Chii chinotarisirwa Stalin Prize? Stalin mubayiro weNobel

Vagari Soviet, uyo pachimwe kunoshamisa chero munda yebasa, akakurudzirwa mubayiro mukuru munyika. Stalin Prize akavimba vaya zvikuru hwakavandudzika kugadzirwa nzira, uyewo creators musayenzi dzidziso, ruzivo, mienzaniso hunoshamisa ounyanzvi (mabhuku, mafirimu, mabhaisikopo, kupenda, chivezwa, mapurani).

Iosif Stalin

Paiva mubayiro mazita mutungamiri kwemakore gumi nematatu - kubvira 1940 kusvika 1953, uye rakavambwa zvishoma apfuura - muna December 1939. Stalin Prize haana ezvinhu mari, laureates subsidized ne I. V. Stalina kubva ake pachake muhoro, yakanga maererano chinzvimbo hombe - nzvimbo dzayo mbiri akabhadhara rubles zviuru gumi pamwedzi.

Foundation Prize uye vaiva mari nokuda bhuku yemabhuku mutungamiri muna USSR uye kunze, izvo aivawo zvakawanda uye muripo panguva iyoyo vaiva nani guru (Nadya NdiTolstoy kunyange akava wokutanga shoroma yeSoviet). Stalin Prize akatora mari yakawanda, anenge zvose. Ndokusaka pashure pokufa mutungamiriri zvayo mari bhuku akaramba paltry Nemutengo - mapfumbamwe nemakumi rubles, apo avhareji muhoro vashandi kazhinji kupfuura mazana manomwe.

nyaya

Muna 1939, muna December, yakanga pamutemo vaipemberera sixtieth gore mutungamiriri, uye vachikudza chiitiko ichi kwakava mubayiro muzita rake. Muna February 1940, nechekare CPC akasarudza kumisa zviuru zana rubles Prize (1st dhigirii), zviuru makumi mashanu (2nd dhigirii), uye zviuru makumi maviri nezvishanu rubles (Grade 3) nokuti zvakanaka mabhuku mabasa (prose, nhetembo, mitambo, mabhuku kutsoropodzwa) uyewo mberi mune dzimwe nzvimbo art. Uyezve, imwe pagore mubayiro mavanga nhamba vakaita mupiro chaiwo sainzi, tsika nemagariro, ano uye sangano kugadzirwa.

Muna 1941 Stalin Prize akapiwa vakundi chaizvo kutanga. Kunyora nokuti nhamba paakavapa ari Stalin Prize akava SV Ilyushin, yakakurumbira ndege, kanomwe kwakaratidzwa chinokosha pfungwa mutungamiri. Katanhatu vakagamuchira mubayiro firimu Yu. A. Rayzman uye I. A. Pyrev munyori K. Simonov, ndege mugadziri A. S. Yakovlev, munyori S. S. Prokofev nevamwe. Actress Marina Ladynina uye Alla Tarasova vakava-nguva shanu weNobel of Stalin Prize.

inisitichusheni

Stalin Prize of USSR (pakutanga unonzi Stalin Prize) kwairatidzwa nemirayiro maviri. Twentieth December 1939 vanhu Commissars akarayira: gumi awards of Stalin (100 zviuru) mubayiro Sayenzi uye Art nokuda hunoshamisa basa munzvimbo dzine pagore: unyanzvi, panyama uye akarongeka, utachiona, kemikari, zvokurapa, zvokurima, zvoupfumi, uzivi, pamutemo uye nhoroondo philological Sciences, kupenda, mumhanzi, chivezwa, yemitambo, unyanzvi, mapurani, cinema.

Dzakatangwa sezvo mibayiro gumi dzokutanga dhigirii, makumi maviri - wechipiri matatu - dhigirii kuti zvakanakisisa kuvamba wechitatu, pamwe nhatu dzokutanga dhigirii Award, shanu - uye gumi rechipiri - dhigirii yechitatu kunoshamisa kubudirira mune ruzivo zvechiuto. A yoga pamubvunzo vanyori, izvo paakavapa gore negore nokuda Stalin Prize, akaitwa muna February 1940, uye yakanga akanongedza kuti mana okutanga mubayiro vakundi pamusoro kuvimba muna hwemarudzi mabhuku basa: prose, nhetembo, mabhuku kutsoropodza, mutambo.

kuchinja

Ukuru Stalin Prize muna rubles uye uwandu laureates zvakachinja kakawanda, uye usambofa kutapudzwa, Ukuwo - pachinzvimbo chimwe weNobel rokutanga dhigirii, somuenzaniso, muna 1940 zvakava nhatu woga woga. Muna 1942 Mubayiro (yokutanga dhigirii) yakawedzera kuti zviuru mazana maviri rubles. Uyezve, imwe itsva 1949 - International "Nokuti kusimbisa rugare pakati pavanhu." Anovapavhurira shoma zvakananga CPC, umo vaviri kuna hoc makomiti vakasikwa: mumwe akashandira awarding mibayiro mune zvesayenzi, ruzivo zvechiuto uye zvakagadzirwa, uye yechipiri vaita mabhuku uye nounyanzvi.

First kuchengetwa chete mabasa matsva kuti kwapera ari kupiwa gore. Vamhan'ari vachange kupedzisa basa ravo mukati nguva pashure pakati October, yakawira ndandanda rakatevera gore. Ipapo mashoko ave rakadzokororwa, uye vakundi aigona kuva vanhu ndakawana award basa mumakore matanhatu kana makore manomwe. Saka, mubayiro paakavapa Stalin pachavo mumwaka ezvinhu. Zvakawanda zvinoratidza zvinoratidza kuti Stalin airidza zvakananga basa kuparadzirwa mibayiro wake zita (uye dzavo nemari), dzimwe nguva chakazoitwa anenge chimwe-handedly.

kubviswa

Pashure Stalin afa, kuda haiwaniki, saka bhuku yechikoro hazvigoni kushandiswa kutsigira vakundi. Pashure 1954 Stalin Prize havasisipo. Zvino mukurumbira wakashata Mushandirapamwe huchabvisa kunamatwa mutungamiri.

Muna 1956, ivo Lenin Prize hwagadzwa, iyo yakatsiviwa pamusoro Stalin. Stalin mubayiro weNobel pashure 1966 akachinja zvitupa uye honorary Badges. Kunyange zita yachinja yose nenzira yacho, maenisaikoropidhiya uye mabhuku Stalin yakazozivikanwa seshanduro USSR State Prize. Information pamusoro vakundi akanga kuvashamisa uye dosed.

kupatsanurwa kwemasimba

Paiva rinokosha nokugadziriswa of CPC pamusoro kururama kuparadzirwa mubayiro pakati vanoverengeka vechikamu basa iro zvakanzi paakavapa. Kana paakavapa mubayiro navaviri (co-vanyori), pakuverengwa yakakamurwa zvakafanana. On kuparadzirwa matatu akanga akasiyana: musoro akanga ava hafu uye vaviri vatambi - pamusoro kota total. Kana vanhu vari vazhinji, maneja anogamuchira wechitatu, uye vamwe paizwi iri chikwata.

The weNobel of Stalin Prize muna Physics rokutanga - P. L. Kapitsa, vaBhasemati - A. N. Kolmogorov, zvipenyu - T. D. Lysenko, mukurapa - A. A. Bogomolets, VP Filatov, NN Burdenko nokuti zvemaumbirwo - V. A. Obruchev, akaona kuti yakagadzirwa, anozivikanwa gunsmith V. A. Degtyarov, pamusoro aviakonstruirovaniyu - SA Lavochkin nokuti kupenda - AM Gerasimov, chivezwa - V. I. Muhina.

Akagadzira of Metro chechitima "Kiev" uye "Komsomolskaya" mapurani D. Chechulin akanga paakavapa ari Stalin Prize. AN NdiTolstoy kuiona kuti bhuku "Peter Mukuru", M. A. Sholohov - nokuti yokufungidzira "Uye Akanyarara Kunoyerera kuti Don", sezvo munyori wemitambo NF Pogodin akanga aona pashure kweShanduro kutamba "Munhu ane pfuti."

Sezvakakurukurwa munyaya mabasa

Scientific basa yokuchengetera zvinhu inokurukurwa kare pamwe kunobatanidza kuMudzidzisi dzakagadzirirwa masayendisiti, nyanzvi makomisheni vanoita uye kwesayenzi-tsvakurudzo kunyange yose ne. Ipapo Zvinofungidzirwa munhu zvizere uye chinoratidza kuti nokuiswa rinokosha mutongo nokuda vanhu Commissars of USSR.

Kana zvakakodzera, vamiririri yokutsvakurudza ne masayendisiti masangano misangano Dare. Zvisarudzo zvakaitwa voting pakavanda balloting.

bheji Kukudzwa

weNobel mumwe mushure mekugamuchira mubayiro vane yakakodzera chinzvimbo uye honorary chiratidzo Stalin Prize, izvo zvaifanira yaipfekwa kurudyi pedyo Order. Rakaitwa esirivheri muchimiro convex denderedzwa rine chena enamel uye bordered pasi welaurel nendarama. Enamel ichifananidzwa having - yendarama mwaranzi, pamusoro izvo pamusoro rinopenya nyeredzi dzvuku enamel ine nomukombero goridhe. The IAA nemabhii zvendarama verenga: "Stalin mubayiro weNobel".

Pamusoro denderedzwa azviveza chemarata rwonzi rutema enamel pamwe gilt micheto, pamusoro zvakanyorwa "USSR". Silver uye-akaafukidza nendarama ndiro, kuti izvo kuburikidza Ziso mhete uye akabatanidza honorary chiratidzo, rakaoneka pamari zvakanzi varehwa sezviverengo Arabic Year Award. Chinyorwa pachaunga pamusoro vakundi kwegore rino, nguva dzose akazviratidza musi December 21 - zuva rokuberekwa I. V. Stalina.

hondo

Mumakore runotyisa hondo, ichi yakakwirira mubayiro kuri muna kusiyaniswa pachavo sezvo vakadzidza kushanda se ramboita - mune simba Explosão dzokutsigira achitsungirira kutanga. masayendisiti Soviet, innovators, vavambi vaiziva kuti ikozvino basa ravo munyika inoda zvinopfuura panguva norugare. Kunyange muna 1941 yakabereka mikuru nebudiriro intelligentsia mune zvinenge zvose zvoupenyu.

Industry akanga reconstructed pamusoro hondo akamira, richikura mbishi pfuma, kugadzirwa vanokwanisa kwakawedzera. Stalin Prize wokutanga dhigirii akanga paakavapa kuti boka renyanzvi inotungamirirwa President of USSR V. L. Komarova, uyo akaongorora uye vakava gwara maindasitiri Kugadzirwa Urals - vatema simbi, simba, zvokuvakisa uye zvose. Mugumisiro rave pakuwedzera kugadzirwa mhando dzose maindasitiri makuru.

Vazhinji vakaita ND Zelinsky kuti kuzvidzivirira kemisitiri. Akanga zvakare anokudza mubayiro uyu. Professor MV Keldysh uye anoda kubhabhatidzwa Technical Sciences E. Grossman aishandira Soviet ndege design: akakurukura Dzidziso kwakavharwa nenyama vibrations uye kukwira nzira Masvomhu ndege flutter, nokuti yavakanga paakavapa ari Stalin Prize pamusoro 2nd dhigirii.

Dmitri Shostakovich

Mutsindo pamusoro rokusika simba munyori pamberi kubvisa akanyora yake yakakurumbira "Wechinomwe Symphony" iri rakakombwa Leningrad. basa iri pakarepo akava chefuma mumhanzi nyika. Anokunda Humanism, kuda kurwa kusvikira rufu pamwe nemauto vatema, hauzununguki chokwadi, vachiridza dzose katsamba, vakawana vakazivikanwa pasi kamwe kwenguva dzose. Muna 1942, basa iri rakanga akaratidza Stalin Prize wokutanga dhigirii.

Dmitri Shostakovich - kunyange katatu weNobel of Stalin Prize kuwedzera wokutanga; nekuti Trio huru 1946 - Prize wokutanga dhigirii, uye ipapo - musoro vanhu Artist of RSFSR, muna 1950, vakanga paakavapa ari Stalin Prize of mwero oratorio ake "Rwiyo Masango" wechipiri pamusoro ndima Dolmatovski uye mumhanzi nokuti firimu "Kuwa Berlin". Muna 1952 akagamuchira rimwe Stalin Prize dzeboka rechipiri kuti Suite kuti nekwaya.

Faina Ranevskaya

Kwemakore akawanda akashanda ari kufarira vanhu voruzhinji, haana muchinangwa firimu kana Starring basa. Ichi chinhu chaizvo unyanzvi mutambi. Stalin Prize iye kuwana chero katatu: kaviri rechipiri dhigirii uye imwe nguva - wechitatu.

Muna 1949 - nokuti basa mukadzi Losev mu "Act Kukudzwa" Stein (Moscow Drama Theatre), muna 1951 - nokuti basa Agrippina mu 'Breaking Dawn pamusoro Moscow "Suvorov (munhandare chete), mugore iroro - nokuti basa Frau Wurst "vane nyika yokumusha" iri firimu. In Zvinotaurwa, chero basa kwakaitwa Faina, aigona paakavapa rukudzo urwu sezvo Classics kuti Soviet mabhaisikopo vakawanda akasika uye ichi mutambi, mukundi of Stalin Prize. Nokufamba kwenguva kwayo kwave kukuru, uye ikozvino zvimwe hapana asingazivi wake zita.