Chii ecuneiform? ecuneiform weMesopotamia

Chimwe chezvinhu inoshamisa uye kupfuura kare dzomunyika Mesopotamia vaiona. Naizvozvo rakatumidzwa vaGiriki, isuwo inozivikanwa se Mesopotamia. nharaunda iyi, iyo iri pakati maviri waterways guru, achipa upenyu nharaunda. Mumwe wavo ari Tiger, mumwe - Yufratesi. Paiva maguta makuru mitemo chaiyo, tsika dzakasiyana, chitendero uye maonero. Munyika ino kwemakore anopfuura zviuru zvitanhatu adarika, ini ndakaberekwa ezvinhu kunyora inozivikanwa ecuneiform Mesopotamia.

Sei akanyora wedges?

Madzibaba edu aiva vanocherechedza chaizvo, nokuti akavabvumira kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Uye vakakwanisa kuchinja nyika yakavapoteredza, tora zvaunoda kubva. Kana Ijipiti akakura zvakawanda enhokwe uye vaigona kuwana matombo kuti kuchivabudisa vatambi vavo, kuMesopotamia hazvina. Asi pakanga ivhu umo akavaka imba, uye kuita ndiro. Residents akaona sei zvinhu nyoro rabva zvisaririra zvemhuka, saka edza kushandisa kuti manotsi. Asi kuti vaswedere dzakaoma mucherechedzo ivhu rakanga kusagadzikana, zvakanga nyore nepavaigona pariri netsaona unopinza rutanda ane mativi chawo. Kwakauya akakurumbira ecuneiform weMesopotamia, izvo akatipira mashoko akadzama pamusoro chakavanzika vanhu nharaunda.

bhuku ivhu

Saka, chii chiri ecuneiform, tinonzwisisa. Ikozvino ngatitaurei zvishoma pamusoro chii kunyora pamusoro yekare vagari Mesopotamia. "Books" vakanga vakasiyana. Kana ivhu Pancakes yakanyorerwa vadzidzi muchiitwa mutsamba (uye zvikoro dzaiva pamaguta Mesopotamia), zvino haina yaoma. Pashure makirasi, chete kushambidzwa akanyorwa uye ndiro rinoshandiswa zvakare. Asi aigona ingapwa muzuva, ipapo ruzivo inochengeterwa yakareba. Mahwendefa unokosha kupiswa nomoto, uye inochengetwa dzoushe.

Vadzidzi vanoda kudzidza tsamba yekare, tanga akadzidzisa nenyanzvi rokuita evhu. Hazvisi nyore, sezvo zvinhu anezvakawanda nouipi, kubva izvo zvinofanira aichenese. Next, zvakanga zvakafanira kuti kuisa tambo yokuyeresa kuti ecuneiform nezviratidzo vakaenda zvakanaka. Uye chete ipapo munyori akaenda extrude "tsamba."

Kupararira risingazivikanwi kutaurwa

Clay aiva dhuri zvinhu, nyore zvikamu zvose vemo. Naizvozvo, muMesopotamiya kunyora I aiziva kwete chete vapfumi uye ropafadzo vanhu vakaderera (vapristi), asiwo vanhuwo. Zvichida ndokusaka akanyora zvose, inoumbwa nhetembo, kusanganisira umhare hunhu.

Zvinenge zvose ikozvino kuziva chii ecuneiform. Raishandiswa chaizvo yose kuMiddle East - sevaSumer, vaAsiriya, vaPezhiya, vaBhabhironi. Zvichida kunyora ino yekare ezvinhu kushandiswa ikoko nhasi, asi iye akanga mumwe drawback guru. mabhuku Clay tora kumuremera uye kura, saka zvakanga zvakaoma kutakura.

kunyora nechicuneiform mu Europe

Old World akadzidza ecuneiform chii, makore anopfuura mazana matatu apfuura. Kokutanga risingazivikanwi zviratidzo muchimiro panhengo akatanga nyika Italian mufambi nezita Pietro della Valle. Akanyora bhuku pamusoro kunzendo dzake kuMiddle East uye ichifananidzwa chinoshamisa akanyorwa, iyo inoonekwa iri Hwendefa muPezhia. kunyora chekare chakanga chakasiyana zvikuru yemaarufabheti echiCyrillic zvinoshandiswa Europe, saka hazvina kunyange vaiona kunyora hurongwa. Asi nokufamba kwenguva, nyika dzokuMadokero zvemahwendefa evhu kuwedzera kuva pachena. Naizvozvo, vakamutsa kufarira ruzhinji uye nemasayendisiti.

A kuwanda evhu, vanochera matongo vakaona ari nzvimbo yaimbova guru nePezhiya Persepolis kunozivikanwa vakapisa Aleksandrom Makedonskim uye ake kufarira - Athens hetaera Thais. Sokuziva, moto ivhu iri chete kuchisimba, saka zvinokosha raibhurari yekare kuti achiripo. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo hapana aigona kuverenga chakavanzika zviratidzo rabva unyanzvi nevanyori.

chakavanzika chakaziviswa

History nechicuneiform anopfuura chiuru chimwe nemakore. Asi vaya vanoisa ivhu pamahwendefa asinganzwisisiki zviratidzo, nenguva afa, uye avo ruzivo - vakarasika. Masayendisiti vari kutarisa mabhuku ekare, kunzwisisa kuti rine mashoko chinokosha. Asi, nhamo, hapana aigona kuriverenga. Kuedza decipher wedges uye clove akatorwa panotangira nucleation Assyriology nesayenzi. Uye pakupedzisira, kiyi dambanemazwi wawanikwa! Zvisinei, zvakaitika zvikuru yapfuura, negore regumi namapfumbamwe remakore.

Yokutanga Kuedza decrypt kuti kwakabereka zvibereko, akatakurwa nyanzvi yokuGermany George Grotefend. Unowanzonzi munhu shasha chete usiku nokuti akanga "ari kukakavadzana" vakasimudza zvisingabviri basa nokukuitira nayo. Akabva adzokera webasa rake - Akashanda somudzidzisi. Asi kutanga chinotiudza akaisa cryptography.

Muna 1872, zvisinei Grotefend Chirungu wamabwe Dzhordzh Smit akakwanisa kuverenga chiratidzo, izvo vati Mafashamo. Mafashamo akatuma vamwari, asi ivo vakabatsira murume, kufanana zvebhaibheri Noa, akaponesa vanhu. Basa iri riri ipapo vakapinda sainzi rinonzi "The Rwiyo rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira."

An nomupiro chinokosha ichi akaita Genri Roulinson, rechiuto attache. Kuita upenyu hwake, akadzidza uye vaikopera akakura zvakanyorwa amadzimambo Persian muna Behistun padombo uye gomo Elvand. Dzine vakawanda mazita zvakakodzera (dzemadzinza madzimambo), saka kuti akabatsira kukanganisika vatatu ecuneiform kunyora hurongwa, ayo matatu siyana.

panzvimbo imwe epilogue

Saka, tinonzwisisa kuti ecuneiform ichi, akaita pfupi rwendo kumusha kwake - muMesopotamia. Chiizve isu vakarangarira nyika ino, iyo kare vanyudzwa kupinda yokukanganwa? Chokwadi kuti, pasinei kwemutemo zvemakore, zvisaririra dzayo dzichiri mai pasi. Uye mupfungwa ano murume achiri mupenyu tsika vanhu vaigara pakati rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi. Tose yeuka yakakurumbira guta reBhabhironi, riri inozivikanwa panharirire aro akakura uye ziggurats, dzemaoresa masuwo uye mifananidzo. Muguta rino, kunyange matongo yakakurumbira neshongwe, iyo Bhaibheri rinoti. Zvakanaka, asingazivi pamusoro peNinivhe, rimwe guta uko iwe haudi kuenda muKristu akarurama? Hazvibviri tisingatauri vaAsiriya, ane varwi vakanga unyanzvi kwete chete uye akashinga, asi vanotyisa chaizvo. Uye, chokwadi, zviri Persepolis, paucheche hwePezhiya, umo madota vakasara.