Complete kutonga uye mamwe marudzi Gene kudyidzana

Vazhinji vedu takanzwa pamusoro rave uye recessive majini - vamwe akavanda yedu genome nucleotide ngetani, izvo basa nhaka unhu. Sei dyidzana? Chii kutonga uye sei zvinoitika? Sei recessive alleles hakusi nokuita zvakazara? nyaya idzi ndidzo masayendisiti kubva kuwanikwa majini.

History kutsvakurudza

allele kudyidzana anogara zvikuru nyanzvi dzinoongorora. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti kunongova akasiyana Gene nekuita - zvakakwana kutonga, superdominance, vakawanda allelism, kukwana kutonga uye kodominirovanie.

Kodzero vaimudana baba genetics ano, Gregor Mendel ndiye akatanga kuva kufarira mitemo nokupfuuridzirwa nhaka unhu. Panguva yake kuedza akakurumbira pamusoro hybridization pamusoro pizi zvinomera, Mendel akacherechedza kuti kuyambuka yellow uye mitema pizi hahubvi munzvimbo zvenguva unhu. Muchizvarwa wokutanga zvose anazvo tsvuku pizi. Mendel pachake kana aisakwanisa kutsanangura migumisiro ake penya chiedzwa. The yokungotaura hwaro akauya zvikuru gare gare, pashure kumutsidzirwa kufarira genetics uye kuwanikwa zvokutanga zviumbu yedzinza - of Gene. Izvozvo zvinoenderana pake ruvara pizi, mhino chimiro, ziso ruvara, urefu, kuvapo masero zvirwere muvanhu.

Ngatidzokerei kuedza Mendel. Nokuti yeyero ruvara anoenderana pizi A Gene kuti mutema - a. Kana kuyambuka zviviri wakachena dzakasiyana mitsetse kukamurwa aizova sezvinotevera:

P: AA X AA

F1: AA AA AA AA

Pasinei chokwadi kuti genotype pakati zvichizoita somugumisiro muchinjikwa maberekero zvinomera aiva Gene uye yero uye munyoro ruvara, pakupedzisira akaratidza chete tsvuku. Nemamwe mashoko, chikuru Mafungiro recessive rikanyura zvachose. Saizvozvowo, nhaka uye chimiro pizi - wakatsetseka rakakunda rakawunyana. Hazvina muenzaniso uyu, uye anoratidza zvakakwana kutonga majini - the kudzvinyirira of hune chiratidzo pamberi munhu recessive genotype mu vaviri.

Mienzaniso kutonga zvizere

Crossbreeding siyana chirimwa ruvara - kwete nzvimbo chete apo kutonga zvizere kunoratidzwa. Mienzaniso iyi mhando nekuita kunogona kutungamirira uye kubva kusango genetics evanhu: kana mumwe mubereki ane meso mashava, wechipiri - yebhuruu, uye vose vari homozygous kuti vatambi ava, ipapo vana vose vachava meso mashava.

Saizvozvowo, kuvapo nhaka kusapindirana kweropa chinhu, polydactyly, freckles, rima bvudzi. zviratidzo zvose izvi tiri nesimba, uye haazobvumiri kuonekwa ari phenotype riri recessive.

Complete kutonga zvikuru ari nhaka masero zvirwere. Vazhinji vavo (Tay-Sachs chirwere, Urbach-Vite chirwere Günther nechirwere), vari nhaka ive autosomal recessive nenzira, ndiko kuti pamberi genotype ane kwagara Gene (hukuru) mutant allele haana kuratidza pachake.

kukwana kutonga

Kukwana kutonga - rudzi Gene nekuita vanowanzotambura kuwanikwa zvakasikwa. Kana recessive allele iri woutsinye haisi zvachose rave uye phenotype sokuti itsva, zvokungoitawo chipepa. Muenzaniso unoshamisa kukwana kutonga - kupenda pezvakasikwa maruva. Kana chirimwa iri muchinjikwa mutsvuku uye chena, wokutanga chizvarwa cleavage phenotype aizova sezvinotevera: 1 (AA): 2 (AA): 1 (AA). Ndiko, mumwe ruva rakatsvuka, mumwe chena uye vaviri rwepingi. Yokupedzisira muenzaniso kukwana kutonga, sezvo hukuru unhu, tsvuku, woutsinye recessive incompletely. Mugumisiro unoratidzwa muviri mugumisiro majini vose.

Kukwana kutonga ndiwo maitiro kwete chete nokuda pezvakasikwa, asiwo vamwe maruva akawanda: snapdragons, tulips, carnations.

superdominance

Superdominance - dzinonakidza uye yakati gangaidzo mukukurukurirana mhando Gene, sezvamakaropafadzwa phenotype mu heterozygous muviri (BB) hune Gene haazvibati zvikuru pane ari phenotype pamusoro homozygous (BB). Superdominance rinowanikwa zvakasikwa kakawanda kutonga sezvo wakakwana. Muenzaniso HBB Gene mutation naro kunoderedza mukana makaita marariya.

Kodominirovanie

Kune akawanda anonakidza majini kudyidzana mifananidzo, uye mumwe wavo - kodominirovanie. Panyaya iyi chikuru allele hakuiti masiki kana kudzvinyirira recessive phenotype mune zvose zvinoitwa kuti pamwero zviratidzwa pacharo.

Nyore kunzwisisa Chiitiko kodominirovaniya muenzaniso dzvuku-chena zvikwenzi maruva, kana usiku yakanaka. coloring kwakadaro yaunganidzwa kuyambuka maruva matsvuku, uye kunyange zvazvo tsvuku ruvara ndihwo hazvina zvinovhunga allele anokonzera chena ruvara. Uye dzikabereka kujairika maviri inzwi mavara pamwe AA genotype.

Muenzaniso uri mashandiro wenhaka kodominirovaniya mapoka ropa. Ngatitii mumwe mubereki boka ropa rechipiri (I ^A I ^A), wechitatu uye yechipiri (I ^B I ^B), ipapo mwana achava boka rechina kuti haasi zvenguva pakati rechipiri uye rechitatu, pamwe genotype I ^A I ^B.