Donatello kwakaita Equestrian chifananidzo. The vavezi vemabwe of Renaissance. shongwe Gattamelata

Nguva rokuItari Renaissance muzvinhu zvakawanda rakaita kufema mhepo yakachena pashure anoshuwisa uye rima kuMiddle Ages. Nyika, aichimbova mugari wenhaka Mutsvene hweRoma, zvakazara wakarurama ichi chinzvimbo chavo, achipa nyika yakawanda penya Artists. The Italian Renaissance yaiva nguva achibudirira vose hwemashiripiti, kubva mavakirwo mimhanzi. Mumwe Vatungamiriri muitiro uyu kurudyi riri chivezwa. A mukuru musiki, kwemakumi akawanda emakore, vakatsunga kukura chivezwa aiva Donatello mukuru. Asi zvinhu zvokutanga pakutanga.

Uchimuka pashure refu hope

In yeMiddle Ages, kuti chivezwa akanga chinokosha mavakirwo uye kwete akanambwa yoga unyanzvi. Sezvo pakutanga Renaissance ari kuchinja: rwunotanga kuita mapurani ensembles seokuwedzera, asi zvisinei kuparadzana zvinhu. Mumwe wokutanga pakati pamatavi vazhinji unyanzvi chivezwa vakatendeuka kutarisana uye upenyu zvavo vanofa, nokubva dzechitendero kugutsikana. Chokwadi, misoro vechiKristu ndivo pfungwa vemifananidzo, asi kuwedzera vari kutendeukira kuna vakararama.

Kune Genres itsva yakatanga asian, Equestrian yakanyungudutswa ikoko. Sculpture rinova nechepakati chikamu mapurani ensembles, kuchinja zvinorehwa uye vakagovera dzokuAustralia - kutama kubva pakutsigira basa. Pane zvinhu zvitsva. Pamuti vakatsiviwa machena uye nendarira. In Northern Italy akawanda anobudiswa Terracotta yakanyungudutswa (akaita zvakabikwa nevhu). Sezvo pakunamata Lorenzo Ghiberti unotanga kuparadzira unyanzvi glazed Terracotta. Akakurumidza kudanana vanatenzi uye nendarira, pamwe ayo anoshamisa siyana zvakanakira pamusoro zvimwe zvinhu.

The vavezi vemabwe of Renaissance

Nechekare ainzi Lorenzo Ghiberti aishanda XV remakore uye aiva pakati vemifananidzo vokutanga vakatanga realism. The nechepakati nzvimbo basa rake muupenyu (1378-1455) pakubata dambudziko rakasikwa yakanaka akakura zororo. Anopfuura makore makumi maviri Ghiberti akashanda kurutivi rwokumusoro mukova Baptistery pakati Florence. The okuyamura nziyo, vakasikwa tenzi kuburikidza nhaka pakati Gothic manyorerwo: ari angularity nemafuremu uye wölf navo mutinhimira pakati murwiyo anoreva kunyatsoreva tsika iyi. Panguva iyoyowo, pane ari kushanda uye chiratidzo mutsva nzvimbo, zvinoita kare Renaissance.

Chinogadzirisa netsika zvizere simba vakatendeuka baptistery kusuo kumabvazuva pamusoro izvo Ghiberti akashanda mumwe maviri makore. Vanoratidzwa nyaya yokusafa runako uye chinokosha liveliness: mumwe munhu Proportional kuti nzvimbo izere mashoko, pemitsara zvakanyorwa zvakajeka uye anokudzwa runako. Gate Eastern of Baptistery vanoonekwa kuti mumwe zvinokwezva Florence uye muri mhando chiratidzo yakunda kuitika itsva chivezwa pamusoro nhaka kare.

Chimwe mukurumbira muvezi of Italian Renaissance akanga Andrea Del Verrocchio (1435-1488). Akanga ari mudzidzisi wokutanga Velikogo Leonardo da Vinci, uyo akaratidza ake mudzidzi mitoo mazhinji chivezwa uye kupenda. Zvisinei, Verrocchio mifananidzo akapotsa haana kurarama, haagoni kutaurwa zvivezwa ake.

Chimwe chezvinhu akakurumbira mabasa ake - chifananidzo raDhavhidhi, nokuti iyo, maererano nengano, muenzaniso aiva mudzidzi kwakajeka pakati tenzi. Zvisinei, kutaura uku, ndizvo chaizvo negakava. Hapana mubvunzo kuti mumwe - David Verrokko rinoratidza pachena apo da Vinci akatora vazhinji vavo kufarira nzira: akasvibirira ngirozi curls, pakaitwa muviri mamiriro uye akakurumbira hafu-kunyemwerera.

The chikuru basa Verrocchio aiva Equestrian chidhori condottiere Bartolomeo Colleoni. Pechifananidzo yairatidza kufurirwa vazhinji Renaissance uri: chido kuratidza chimiro zvawo, matambudziko ari anatomi iri chivezwa, chido chokumatenga manzwiro uye sangano iri nechando nhamba.

Primus Inter pares

The vavezi vemabwe of Renaissance pamwe kutsvaka raro itsva maitiro uye kuteterera kuna kutokanganwa kare achiri zvingadai sechigaro asina kukwana mufananidzo, regai kuva pakati pavo Donatello. Mukuru muuki, unogona kunge kunzi piyona, saka pakanga paine zvakagadzirwa mu chivezwa nokuda kwayo. Pasina izvozvo, kwazvo kuti kunyimwa Renaissance: Donatello akawana mhinduro kune mudanga Pfungwa dambudziko nenhamba, vakadzidza zvakaitika kukomba, uremu, uye muviri kuvimbika, kutanga sezvo vatenzi yekare wakasika mushwi chifananidzo uye akatanga kusika sculptural Portraits. Akanga kuzivikanwa sezvo musiki muupenyu hwake, uye kukanganiswa kukura unyanzvi enguva.

kutanga enzira

Donatello, ane Biography harina musi chaiwo wakazvarwa (anofungidzirwa muna 1386), aibva mumhuri Artisan shinda carder. Akaberekerwa anofungidzirwa muFlorence kana ayo nechokunze. Full zita Donatello - Donato Di Niccolo od Betti Bardi.

The ramangwana akakurumbira Italian muvezi akadzidziswa mumusangano kuti Ghiberti panguva apo vaishanda pakusikwa kuchamhembe pasuwo Baptistery. Zvichida pano Donatello akasangana mapurani Brunelleschi, uyo ushamwari yave zvichachengetwawo hwose.

Kukurumidza kukura unyanzvi zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti kare muna 1406 wechidiki Donatello aiva yoga hurongwa. Akanga adzidziswa kuti chidhori muprofita nokuda portal pakati Florence katedraali.

machena David

Donatello, ane basa mumakore okutanga basa rake kwakaratidza yakajeka unhu nemunyori, nguva pfupi wenhevedzo yakaitwa itsva. Mumakore 1407-1408 yaaishandira pamusoro machena chidhori David. The chivezwa izvo vakakwana sezvakanga akazotevera mufananidzo yebhaibheri gamba, chinoitwa tenzi, asi zvinoratidza chido uye vachiedza musiki. David haana vanotaurwa muna dzekare chimiro mellow mambo nembira kana mupumburu. Asi sezvo jaya akanga zvokukurira Goriyati, uye kudada Feat ake. Chifananidzo anoyeuka mufananidzo wemagamba vekare: David anoisa ruoko mumwe parutivi, tsoka dzake achizorora musoro anokumhan'arira wacho, muviri akaputirwa nyoro pazvirugu nguo. Kunyange zvazvo machena chifananidzo uchine Zvisaririra Gothic, ndezvenguva Renaissance hazvirambiki.

Kana San Michele

Donatello akatsvaka kusika basa ravo kufungisisa kwete chete kubvumirana kukura uye zvinonyatsorehwa pakuvaka nechipi, asi nzvimbo inokosha apo chifananidzo pachaiswa. zvaakasika ndiwo zvinobetsera vakatarira chaiyo apo vakanga akagoverwa pashure kupera. Zvinoita sokuti vari nguva dzose ikoko uye vari. In basa iri pedyo Donatello pamwe kuvandudzika kuti tarenda kuwedzera kunoita kubva canons ose Gothic uye Ages depersonalization. mifananidzo zvakasikwa navo kuwana rakajeka mumwe features, expressiveness inowanzoshandiswa kubudirira kuburikidza kwemashifiti zvinhu.

nuances izvi zvose tenzi racho kuoneka mifananidzo yavatsvene, raakanga asika kuti kereke kana San Michele. The yakanyungudutswa akanga agadzwa mu niches, asi zvaiita rakapera zvionera zvivezwa kukodzera Nyatsobatanidzwai kupinda mavakirwo chechi uye regai kuvimba nayo. Zvikurukuru pakati pavo vari inofananidza St. Mark (1411-1412) uye St. George (1417). Nomufananidzo wokutanga Donatello akakwanisa kuratidza nesimba basa uye pfungwa chisimba pasi pabutiro zvachose nechitarisiko nerunyararo. Kana ukaronga chifananidzo tenzi rikabuda nzira yekare yakagadzikana yokuvira nechipi. Anokotama kuti mutumbi uye maoko, uyewo nzvimbo yacho mipendero zvipfeko - zvose akaisa kuti mutambo uyu.

St. George ichifananidzwa wechiduku ari dzokurwa, tichifunga billboard, zvokunamata, takatsunga kutarisana. musimboti Izvi yakanaka hunhu, izvo zvakafanana zvirire kupinda zvose ichikosha uye vakawanda Donatello.

Bronze David

nyanzvi dzose dzinobvumirana kuti mumwe mukuru zvisikwa Donatello Dhavhidhi akanga chivezwa, vakakanda dzendarira (anofungidzirwa 1430-1440-ies). Vasari, wokutanga uri wenhau dzakaitika, akanyora kuti akanga arayira achishandisa Kozimo Medichi, asi mamwe mashoko achisimbisa chokwadi ichi, hapana.

David - tsika chivezwa. Kuramba musimboti hurongwa hwake, musana ari machena David, Donatello chinofananidzira wechiduku mubhaibheri gamba musoro zvokukurira Goriyati patsoka dzake. Kufanana, zvisinei, pane ichi uye miromo. Bronze David muduku kwete chete, iye muduku. Donatello akaratidza iye kupfeka, nyatsofunga vose dzinokanganisa ane simba, asi asati aumba zvakazara muviri womukomana. Clothes mufudzi chete Cap ane welaurel chishongo nehwashu pamwe ane zvidzitiro zvamakumbo. Kuisa dimikira tenzi yaishandiswa contrapposto mabiko. The yose kurema muviri yakatamira nebandauko rorudyi, kuruboshwe ndiye David anotsika yomuvengi musoro. Nokudaro kugamuchirwa kunoitwa kudekara mamiriro, wakazorora pashure marwadzo. Dzomunyika emuchina chairwo nhamba nyore kuverenga anoonga kutsaudzira muviri kubva nechepakati akabatana ari chivezwa uye nzvimbo romunondo.

Bronze David akasika somunhu chifananidzo, izvo zvinogona kunzi kumativi ose. Rakanga wokutanga mushwi rekunamata kubva munguva dzekare. The nhaka pakati vatenzi wokuGirisi yekare uye Roma yekare vainzwa yose mufananidzo gamba. Panguva iyoyowo inobudisa tinoberekwa chivezwa, azadzwa yakasimba unhu uye nokudaro pachake Renaissance zvinangwa.

Zvarakafuridzirwa Eternal City

Runokwaniswa unyanzvi ake nounyanzvi ikusvitse panguva rwokuenda kuRoma. Kubva guta wakabata nhaka roumambo kukuru, Donatello akaunza kunzwisisa canons vekare uye zvakadzika manyorero namano. Results rethinking ekare echiGiriki uye Roman uri Donatello wakashandiswa pakusikwa weDhipatimendi neDare Florence, akanga ashanda kubva 1433 1439. Pamwe ari Hupenyu City pfungwa itsva akashanyira Donatello: zviri Equestrian wakaumbwa condottiere Erasmo pamusoro Narni, ari maonero nevatsvakurudzi vakawanda, akanambwa pashure musangano rwekare Monument pamusoro Marcus Aurelius.

gamba

Erasmo pamusoro Narni aiva Venetian condottiere, mukuru vanobhadharwa. dambudziko rake haisi umhare chaizvo zano dzinokanganisa, asi rakafuridzirwa Donatello. Gattamelata (zvinoreva "honeyed katsi") - iri zita remadunhurirwa rokuti akapiwa murwi rombo kusvikira yezvakaita softness uye mawa kutarisirwa uye nenzira yaisava nyore kuona, nowenyika unhu katsi iri kunyangira. Akatanga basa rake kubva pasi chaizvo uye nokutendeseka kushumira Florence, ndakakwanisa kuwana mugove. Mumakore achangopfuura, Gattamelata akashanda mukuru pakati Army of Venetian Republic. Pashure porufu rwake, murwi Makorokoto kuvigwa muna Basilica Del Santo muna Padua. Gattamelata akafa muna 1443.

Triumph Donatello: ari Equestrian chidhori Erasmo pamusoro Narni

Venetian Republic, rangarirai zvemashoko weuto, akabvumidza chirikadzi ake uye mwanakomana achizvibhadharira zvaanoda yokugadza condottiere Monument. The ndiye pfungwa iyi uye akatanga Donatello. Equestrian chifananidzo akavasika kwemakore gumi, kubva 1443 kusvika 1453 gore.

The-mita matatu chifananidzo tenzi hurongwa wakaiswa pa masere-mita nechigadziko. The kukura zvivezwa vaiva pamusana pfungwa kubudikidza Donatello: asi Equestrian chifananidzo chaifanira kuiswa uye tikafunga imwe church hombe chete kana yayo impressiveness aigona kutarira sechinhu chinokosha uye akazvimirira basa. The Monument raiiswa nenzira akapa pfungwa yokuti iye anosiya Church uye zvishoma nezvishoma akabvisa kure.

The nechigadziko iri akashongedzwa nemifananidzo nemikova, taparadzana kumabvazuva kusvikira kumavirira uye rakanyatsozarirwa divi. hunhu uyu ane chairo dudziro: muumambo vakafa vanogona kupinda, asi kugona kubuda pairi. Masuwo nowenyika chinangwa chepakutanga pamusoro shongwe, zvakakwana vakaurayiwa Donatello. Gattamelata akatasva bhiza aifanira kumuka kumakuva ari Church. The Monument yaiva yepakutanga cenotaph dombo repaguva - uye pano Donatello akaratidza propensity wake utsanzi.

zera murume

Condottiere kuratidzwa Donatello - nechivimbo uye azere simba, asi mutana. In rwake rworuboshwe seinä rworudyi Muruvoko itsvo. Iye rinosanganisa mufananidzo gamba iri Renaissance: kwete achibika chido, asi reinterpreted upenyu - murwi-muzivi, zvichida akanyatsonzwisisa uye unhu Donatello. Statue condottiero Gattamelata panguva imwe chete ndiyo muenzaniso wakanaka mufananidzo muvezi unyanzvi. chiso chake hazvigoni kuvhiringidzwa nevamwe: iri pachirauro mhino, mutsetse wakajeka mumuromo, chirebvu diki uye cheekbones dzibude.

Nguo mukuru - uchapupu chido ndichachipa zvaidiwa gamba yekare. Gattamelata haana vakapfeka ano Donatello zvipfeko uye nezvombo nguva Roman. Anofungidzirwa kuti ari kudzingirira zvikamu nguvo akatorwa kubva tenzi wakarebesa nguva. Zvisinei, muna muitiro rakasikwa shongwe Donatello akasimuka zvakawanda matambudziko: zvakafanira kusika Anobvumirana achichinja kubva mufananidzo nebhiza condottiere, dzokuAustralia kusika achida pfungwa. Izvi uye zvimwe nyaya vakatora nguva. Mugumisiro yakadaro kufunga uye kuramba kushanda vakasangana zvose mari.

Donatello akarumbidza basa rake, akamutora venguva yake. Izvi runoratidzwa siginicha pamusoro tenzi, haana kusiya ose mabasa ake. Monument condottiere Gattamelata akafuridzirwa vavezi vemabwe zhinji kwaizotevera nguva (akadai Andrea Del Verrocchio kare ataurwa pamusoro apa).

Judith

Mumwe muenzaniso unyanzvi kubudikidza Donatello akanaka aiva chifananidzo "Judith uye Holofernes", akasikwa makore 1455-1457. Mifananidzo inoratidza Old Testament nyaya yechirikadzi kubva Bethulia, chivindi vakaponda muAsiria General Holofernes kuponesa kubva kukunda guta rake. Ndinongopfuura mukadzi ane vakanyarara anopenya uye chiso izere kusuwa, Muruvoko rwake bakatwa Akarumbidza, vakagadzirira vakagura musoro akazendamira limply patsoka dzake Kudhakwa Holofernes.

"Judith uye Holofernes" - munhu musiyano wezvinyorwa chakakurumbira muna Renaissance netsika mukadzi heroism. Donatello kupinzwa basa iri unyanzvi ake ose uye akakwanisa zvakaitika zvakawanda manzwiro, Judith, uye Chirevo mufananidzo rose. The rinonyanya kuratidza chikamu murwiyo - chiso chirikadzi. Kwakashanda zvakanaka kuti zvinoita mupenyu. Kana kutarisa Judith, vakasikwa Donatello, nyore chaizvo kunzwisisa chii manzwiro akanzwa. Dzisinganyatsooneki unyanzvi ngano vanotarisana kuratidza zvinhu cho tenzi, zvizere rakaiswa Donatello ari chivezwa ichi.

Donatello akafa zvikuru 1466. Mumakore achangopfuura, upenyu vavariro nokukwegura, rufu uye kutambura akatonga zvakajeka basa rake. Panguva iyi, kwaiva Mariya Magdalina kubudikidza Donatello - kwete anobuda runako uye azere simba musikana, asi simba nokuda kutsanya uye kunzwa kurema makore yokurarama chakare mukadzi. Zvisinei, mune izvi, uye mabasa vekare mudzimu kupenya muvezi achiri mupenyu uye anoramba kufuridzira uye fadza.