Crawler tarakita USSR. History of nematarakita anofamba ari USSR

Muna USSR tarakita akateerera. Kurima ndiko kukurumidza Mechanisation uye pachake zvirimwa akanga asiri munyika. Achiziva kukosha kuwedzera negoho muruwa, V. I. Lenin akasaina chirevo muna 1920 "On chete papurazi tarakita." Nechekare muna 1922, zvakatanga madiki kugadzirwa mudzimba mienzaniso "Kolomenets" uye "Zaporozhets." Yokutanga tarakita Soviet yakanga zvazviri wakareruka uye dzakaonda, asi pashure maviri budiriro-gore mashanu akauya pakuvaka unyanzvi mabhizimisi.

"Russian" dangwe

Russia agara inozivikanwa vavambi kwayo, asi kwete pfungwa dzose vanokwanisa kushandisa. Muzana XVIII remakore agronomist I. M. Komov akamutsa nyaya Mechanisation zvokurima. In pakati XIX remakore V. P. Gurev, ipapo DA Zagryazhsky yakatanga chiutsi nematarakita anofamba yokurima. Muna 1888 F. A. Blinov akaita uye kuedzwe wokutanga hwemvura tarakita Crawler. Zvisinei, ari mudziyo akauya zvakare yainetsa. Zvisinei, zviri pamutemo gore rokuberekwa anoonekwa kuti Russian tarakita 1896-vakasuwa apo nyika yokutanga hwemvura njanji-mhando tarakita kwakaratidzwa pachena panguva Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

On pechikumbaridzo cheimba XX remakore akagadzira Ya. V. Mamin (mudzidzi Blinov) beskompressorny akazogadzira mukuru-compression injini Anomhanyira rinorema mafuta. Hazvina kufanana hapana mumwe rakakodzera kushandiswa mune mavhiri yakawana motokari. Muna 1911, yakanga zvakare akaunganidza wokutanga mumhuri tarakita ane 18-kilowatt injini yomunyika combustion anowana zita nyika "Russian". Pashure mazuvaano nayo akazviratidza kupfuura simba injini - 33 KW. Ravo kugadzirwa madiki hwakagadzwa panguva Balakovo chirimwa - kusvika 1914, yakabereka anenge zana dzakabatana.

Kunze Balakovo, tarakita tsika yakaitwa achibudiswa Bryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, Kharkov, Barvinkove, Kichkasse uye nezvimwe yawo. Asi zvachose kugadzirwa nematarakita anofamba vose mumhuri mabhizimisi akanga diki zvokuti anenge hapana zvainoita ezvinhu zvokurima. Muna 1913, yaipedzerwa unyanzvi ichi vanofungidzirwa kuva maBhaibheri 165. Asi vachishingaira vanotenga yokumwe midziyo: muna 1917 muna Russian Empire muna 1500 rakanga kupinza nematarakita anofamba.

History of nematarakita anofamba ari USSR

Panguva chirongwa kuti Lenin kukura uye kugadzirwa michini purazi michini rakapiwa vainyatsotarisirwa. Pfungwa imwe chete tarakita kurima haangorevi kusunungurwa "mabhiza simbi", sezvo vakadana tarakita, asiwo kuva zviyero kuti sangano kutsvakurudza uye nekuongororwa zvivako, kuronga kugoverwa kupembedza zvikamu uye kugadziridza, kuvhurika mapoka vatenzi, varayiridzi uye tarakita.

The tarakita yokutanga muna USSR rakapa Kolomna fekitari muna 1922. chirongwa mukuru aiva muvambi National chikoro tarakita E. D. Lvov. Motokari mavhiri rinonzi "Kolomenets-1" uye ndakaratidza kutanga kwenguva itsva iri kumaruwa. Lenin, pasinei chirwere chakakomba, pachake congratulated ari vagadziri zvinobudirira.

Mugore iroro muna Kichkasse zvebhizimisi "Red mberi" akaita tarakita "Zaporozhets." The muenzaniso aisashanda. Lead aiva mumwe chete mushure vhiri. The low-simba mbiri-sitiroko injini ne 8.8 KW clocked "simbi bhiza" kusvika 3,4 km / h. Kuchinjwa chakanga chete mberi chete. Power pamusoro chirauro - 4,4 KW. Asi motokari iri akwanise zvikuru basa vemumusha.

Handina kugara kunhivi mbiri muvambi Mamin. Iye rukwane ake pre-echimurenga marongerwo. Muna 1924, Soviet Union vaisanganisa tarakita yemashoko mhuri "Dwarf":

• Tricycle "zvipfupi-1" vane hutachiwana uye nokukurumidza 3-4 km / h.
• Four-vhiri "Little 2" pamwe neizvi.

Yekutora vatorwa ruzivo

Nepo tarakita USSR "kuvaka tsandanyama", uye vagadziri Soviet nyanzvi itsva kuitika, hurumende yakasarudza akamumutsira kugadzirwa wokumwe rwokugadzira marezinesi. Muna 1923 paGungano Kharkov chirimwa akatanga ari dzinotevedzana njanji "Kommunar", ndiye akatsiva muenzaniso German "Z-50 Ganomag". Vari kunyanya kushandiswa muuto kutakura atirari zvidimbu kusvikira 1945 (uye gare gare).

Muna 1924, kuti Leningrad chirimwa "Red Putilovets" (Pashure Kirov) Inoziva kugadzirwa zvakachipa uye kusimba nyore "American" kambani "Fordson". Old Soviet tarakita kuti chiratidzo ichi rakaratidza kuva chaizvo zvakanaka. Vanoenda pevane unhu uye "Zaporozhets", uye "Kolomenets". Eparafini injini carburetor (14.7 KW) vakatanga kumhanya 10.8 km / h, simba pamusoro chirauro - 6,6 KW. gearbox - vatatu-nokukurumidza. Yakabereka muenzaniso kusvikira 1932. Kutaura zvazviri, akanga ari wokutanga guru-pamwero kweShanduro michina.

Construction tarakita miti

Zvakava pachena kuti mumapurazi zvibereko nematarakita anofamba vanofanira kuvaka kushandiswa mafekitari, rinobatanidza sainzi, injiniya nemahofisi uye kugadzira zvivako. The initiator kuvaka yakanga F. E. Dzerzhinsky. Maererano pfungwa, kuti akaitwa itsva vakaronga kushongedzera pamwe midziyo ano uye kuti vabereke massively zvakachipa uye yakavimbika yemashoko mavhiri uye yakawana traction.

Yokutanga pamwero mukuru Kugadzirwa nematarakita anofamba ari USSR yakatangwa Stalingrad. Mune ramangwana, simba Kharkov uye Leningrad zvinomera zvave yekudyidzana kuwedzerwa. emakambani Large aonekwa kuChelyabinsk, Minsk, Barnaul nemamwe maguta USSR.

Stalingrad tarakita fekitari

Stalingrad akava guta apo kubva muvare akavaka pakutanga guru fekitari yacho tarakita. Nokuda kwayo panzvimbo (panguva mharadzano pakati nerubatsiro Baku mafuta, Ural simbi uye Donbass marasha) uye kuvapo hondo unyanzvi basa, akakunda makwikwi Kharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, Voronezh, Taganrog. Muna 1925 nayo chisarudzo pamusoro pakuvaka ano zvebhizimisi, uye muna 1930 ungano mutsetse ndikaburuka kunozivikanwa Soviet muchiso vhiri nematarakita anofamba STZ-1. Mune ramangwana, pano inobereka zvakawanda mavhiri uye yakawana yokutevedzera.

Pakazosvika Soviet nguva zvinosanganisira:

• STZ-1 (vhiri, 1930).
• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• STZ-3 (nomupedzachose, 1937).
• SKHTZ Nati (Track, 1937).
• DT-54 (nomupedzachose, 1949).
• DT-75 (nomupedzachose, 1963).
• DT-175 (Track, 1986).

Muna 2005, ivo Volgograd Tractor (vaimbova FCZ) vakazivisa kusauka. Akatsiviwa Its akava VgTZ.

DT-54

Crawler tarakita USSR pakati pezana XX remakore, vakava kwakakurumbira, nhamba mienzaniso vakanga kupfuura vhiri. Muenzaniso Zvikuru okurima michina , mukuru chinangwa kuti ari mumakore 1949-1979 tarakita DT-54. Tinobudisa pana Stalingrad, Kharkov uye Altay mafekitari vanosvika 957.900 dzakabatana. Iye "starred" mumafirimu akawanda ( "Ivan Brovkin pamusoro mhandara nyika," "Kwakaitika mu Penkovo", "Kalina Krasnaya" uye vamwe), asimbiswa kuva chirangaridzo vakawanda nemisha.

D-54 Engine mugiredhi mu-mutsetse, zvina-humburumbira, zvina-sitiroko, mvura-dzaserera, vakatasva nokuramba wakaomerera panzira pamatanda. Speed (simba) injini 1300 Zvak / Maminitsi (54 l. C.). A shanu-nokukurumidza-nzira nhatu Kupfuudzwa pamwe huru batira kwakabatana driveline. Kushanda kumhanya: 3,59-7,9 km / h, traction: 1000-2850 makirogiramu.

Kharkov Tractor Plant

Construction HTZ navo. Sergo Ordzhonikidze akatanga muna 1930 muna 15 makiromita kumabvazuva Kharkov. Total pakuvaka vaRafa akatora 15 mwedzi. Chokutanga tarakita akasiya conveyor 1 October 1931 - rakanga rakumbirwa kubva womuenzaniso chirimwa SKHTZ Stalingrad 15/30. Asi chikuru chinangwa chaiva kuumba epamba tarakita mhando "nomupedzachose" 50 horsepower. Pane chikwata romubati PI Kukurudza yakatangawo vaizotibata Diesel injini, izvo zvinogona kupfeka zvose Crawler tarakita USSR. Muna 1937 chirimwa yakatanga nhevedzano modernized nomupedzachose muenzaniso yakavakirwa SKHTZ Nati. Huru utsanzi yaiva mari yakawanda uye nokudaro rikurumidze Diesel injini.

Sezvo pakutanga hondo womufekitari akanga abviswa kuna Barnaul, apo iye akasika hwaro Altai Tractor Plant. Pashure kusunungurwa Kharkov muna 1944, kugadzirwa rakazotanga musi iwoyo panzvimbo - the kunozivikanwa Soviet tarakita mienzaniso SKHTZ Nati akaenda zvakare kupinda akatevedzana. Basic mhando HZT Soviet kumwedzi:

• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• SKHZT Nati ITA (Track, 1937).
• HTZ-7 (vhiri, 1949).
• HTZ-DT-54 (nomupedzachose, 1949).
• DT-14 (nomupedzachose, 1955).
• T-75 (nomupedzachose, 1960).
• T-74 (nomupedzachose, 1962).
• T-125 (nomupedzachose, 1962).

The yakakura yokuvakazve kuitwa makore 70 ari HTZ, kurimwa haina kumborega. Kusimbiswa kuti taifanira kusunungurwa "trehtonnikov" T-150K (vhiri) uye T-150 (nomupedzachose). Mukuru-simba T-150K achitongwa muUnited States (1979) akaratidza yakanaka kuita pakati pose vezera, achiratidza kuti tarakita sezvo Soviet Union havana muduku yokumwe. Mukupera '80s mienzaniso yakagadzirwa HTZ-HTZ-180 uye 200: vava 20% yakawanda kupfuura 150 Series, uye 50% hunobudirira.

T-150

Nematarakita anofamba USSR vapupurirwe kuti rakavimbika kwavo. Ndizvo zvakasikwa mukuru-nokukurumidza tarakita T-150 (T-150K) chakabereka mukurumbira wakanaka. Ane rakakura-siyana mafomu: chokufambisa, mugwagwa kuvaka, zvokurima bhora. Zvichiri kushandiswa kutakura nhumbi zviomerwe kure-munzira, muminda (kurima, peeling, kurimwa, uye zvichingodaro. D.), On the kupikidura. Inokwanisa akatakura Trailers vakatakura inokwana matani 10-20. T-150 (C) akanyorerwa turbonaduvnoy 6-humburumbira Diesel injini ine V-zvakaumbwa configuration mura kutonhora.

Magadzirirwo T-150K:

• Upamhi / urefu / urefu, m -. 2,4 / 5,6 / 3,2.
• Gauge, m -. 1,7 / 1,8.
• Misa, m -. 7.5 / 8.1.
• Power, HP - 150.
• Kunonyanyisa Kasira, km / h - 31.

Minsk Tractor Works

Based MTZ May 29, 1946, uye runoonekwa kuti zvichida kupfuura kubudirira panguva ino zvino, wakasara simba kubva nguva Soviet. Pakupera 2013 paiva vanopfuura 21,000 vanhu. Chirimwa anoramba 8-10% yenyika musika nematarakita anofamba uye nzira dzinokosha kukosha kuti Belarus. It kunobereka siyana nemotokari pasi "Belarus" vanozivikanwa. Pakazosvika nguva kuparara Soviet zvakagadzirwa anenge mamiriyoni 3 muzvikamu unyanzvi.

• Kd-35 (nomupedzachose, 1950).
• CT-12 (nomupedzachose, 1951).
• MTZ-1 uye MTZ-2 (vhiri, 1954).
• TDT-40 (nomupedzachose, 1956).
• MTZ-5 (vhiri, 1956).
• MTZ-7 (vhiri, 1957).

Large-pamwero vavakezve Minsk chirimwa rakatanga muna 1960. In kufanana kugadzwa michina vagadziri idzva kushanda pakatanga yepamusoro yemashoko nematarakita anofamba MTZ-50 uye MTZ-52 zvikuru simba rose-nemavhiri. In akatevedzana vakaenda, ukuwo, muna 1961 uye 1964. Kubvira 1967, zvakanga zvine yakawana nadzurudzo of T-54B mushanduro dzakasiyana. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro kujairika tarakita USSR, ipapo saka anogona kunzi munhu nadzurudzo pamusoro donje MTZ-50X pamwe hunyambiri mberi mavhiri uye dzakakwirira Clearance, izvo zvakabudiswa muna 1969, uyewo mawere MTZ-82K.

Danho rakatevera raiva mutongi MTZ-80 (1974) - kupfuura guru munyika, uye chinokosha dikidiki MTZ-82R, MTZ-82H. Sezvo pezana 80s MTZ nyanzvi unyanzvi pamusoro zana horsepower: MTP-102 (100 zvapano), MTP-142 (150 zvapano.), Uye pasi-simba Mini-tarakita. 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 l. a.

Kd-35

Crawler tarakita murimi iri tsindirana, nyore kuti ishande uye kugadziriswa. Zvinowanzoshandiswa zvokurima muSoviet Union uye Warsaw chibvumirano nyika. Chinangwa - basa negejo nezvimwe zvokushandisa. Kubvira muna 1950, chirimwa kunobereka dikidiki KDP 35, sezvamakaropafadzwa duku pahupamhi shangu, vakwanise njanji uye kwakawedzera pasi Clearance.

Enough simba injini D-35, ukuwo, akapa 37 litres. s., mashoko gearbox akanga 5 matanho (imwe shure-shanu mberi). Engine vari mari: avhareji kudyiwa Diesel mafuta pa 1 ha yaiva 13 litres. Huni tangi zvakakwana kwemaawa 10 basa - zvakanga zvakakwana kuti kurima 6 hectares nyika. C vakapakata 1959 womuenzaniso gore upgraded powertrain D-40 (45 l. C.) Uye akawedzera kumhanya (1600 Zvak / Maminitsi). Uyewo kuvandudza rakavimbika yacho chassis.

KuChelyabinsk Tractor Plant isati hondo

Kutaura pamusoro tarakita USSR haagoni kufuratira nhoroondo kuChelyabinsk chirimwa, akaita rakakura nyaya norugare unyanzvi, uye panguva Second World War akava smithy pakati matangi "kuzvidzora propelled". Famous CTZ yakavakwa isina kusango kure migwagwa kushandisa mapiki, nefoshoro crowbars. Chisarudzo kuvaka akaiswa May 1929 pa 14 Congress of vokuSoviet of USSR. Muna June 1929 Leningrad GIPROMEZ akatanga basa iri chirimwa racho. CTZ patani akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze chete nokuda zvakaitika American yemotokari uye tarakita makambani, kazhinji nomupedzachose.

Kubva February kuna November 1930 uye yakavakwa mutyairi chirimwa akaiswa kushanda. Raiva November rechinomwe 1930. CTZ pakuvambwa musi anoonekwa kuti August 10, 1930, apo paiva muchifukura nheyo foundry wokutanga. June 1, 1933 yokutanga Crawler tarakita kuChelyabinsk vashandi vakaenda unoda mutsetse - ". Stalinets-60" vanopfuura 61,000 nematarakita anofamba zvakabudiswa muna 1936. Zvino zviri Retro tarakita USSR, uye 30s womuenzaniso C-60 yakanga vachipfuma unhu analogues Stalingrad uye Kharkov zvinomera akapotsa kaviri.

Muna 1937, panguva imwe chete kugona kugadzirwa Diesel injini C-60, pereshѐl chirimwa kubereka zvakawanda mafuta-zvokufambisa nematarakita anofamba C-65. Kwapera gore, tarakita iyi paakavapa zvepamusoro mubayiro kuti "Grand Prix" panguva imwe pashoo muParis, uye raishandiswa filming dzeboka firimu yeSoviet "Tractor." Muna 1940, kuChelyabinsk Tractor Plant akarayirwa kuenda kuhondo kugadzirwa - matangi, kuzvicheka-propelled zviyero, michini, handingadariki nhengo.

The post-hondo nhoroondo

Pasinei nezvinetso zviri yehondo, kuti tarakita haana kukanganwa pamusoro kufarira basa rako. Aiva zano: wadii kushandisa zviitiko vokuAmerica? Zvechokwadi, muUnited States muHondo Yenyika II haana kurega kugadzirwa nematarakita anofamba. The kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti akanakisisa American tarakita mienzaniso ndiyo D-7. Muna 1944 akatanga kukura mapepa uye magadzirirwo.

Pashure 2 years, pamwe vavakezve chirimwa, January 5, 1946 yokutanga tarakita S-80 akasunungurwa. Pakazosvika 1948, boka paakapedza kugadzirisa pazuva akabudiswa 20-25 vamapoka yakawana motokari. Muna 1955 magadzirirwo dzemapazi makatanga basa iri itsva, nematarakita anofamba zvikuru simba ne 100 uye anopfuurira kuwedzera hurefu ane tarakita S-80.

mhando:

• C-60 (nomupedzachose, 1933).
• C-65 (nomupedzachose, 1937).
• C-80 (nomupedzachose, 1946).
• C-100 (nomupedzachose, 1956).
• Det-250 (nomupedzachose, 1957).
• T-100M (nomupedzachose, 1963).
• T-130 (nomupedzachose, 1969).
• T-800 (nomupedzachose, 1983).
• T-170 (nomupedzachose, 1988).
• Det-250M2 (Track, 1989).
• T-10 (nomupedzachose, 1990).

Det-250

Mukupera 50s zvakanzi tasked kugadzira uye kugadzira nokuda bvunzo ivhu ruzivo tarakita simba 250 horsepower. Kubva pakutanga nhanho vanyori muenzaniso idzva akasiya zvetsika uye inonyatsozivikanwa nzira. Kokutanga muSoviet tarakita tsika ivo wakasika hermetic uye akasununguka kabhini pamwe mhepo kutonhodza. Heavy muchina mutyairi inogona kushanda neruoko rumwe. Zvinoguma mukuru tarakita Det-250. Council of USSR National Economy Committee paakavapa kufekitari muenzaniso uyu menduru yegoridhe uye Diploma of 1st dhigirii.

dzimwe vagadziri

Chokwadi, mazita haibatanidzi tarakita zvose zvinomera. Nematarakita anofamba pamusoro USSR uye Russia vaberekawo uye anowanika pamusoro Altai (Barnaul), Kirov (St. Petersburg), Onega (Petrozavodsk), Uzbek (Tashkent) TK, Bryansk, Vladimir, Kolomna, Lipetsk, Moscow, Cheboksary, Dnipropetrovsk (Ukraine), Tokmak ( Ukraine), Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) uye mamwe maguta.