Chii pfuma? Zvinhu - ndiani ichi?

Ndiani zvinhu? Tisati kukurira pfungwa iyi, unofanira kuva kunzwisisa tsanangudzo pfuma. Zvikurukuru, chimiro ichi monism kwouzivi rinotaura kuti inokosha fuma iri fuma zvakasikwa, uye kuti zvose (kusanganisira kuziva uye vanoziva remangwana kana zvinofunga) mugumisiro mumuviri mukukurukurirana. Nokudaro, zvinhu - mutsigiri pfungwa pfuma kana ayo amutsive.

Ukama nevamwe maonero kwouzivi

Kuda hwakada kwakabatana physicalism. Izvi mirayiridzo kwouzivi inorondedzera nyika umo vanhu vose musimbiswe wefizikisi nemitemo yayo. Kwouzivi physicalism kure hwakabva zvinhu nokuti ayo dzidziso chokuita mumuviri zvakawanikwa.

Pfuma iri achingopiwa sayenzi chaiwo, yake nharo pane chete nzvimbo-nguva, mumuviri simba, rima nyaya, simba uye zvimwe generalized tsvagai zvinhu. Saka, zvinonyatsorehwa chinangwa nezveizvi, tinogona kutaura kuti havana kufanana, asi regai kushandisa mashoko aya uchitsanangura.

Pane huru mhando mbiri dzenzvimbo ouzivi

Zvinhu - muteveri nyika kwouzivi kuva mukirasi monist ontology, ane pfungwa dzinopesana idealism, hunyambiri uye pluralism. Tinogona kutaura takasununguka kuti pfuma - ari inversion zvakakwana idealism. Materialists vanoti nyaya iri rinonyanya uye kuziva hakukoshi. Uye vanongofungidzira zvose nharo chaizvo zvakasiyana.

Pasinei vakawandisa zvikoro uye kwounyengeri nuances pakati maviri Mapato chikuru uzivi ichiripo pfuma uye idealism. Kubva mapoka izvi zvinobva zvose dzimwe nyika marudzi micheka kunhivi pfungwa chikuru bato dzidziso.

Panewo yakazvimirira kwouzivi dzidziso - hunyambiri: nemaonero zvinokosha uye kuziva mune zvakafanana pasina mumwe zviitiko.

The zvinhu vazivi

Muzana remakore rechi19, Karl Marx uye Friedrich Shona kuwedzera pfungwa pfuma, akakudziridza itsva mirayiridzo kwouzivi "yokukakavadzniswa pfuma" (rechi40 gore). Zvisinei, havana kushanda mune izwi rakadaro. Zita iri yakatanga vakasuma Iosif Ditsgen muna 1887.

Brief musimboti dzidziso Marx uye Shona ndechokuti yavambwa - iri shoko, uye kuziva - pfuma yaro. Movement uye kubudirira kwenyika, sezvo yokukakavadzniswa pfuma, Migumisiro kupokana pakunamata. Vanosarudzwa mitemo "yokukakavadzniswa pfuma" (rakapfupikiswa) ndiro - kuvimbika uye pavanotaurirana pamusoro zvakapesana, ari sublimation kuti quantitative kuti Qualitative kuchinja, mutemo "negation kuti negation."

Yokungotaura kunobva yokukakavadzniswa pfuma anoonekwa kuti achitsoropodza mabhuku rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma dialectic pamusoro Hegel uye dzidziso dzouzivi pfuma yose Feuerbach.

Famous materialists Russian - ndiko:

• Varfolomey Zaytsev (akararama 1842-1878) - inozivikanwa mabhuku mutsoropodzi uye nihilist 60s remakore rechi19.
• Nikolai Kareev (akararama 1850-1931) - nyanzvi, muzivi. Best kuzivikanwa nebasa rake: "uzivi tsika nemagariro nhoroondo dzazvino", "Old uye zvidzidzo itsva upfumi pfuma".
• Matvey Troitsky (akararama 1835-1899) - mumiririri empirical uzivi kuRussia. Muvambi yokutanga "Moscow Psychological Society." Basa kupfuura chinoshamisa, iyo inorondedzera zvinokosha pfuma - iri "rondedzero kuverengwa iri metaphysics Professor Lotze."
• Dmitri Pisarev (akararama 1840-1868) - akakurumbira Revolutionary Democrat, munyori wenyaya uye mabhuku mutsoropodzi. Imwe dzepamusorosoro vamiririri "sixties".
• Nikolay Dobrolyubov (akararama 1836-1861) - munhu echimurenga democrat, mudetembi uye munyori wenyaya. Muteveri pfuma, empiricism uye ndaisagona egoism. Akataura kuti chero munhu priori simba Manyepo, uye ndiro rine chokwadi wezvose - iri shoko.

Chii zveakaunzi-zvinhu?

Wati wambonzwa chimwe basa rakadaro? Ndianiko uyu? Izvi zveakaunzi nyanzvi kuvakuru zvinodiwa pamwero rokuzvidavirira muhofisi zvinhu panguva kambani. Mapfupa Iri basa idzodzo rokuzvidavirira basa, nokuti icho wanamatira, somunhu mhosva munhu.

Zita basa iri rine chokuita uzivi uye nemiitiro. "Zveakaunzi zvinhu" - ichi inongova vakawanda zita chinzvimbo chizvidavirire vashandi vane mabasa zvingasanganisira siyana zvinoriumba, zvichienderana zvezvinotaurwa mabasa zvavakanga vachida kuita.