Chetvernin, N. Varlamov nevamwe) muitiro ruchikonzera netsika polar uye mutemo, zvinopfuura muganhu dzemunharaunda vezvitendero pamutemo munda. Nemienzaniso kuti zvinoitika zvakaipa, nekuti kunyange bhuku repamutemo pfungwa libertarians - pfungwa rusununguko - ane pachena yetsika nemidzi uye mhiri nemiganhu nezvetsika, Chokwadi, haatombotauri njere. Asiwo zviri pachena kuti iye inonyatsoziva tsika tsika dzechitendero. Pfungwa zvakanaka nezvakaipa harimuki pasina. Zvinonzi kukonzerwa nevanhu tsika akaisa chinhu chimwe chitendero, asi nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo zviri kukonzerwa dzemunharaunda vechitendero. Kana dzemunharaunda ava kuzivikanwa munyika zviri pamutemo hurongwa, kana zvikaonekwa kuti pane chikonzero kutaura pamusoro "kodzero vechitendero", sezvo akavakurudzira kupfurikidza yakakurumbira jurist Rene David. Kare, basa rechitendero zvakarurama kukuru yanhasi mamiriro ezvinhu enyika ari zvishoma pachena, kune enclaves mashoma.

The chikuru zviri vezvitendero kodzero

The kupfuura chinokosha chitendero zvakarurama kuti runotikurudzira hwaro dzemunharaunda zvose vakaziva rinopfuura revanhu kutsunga, zvakanyorwa mumabhuku matsvene, izvo sechinoitika matsime dzemunharaunda dzechitendero. Nokuvumba kutendeseka hazvigoni akapokana, uye ose chiito kwevanhu hunoyerwa maererano nayo. The yose nomutemo gadziriro huru kumwero nomudzimu vechitendero dzidziso. Chaizvoizvo, yokupedzisira chinhu chaizvo kusiyana pamusoro dingindira rwokuzvarwa mutemo (Spinoza, Zh. Zh. Russo, Kant), iyo, maererano zvakanaka yakasimbiswa kwesayenzi tsika, kurambana mutemo uye murairo. Kodzero kuvimba chinangwa kukosha munzanga yevanhu, mutemo Zvakanakisa tsika idzi zvinoita pamutemo. Kupokanidzana pamutemo hurongwa zvinotsanangurwa mutemo mismatch (sezvo inogadzirwa mamiriro mabasa) kuti chinangwa mitemo.

Historical uye akararama mienzaniso vezvitendero kodzero

The peculiarity kwechitendero zvakarurama kuti ive "mutemo chinangwa" anobva ndozvakajairwa, kuziva "rinopfuura revanhu" uye zvakanyorwa mumabhuku matsvene. Classic mienzaniso vomurayiro ndivo mitemo mukupera yeMiddle Ages, vaiva hwaro Raibvunzurudza Matare (kunyanya kuGermany, uko "pamutemo" Raibvunzurudza Matare chikonzero vakanyorwa dzakawanda zvakadzama), vakawanda kare pamutemo hurongwa, dzakadai akakurumbira "Avesta" varwere enyaya pachishandiswa ari kunozivikanwa postulates Ahura Mazda, achiratidza dzemunharaunda dzechitendero. Mienzaniso kazhinji kwazvo anotaurisa: kunyange imbwa hunoratidzika nyaya kodzero.

Munguva dzazvino zvakajeka zvikuru rechitendero rworudyi wakarovedzwa Muvazhe Sharia uye kunyika tsika dzechitendero ndivo hwaro kwemitemo, somuenzaniso muna Iran.

The echitendero rworudyi uye nokuvaHedheni

Kazhinji mashoko chiri chitendero zvakarurama kuti unoshanda chete mukati nenzanga coreligionists. Vahedheni havasi pasi vomurayiro. Zvichida pasi kudzingwa, uye kunyange kuparadza mumuviri, kana mabasa avo uye kunamata dzisingagamuchirwi zviremera yepamutemo (mienzaniso iyi - makatodzinga vaJudha Christian Spain muna 1492, nokudzingwa pakati vokuArmenia nokuda vokuTurkey muna 1915, uye nezvimwewo), kana vaHedheni kungoti kwakaratidzwa kunze mutemo dzechitendero maitiro. Somuenzaniso, muna Iran ano, zvinotevera chitendero mutemo: nokuti vakatendeka pane kurambidza doro, uye kuti zvizvarwa European kana vaJudha vakaita zvagara. Chikonzero ndechokuti kazhinji kuti vanhu kutenda kwechokwadi kunogona kuenda kudenga kana zvose netsika uye mitemo, uye vahedheni kare zvakasarudza ukuwo, nokuti mweya yavo havagoni kutarisira. Ichokwadi, mumwe haafaniri kurerutsa nhoroondo uye ezvitendero tsika, kazhinji kudzora nuances emurairo.

Religion uye tsika ano

Kana "chekare" yechitendero zvakarurama munhau dzemazuva anosiiwa panzvimbo mubvunzo neukama pakati mutemo netsika, riri kuna pamwero mukuru inobva tsika dzechitendero, ndomumwe chinonyanya kukosha jurisprudence. Pamwe zviri kunyange nyaya kukosha. Zvechokwadi, kana kodzero ukama mhando isingachinji wokuyera (hanya hwetsika)? Kana kodzero anogona chete kuonekwa sechinhu riri pasi ane chikonzero zvetsika? Kuisa Zvinongoreva, kana wamambo, zvisinei zvayo yetsika zvinoriumba, kunotova pamutemo? The hurongwa vomurayiro mubvunzo uyu harimuki, nekuti hakuna mambo haana kuda chirevo zvinopesana nemagwaro. Chimwe chinhu - mutemo venyika, ine zvimwe zvikonzero. Chinyakare mubvunzo: "? Kana mambo kana hurumende chirevo kuti rinoda kuurayiwa rose Vagari nyika, kana nechirevo yepamutemo" Kana hongu - yepamutemo hurongwa hazviiti. Kana asina - apo miganhu pamutemo utongi uye sei vakatsunga? Pachiitiko ichi, pane zvishomanana nzira mhinduro nesayenzi yemazuva ano.

legistskih dzidziso

Vamiririri dzidziso iyi inobva zvainyanya pfungwa sei kurondedzera kurudyi uye zvechitendero dzemunharaunda, sezvo zvinobva utsvene murayiro. yakatangira ndeyemunguva rekare Chinese pamutemo vanoita. mutemo mitemo regai zvinoda hurukuro uye nemashoko, vari kuongwa. Yemitemo aigona kuva chikamu vezvitendero kurudyi, asi ukama zvakadaro oma: ave mutemo, rechitendero mutemo rinobvumira kugadzirisa mitemo yavo zvakanakisisa aenderane mudzimu naMwari chirimwa. Mupfungwa iyi, vemutemo, asi absolutizes magariro uye kwete zvechitendero mutemo.

rongeka dzidziso

dzidziso iyi zvakare yazvo nenzira inoratidza kuti dzemunharaunda vechitendero vakadaro. Mienzaniso angava akasiyana, asi zvikurukuru inobatanidzwa zita Kelsen.

Aidavira kuti kodzero - zviri mumwe remataurirwo hwasimbiswa, akaendeswa nezviremera uye nzanga. Kana vanhu kunoita kubvuma sezvo kodzero dzetsika dzechitendero - ndiko vanhu pamutemo. Kana adopts Anti-vezvitendero netsika (somuenzaniso, Pirates munharaunda, Soviet kana Nazi netsika chokugadza Hitler) - iri vanhu mutemo nezveBhaibheri uyewo, pasinei zvinosuwisa kutaura nezvazvo. In Nemuromo, Kelsen yetsika zvinoriumba yabviswa mumabhuraketi yokupira ukama. Nokuti ichi, dzidziso yake yave kakawanda vakatsoropodza mumaonero mamwe pfungwa pamutemo.

Yusnaturalizm (rwokuzvarwa mutemo)

Yusnaturalizma ukama kuti mutemo zvitendero zvakasiyana. Kakawanda - kusvikira ikozvino - vatsigiri yusnaturalizma kusanganisira dzechitendero patsika dzemunharaunda enshrined mune zvitendero zvose ( "Usauraya," "Usaba," nezvimwewo ...) Pane zvakarongwa dzinongoitika mitemo vanhu kuti vanofanira havatsananguri contours munhu pamutemo mufananidzo chero nguva .

positivist dzidziso

Dzidziso iyi - mumwe zvikuru nevanhu muupenyu ano, chero zvazvingava, muupenyu yanhasi Russia - inobva pakuti mutemo anodzika vamwe vaingobvuma mune ino nguva mitemo yezvinhu. Nhamba yepamutemo positivism tsika dzechitendero uye mutemo dzechitendero nenzira mbiri: rumwe rutivi, positivism anofunga chitendero ruzivo, panorumwe - kuiteerera kana mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja, kana basa rinopera kuti kuitisa vedare dzemunharaunda dzechitendero. Mienzaniso anogona kuva akasiyana zvikuru. Saka, zviri pamutemo positivism uye nyore kuwana pamwe Soviet (Anti-yechitendero), uye post-Soviet mamiriro ezvinhu.

kambora dzidziso

Mumiriri chakajeka munhu American repamutemo theorist yakakurumbira Lon Fuller.

Maererano Zvokuita, kodzero haagoni kuva unzenza. Zvisinei, yetsika mutemo kunotemwa kwete Abstract mitemo, wakananga vezvitendero kurudyi, uye kubatsira zvechokwadi neimwe nhengo munzanga. Mitemo Legal nani, zvikuru vanhu vabatsirwe pavo. Womusuki dzidziso pamwe overlaps netsika dzechitendero, asi chete mupfungwa kuti chaihwoihwo yetsika payakavakirwa inopfumisa zvakajeka zvemari matunhu.

libertarian dzidziso

Dzidziso iyi chokuita nezita VS Nersesyants, asi yokupedzisira mhedziso yakawanikwa mune mabasa vevaanodzidzisa. Musimboti dzidziso ndechokuti kurudyi - ndiye rusununguko munhu, zvakawanda chete rusununguko vamwe. Vanotsigira pfungwa iyi kunokuita kuti chitendero zvose dzemunharaunda uye netsika kunze pamutemo munda (mu ichi uye akaramba iye Nersesyants). Religious Ethics, maererano libertarians, haisi chipingamupinyi kurudyi, zvaizoshamisa nevamwe tsika "yezvisikwa", inorambidza rusununguko. Panyaya iyi, kuti vatsigiri dzidziso iyi nokungwarira kwete cherechedzai gangaidzo kuti rusununguko pacharo, ainzwisisa ive muchikwata hwedzidziso yekurarama, chaZekariya kwete chete nezvetsika, asiwo (somuenzaniso, muchiKristu) kusvika uzivi hwechitendero.