Chii mamiriro? Definition of pfupi, zvinhu uye pfungwa

Kwete nyore kupindura mubvunzo chii ezvinhu akadaro. Kutsunga (pfupi kana An raputika), pfungwa iyi ine zvakawanda zvokusarudza. manhamba Scientific mumabasa ake akasiyana zvachose nzira achitsanangura muchikwata ichi, izvo anoridza mumwe mabasa anokosha muupenyu paruzhinji.

Kazhinji, pfupi tsanangudzo pfungwa ehurumende ndiwo kurongwa vanhu, une zvakajairika zvaunofarira generalized, hazvo kuva zvakananga kunorondedzerwa nzvimbo Kwevadzidzi uye uchangamire zvizere.

pfungwa "mamiriro" apo rinoshandiswa?

"State" se izwi kunoda kuonekwa rinoshandiswa muzvirevo dzakawanda. Kazhinji, izvozvo:

• nokure yepamutemo ukama, apo hurumende kazhinji anoita se ayo yakazvimirira chinhu mukutarisana miviri ehurumende;
• zvoupenyu enyika ukama, umo hurumende ndiyewo chinokosha chinhu Pakusarudza Vector okukura nzanga zvose mudzimai uye zvekunze mumatunhu;
• nokure evanhu ukama, umo State riri kupiwa nhamba mitambo nokuti evanhu kudzivirira vemo.

Sei pasina chete tsanangudzo ehurumende?

Zvisinei, chii chiri mamiriro (tsanangudzo pfupi havagoni anobvumawo yose zvinoreva pfungwa), mhinduro inonzwisisika havagoni kupa kunyange nesayenzi.
Hakuna chete, vakaziva ose zvesayenzi minda kutsanangura pfungwa "mamiriro". mutemo International uyewo simba panyaya iyi.

The UN haana hukama zvinotevera rondedzero sezvo kuziva State kana kwayo vedare miviri kunogona chete kuva rimwe mamiriro. The UN haasi simba. Zviri yemarudzi sangano, mumwe zvikuru uye rakakura yose vomunharaunda haana kukodzera Service simba kuona panguva pamutemo pachiyero, chii chiri mamiriro. Short izwi kuti inorondedzera yakanatsa muchikwata sezvo enyika chikuru sangano munzanga, kurovedza muviri kuzvidzora, utariri, kudzivirirwa kwenzanga zvivako, zvarwo, zvinopa chiratidzo kuti hurumende iri ngetani "ehurumende-nzanga" ndiyo kutungamirira maatomu akafanana. Tsanangudzo iyi wakatangwa muna thesauruses Schwedov uye Ozhegova.

Kuziva pfungwa hurumende nevanyori vakasiyana

Kuti tinzwisise sei tsanangudzo pfupi unoenderana yokuti mamiriro, unofanira kushandisa dzokuwedzera mabhuku. Somuenzaniso, hurumende - a simba zvikuru yakarovedzwa mutemo uye kuti. Ernest Gellner rinozviti dzinotevedzana ehurumende nemasangano ane chinangwa bedzi ndiko kurambidza nyonganyonga. Vazvitsaura kubva vazhinji chavagari matare munzanga, Mapurisa, saka hurumende.

Somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti rine zvirevo zvakawanda, munhu anogona kuyeuka mashoko L. Grinina kuti ezvinhu akadaro. Definition of pfupi, kana pane zvarinoreva ndiko sezvinotevera: hurumende - a kunofambira mberi chairema enyika ukama, anomirirwa muhurumende uye kutarisira kubva kuvanhu, izvo anoti chete kune vekambani. Uyezve, maererano munyori, vagari kuzvidzora ndiko, zvisinei zvishuwo ake uye kuda, sezvo munyika nguva dzose pachava mauto kuti Implementation nokumanikidzwa.

Hazvibviri kusuwa uye zvechokwadi "mapapiro" Lenin anodaro VI - mutungamiriri Soviet vanhu pakutanga ramakumi remakore. tsanangudzo yake mashoma unoenderana yokuti mamiriro, kana tikafunga ekupedzisira aine zvakawanda hasha divi. Aidavira kuti hurumende - ndiko muchina zvakagadzirirwa kuti chinangwa mwoyo yakaderera-sosaiti, zvinobatsira kubata kirasi soro mukuteerera vamwe vemo. Kazhinji, Lenin akatumidza mamiriro midziyo chisimba.

Country uye State: pane musiyano?

Mienzaniso dudziro pfungwa iyi, zviri pachena kuti haana kuita kuti munhu chete nevakawanda tsananguro. Zvichida kunzwisisa zvimwe Nezvekwakabva mamiriro ayo mhando uye unhu, vachakwanisa kuwana mhinduro chete.

Kazhinji, "mamiriro" uye "rudzi" kuonekwa sezvo zvakafanana zvakaenzana mazwi. Yakarurama ichi? Pane musiyano, uye richikosha? Achitaura pamusoro mashoko, zvinokwanisika kusimbisa inokosha uye kudana, kuti mamiriro akadaro. Kutsunga pfupi akasimbisa kuti ichi chinhu enyika raitonga ezvinhu yakaiswa pamusoro chaiwo vakawanda nzvimbo. The nyika ariwo zvakawanda nenzvimbo, tsika, munhoroondo, ethnographic pfungwa.

chokutanga mamiriro

Zvakakosha kuti unyatsoteerera chinhu, kupi zvinobva utariri, uye kuti ezvinhu akadaro. A zvipfupi tsanangudzo nzanga kukura nhoroondo zvinenge zvisingaiti kuwana. Masayendisiti pano zvakare nepfungwa dzakasiyana, saka akadana zvinokonzera zvinowanzovapo imwe mashandiro yakadai, sehurumende, haagoni munhu. Chokwadi, kuvapo anoverengeka dzidziso kunosimbiswa Tichitarisa rinoitwa dzekare uye magweta, asi kwete mumwe shanduro kuti mubayiro mamiriro "wechokwadi" hakusati zvichibvira.

Zvinonyatsoteerera uye indisputably anogona chete kuti, apo wokutanga mamiriro. Iraq, Egypt, China, India - munyika yemazuva ano, chokuita nguva Ancient East, vane wakarebesa nhoroondo kuvapo. Pakati dzidziso kwakabva inoti izvi vaitungamirira chinzvimbo inogarwa:

• Yemadzitateguru pfungwa;
• Theological pfungwa ;
• Dzidziso evanhu chibvumirano ;
• Pfungwa mhirizhonga ;
• Marxist dzidziso.

Pfungwa kwemitemo

Zvisinei, kuunza musimboti neimwe pamwe chete, unowana munhu anofungidzirwa tsanangudzo hurumende iyo inogona kunzi rinokosha mhando sangano enyika, inotongwa kumanikidza pamusoro akasarudzwa nzvimbo zvose magariro kwendangariro. Hazvina zvionera yazvo inoshanda uye vakakwanisa mune centralized netsika kuburikidza hwakagadzwa zvepamutemo dzemunharaunda kana imwe dzidziso.

Kazhinji mutemo unogona kuwana pfungwa "pamutemo nehurumende." Brief tsanangudzo rokuti kuti zvinogoneka chete pashure Pfungwa yacho kuburitsa yomukati kugutsikana mhando.

Zvakakurukurwa kwemitemo

Apo iwo kuzvidzora uye yose basa iri nokudzorwa pamutemo dzemunharaunda, zvimiso zvomutemo, mamiriro anogona kunzi pamutemo. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye vafanane uye hwusina kuomerera nenhungamiro legality uye kwemitemo - ndivo vanonyanya zviri kwemitemo.

Chimbofunga chete pfungwa zvinogona kwete chete pane chikamu wehurumende kumanikidza kana kuchengetwa zvimwe mitemo mutemo panongovira divi nhapwa. Pfungwa yokuti 'ezvinhu mutemo "zvinogona kududzirwa senzira kufurira chiremera chepamutemo, aiming kusangana wokupedzisira zvakafanana nemitemo mutemo kuti vari fanira kuti wakaoma Implementation nezvimwe akaturikidzana vemo.

Mukuwedzera, vachingotya mutemo kodzero uye rusununguko murume uye mugari zviri zvikuru uye ndiwo yokutanga ukoshi mabhora ose paruzhinji ukama.

Federal Hurumende: specificity

Zvichinyanya kushanda kuti funga chinhu chakadai munhu batana mamiriro. A pfupi tsanangudzo notional dzakabatana zvichaita kunyatsotaura kuziva huru zvinhu uye maitiro ehurumende sangano chinosiyanisa kubva zvakafanana gadziriro.

Mashoko maviri tinogona kutaura kuti zviri zvikuru kunzwisisa enyika-administrative inotungamirwa, zvinosanganisira siyanei miganhu masangano. Kusiyana unitary mamiriro, apo kumatunhu vane simba yakakwana uye dzimwe nguva decentralized simba, panyaya nemisanganiswa administrative-miganhu dzakabatana rusununguko pamwe broadest unyanzvi uye kuzvionera anenge zvose zvatinoita enyika, zvoupfumi uye nemagariro upenyu.

Features ane batana mamiriro

The maitiro zviri munhu yeUnited mamiriro vari:

• miganhu weboka Federation kupinda yoga administrative dzakabatana;
• kodzero kutora pamutemo zviito, bumbiro ravo ndokwevakavimbika zvose of masangano;
• mumwe administrative chairema mubatanidzwa iine masimba pachake pachena;
• ugari of zvachose vagari Federation inogona paviri All Union uye yakananga batana nyaya;
• yeUnited weParamende ndiye kumboda bicameral.

Russia - rokunyika mamiriro. Nzvimbo wekereke iri muvanhu

Russian Constitution rinoti kuti mamiriro edu enyika. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kereke anosiiwa guru simba nhau, uye hapana nyika zvitendero haangasimbiswi sesimba guru iri fanira kana zvairayirwa. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvinhu zvechitendero uye pamutemo machechi ari munharaunda ano Russian mamiriro hunodzorwa akakodzera mutemo.

Nhasi, ari muenzaniso Russia kungava Kunyatsoongorora zvinotaura muzvinhu zvenyika. Brief tsanangudzo inoti kuti nyika havagoni kuva chero pamutemo, hurumende mvumo chitendero, mutemo unoti kana akasununguka. Zvisinei, zvinokosha kuziva kuti mumakore achangopfuura chechi zvakati akasimbisa nzvimbo yaro mamiriro. Anomutsiridza kukosha uye kurema basa chitendero munyika upenyu kunoratidzwa munzira dzakawanda. Uyu chinoshingaira kuvakwa uye rokuvakazve mumachechi, uye dzidzo voruzhinji kuburikidza mapepanhau, redhiyo, uye paIndaneti zvinhu. Kuvapo yoUtsvene wake Patriarch Vose Russia iri zviitiko zvinokosha uye paruzhinji mazororo pedyo vatungamiriri State - kare akajairwa chaiyo.

, The kuzarurwa dzechitendero yechipiri zvikoro kushandiswa muna vemo runogonawo kuoneka pamusoro Activity of Churches kushanya.