Chii Chernyakhov tsika? Culture Chernyakhov: mavambo uye tsananguro

Chernyakhov Culture - mumwe makurusa matongo nguva mukutanga munhoroondo Slavs. Zvakatora yakawanda nzvimbo iri munharaunda ano Ukraine, Romania, Moldova uye Russia. Nepariri iri kunyanya inowanzorimwa uye dondo, vanenge - iri inowanzorimwa dzinodengenyeka.

General unhu

Kudzidza tsika iyi kwakakosha nokuti kunzwisisa nyaya, Slav ethnogenesis. The akakodzera nguva kwakaitika kushingaira vaitamira pezvakaitwa, vanhu vane aivhengana, dzimwe nguva zvakaoma chaizvo kuziva-siyana emadzinza zvinoriumba nezvirimwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, vanamazvikokota vakawanda vanobvumirana nezvokuti paumbwe Slavs vekare kwakaitika pedyo nevanhu Resettlement mamwe madzinza pakutanga ari vakagadzirira. In sainzi rikunde rimwe maonero kuti yokupedzisira kufamba, izvo 1-3 emakore BC. e. vakatamira kunzvimbo enyika Roman, Northern Black Sea Coast, akabatanidzwa rinokosha. Panguva ino, pane paumbwe dzimwe tsika necheSalvic mhando, akadai Somuenzaniso, Przeworsk, Kiev, uye vamwe. Masayendisiti akawanda vanodavira kuti Slavs vakanga dzinounzwa pakati antskogo rudzi, sezvo kwave inotaurwa zvinyorwa zvekare. Zviri ichi akapoteredza uye dzinofanira kuzokurukurwa Chernyakhovsky nguva munhoroondo necheSalvic kugarwa.

kudzidza

tsika iyi zvinoda zita rayo kubva Chernyakhiv mumusha (Kiev nharaunda), iyo akadzidza mukutanga remakore rechi20, masayendisiti Korotynskyy. Vanamazvikokota vakawanda vari kuti vanodavira kuti iri sezvamunoita kwayo kwemadzinza kwakanga multiethnic. Zvinonzi zvakare kutenda kuti Zarubintsy uye Chernyakhov tsika zvine chokuita, nekuti yokupedzisira chikatsiviwa wokutanga, izvo vaiona necheSalvic (kunyange vatorwa historiography chinhu nemaonero kuti iri sezvamunoita kwayo dzinza raiva German). Change tsika dzayo akadzidza nenzira yakadai vakakurumbira Masayendisiti sezvo vehove uye Sedov.

mavambo

Chernyakhov Culture mugumisiro vaitamira pezvakaitwa, vakatora nzvimbo mundima Eastern nyika dzokuEurope. Vazhinji dzekare dzakabatanidza kwayakatangira kuti kwemahofisi Goths, uyo, vachitora Ukrainian ndima, hwakakanyiwa vomunzvimbo. Panguva ino pane yakabuda nehurumende oium. miganhu yayo uwirirane kuti enyika sangano. Nokuti kunzwisisa vaitamira runoyerera Chernyakhovskaya tsika yakanga multi-kwemadzinza, hwakanga necheSalvic Antes, vanhu vokuGermany, vaSitiya Sarmats. Vabati vehove wenhau dzakaitika, vaidavira kuti necheSalvic yekare, asi pfungwa iyi nharo sayenzi.

upfumi

Culture Chernyakhovskaya anofukidza nguva kubva IV kusvika II pamusoro. n. e. Akanga ari hupfumi chechetere iwayo akura. Hwaro upfumi waitsigira pagejo kurima. Vanochera matongo vakawana dzasara mapadza, mazano simbi, hacks, iyo yaishandiswa mune zvokurima. Inotongwa, nemombe maberekero apo vagari akamutsa nguruve uye mabhiza. Kushandiswa yokuchengetera zvinhu gomba, izvo vaakawana dzinoverengeka yawo. Chernyakhovskaya tsika kunoratidzwa refu azvipire umhizha. Population noungwaru kubata simbi, mapfupa nehuni. Vakapona kushongedzwa asiri ferrous simbi, vakasara maturusi yaigadzirwa mapfupa mhuka.

On dzimwe nzvimbo kubva metallurgia yamavira kuwanikwa. sezviri pachena Residents vaiziva akasiyana nzira kubudiswa simbi (richipedza) uye simbi kugadzirwa. Zvisinei, rutivi vazhinji zvichengeteke bronzes. Pane maonero kuti vamwe kubudiswa mitoo vave akakweretwa kubva mumatunhu yeRoma, uyewo Central nharaunda European.

dzimba

Chernyakhovskaya tsika kupararira kunyanya musango dzoga, saka kumba kwake vakanga guru pakukura uye vanowanzova rectangular mu chimiro. Kusimbiswa nemisha muduku, asi zvakadaro vamwe vavo Vanochengetwa kumaodzanyemba dzinogarisana (guta, Aleksandrovka). Masvingo avo kusvika gumi metres kureba, pane panharirire uye masvingo. Vakanga riri munzvimbo dzakakwirira, apo zvavo dzimba - achitevedza mutero nzizi duku.

Dzimba dzakanga muzvikamu zviviri: dzinogarwa uye zvoupfumi. centre iri pakati. Mune dzimwe dzimba, masvingo vakaita "wakaoma", kureva. E. Pasina rinokosha bhainda mhinduro. zvivako izvi vanowanzova Stolbovo kukonzera wavo yakagadzirwa wattle uye zvemapuranga nevhu. Dzimba yaiva "matendere" pamusoro floodplains. Inside vakanga imwe kana mbiri Camera.

sezvivako

Chernyakhov matongo tsika akaita rakaramba inoverengeka dzinonakidza sezvivako. Chokutanga zvose tiri kutaura pamusoro yakakurumbira nyoka (Troyan) miseve, izvo riri kumaodzanyemba Kiev pamahombekombe ari Dnieper. Chimiro huru yakanga kuzvidzivirira mune chinangwa. Zviri cheni pasi embankments uye inoerera, achitambanudza pamusoro kure (vakaparadzana hurongwa vane kureba kubva zana mashanu kilometers).

Kufarira zvinhu chiyeuchidzo Chernyakhov tsika Vinnitsa nharaunda. Pano, rakasiyana nemamwe padombo painting, zvinoreva izvo kuchiri masayendisiti nharo yakawanikwa. Zvinoratidza kuti pedyo nayo isina mashizha muti, musi mumwe matavi iro jongwe vagere pamberi pake - munhu shure izvo pane nondo. Uyezve, akafanana ane furemu iri nzvimbo pakati nyanga. Chimwe Monument munzvimbo iyoyo - Ilinetsky matombo kuti kuputika tufa yokuita guyo. Izvi zvinoratidza refu azvipire kukura simbi mudunhu.

kuvigwa

Duffel kunzwisisa Chernyakhov tsika dzinogona kurondwa kwete chete mudzimba asiwo makuva. Zvisinei, sezvo mutemo, vari mumakuva avo zvishoma, asi achiri kubvumira vamwe zvinoratidza kuti recreate Zvinoonekwa ari kumwedzi. The kuvigwa Makomba dzimwe nguva unearth zvinhu zvezuva nezuva uye zvemumba. Dzimwe nguva pane midziyo uye pagondobwe basa mhuri, zvakadai spindles. Find uye Kushongedza. Pakati pavo, Somuenzaniso, fibula.

Chernyakhovskaya tsika kunoratidzwa nzira mbiri kuvigwa; vakavigwa uye cremations. In yokutanga nyaya kushandiswa kwakajairika rectangular gomba, wechipiri zvisaririra akaisa mumidziyo zvirongo, hari kunyange nembiya. Makuva zvinowanikwa, uye zvasara maoko Somuenzaniso, arrowheads, namapfumo, akatsivama minondo kuti mutsika zvinangwa. Kune vose chete uye binary kuvigwa.

Houseware

Settlement of Chernyakhov tsika, sezvinoita mutemo, vakanga kwoupfumi chinangwa chacho uye mabasa. Saka kakawanda pane zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti zvokurima uye indasitiri. Residents vaiziva vhiri omuumbi, vakaita ndiro maumbirwo siyana. Zvakanzi zvekare zvikuru dzakabudirira kurukiswa, vanochera matongo neapo kuwana kungoda Micheka siyana pamusoro zvemumba uye upenyu kumusha.

crockery

Muti pamusoro nemidziyo yevhu, sezvazvakaita pamusoro duffel yakaoma, vanochera matongo kazhinji kusiyanisa tsika. Population ongororo nguva mukugadzira zvakasiyana siyana zvinhu zvezuva nezuva, asi kunyanya kuzivikanwa zvakabudiswa midziyo, yakashongedzwa kana zvido zvevanhu mitsetse, kana mamwe mabhanzi uye shoma ruyamuro grooves. Pakati zvakawanwa anoshamisa Sea Black amphora uye krasnoglinyanoy uye krasnolakovoy madhishi zvakasikwa uye yabva okudhindira enyika Roman. Products dzakagadzirwa ine ivhu zvinowanikwa kazhinji mu outbuildings.

zvimwe zvinhu zvaishandiswa

Metal Chernyakhov tsika - iri kunyanya simbi. Vagari vakakwanisa dzinoona mhangura, pachena, kwete pasina simba Roman rwokugadzira. Zvisinei, zvakabuda zvombo zvehondo haisi kwazvo; zviri kunyanya arrowheads, mapfumo, minondo chikamu.

Oga, zvinofanira akati nezvepfuma. On nharaunda tsika inowanikwa vakawanda mari yeRoma coinage kusvika kumadokero Dniester - nendarira, kumabvazuva - sirivha. Uye pakupedzisira ndainyaradzwa mu hoards, asi nyanzvi kunge akaratidza maonero kuti mari inoshandiswa nokuda dzakawanda zvokutengeserana, apo nokuti Takaitei raishandiswa ita mutengano. Ishoma vari mari Bosporan coinage.

duffel kunzwisisa

Pakati zvaishandiswa vakawana yakawanda zvishongo Somuenzaniso, kuziva vazhinji nezvikorekedzo, marozari, simbi dzemabhande emabhurukwa, mizinga. Of zvinhu kushandiswa nezuva ndivo mapanga, namatemo, Spurs. Dzimwe nguva kuwana zvinhu muchiuto, asi ivo vari vashoma. Kufarira minondo, nemapanga, namapfumo. Oga, zvinofanira akati pano pamusoro yepakutanga zvakawanikwa - pakarenda mufananidzo pamusoro mudziyo. It ane kumativi chimiro, uye pasi mumwe mwedzi - the runoenzanirana nhamba.

midziyo

Nokudaro, Chernyakhov tsika, mufananidzo Zvivako zviri kukurukurwa munyaya ino, vaisiyana zvakakwana yakakwirira pamwero huchangotanga zvoupfumi uye mabhizimisi mabhora. Oga, zvinofanira akati nezvechinangwa tsika midziyo: vamwe makarenda izvi mufananidzo kuwanikwa. Uyezve, pane zvakabuda glassware. Equipment nokuti mukugadzira yakanga Inoziva nevaRoma muzana remakore rokutanga AD uye vakapfuurira funga tsika kune veruzhinji. Kazhinji, nemidziyo zai serin'i yellowish kana greenish ruvara.

ethnography

Chernyakhovskaya tsika, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, akanga vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ayo dzinza sezvamunoita. Izvi imhaka vaitamira Rwako kuti kwakaitika pamusoro kondinendi European panguva akakodzera nguva. Naizvozvo, vanyori venhau kuziva dzinoverengeka ethnographic pakuderedza kwayo sezvamunoita: eGermany, Sarmatian-muSitiya, necheSalvic. Wokutanga chinomiririrwa binary makuva, hombe dzimba uye dzimba, uyewo dzinokosha Ceramics velbarskogo mhando. Zviratidzo izvi anowanzoramba kwerinenge nharaunda yose kugovera tsika iyi.

Chechipiri mhando anomiririrwa ethnographic guru ibwe zvivakwa, multi-mukamuri dzimba chaiwo kuvigwa kupira, kana kuiswa muguva nyama nebanga rakabayirwa mairi, zvidimbu choko kana pendi. Kumboda kuvigwa kuitwa podboynyh Makomba kana catacombs. Uyewo kuti nharaunda iyi kunoratidzwa rinokosha cookware - hari ane kuwedzera mutsipa kumusoro. boka iri anoona akawanda kusimbiswa kuChamhembe kweGungwa Dema, inogarwa nevanhu ava.

Pakupedzisira, necheSalvic boka zvinoratidza anomiririrwa duku mativi zvirindo yakawanda veimba Makomba. nzvimbo iyi kunoratidzwa Pasina guru pazvikomo, uyewo kuvapo vainyanya stucco hari. nzvimbo Main nokuparadzirwa - Dniester, iyewo kumhuka mamwe necheSalvic tsika Kiev, Przeworsk. Separate Penkovsky necheSalvic tsika nemagariro akaita dzinounzwa OM Prihodnyuk. Chernyakhovskaya tsika pedyo naye adjoined, kunyange zvazvo masayendisiti vacho vakanga vasina mutsindo rokuchinja kukura necheSalvic chinhu, nekuti yakanga yakanyanya multiethnic.

nezvinetso nguva

Maererano pamusoro kuchiitwa sainzi, pane matambudziko zvokufambidzana uye muronga netsika iyi. Izvi imhaka yokuti mapepa havasi kubvumira rakavimbika zvakakwana zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvaishandiswa aro imwe remakore. Uyezve, mune nzvimbo yakapiwa uri yakawanda kupinza zvinhu, kazhinji chakangomuka Roman, ane simba pasi iye yakatanga. Naizvozvo, vazhinji zvakakodzera ndiyo nzira kudoma pedyo vakavigwa.

mamirire zvinhu

Saka, tsika iyi kunoratidzwa kusiyana zvakawanwa, achitaura kuti racho inotungamirwa yakanga wakapindwa akawanda akasiyana zvinhu. Zvikuru kukosha ndechokuti zvakanga munzvimbo simba yeRoma. provincialism Its, zvirokwazvo pave mukuru padanho tsika, uye uyewo, kwakamutsa kwaita zvakawanda yepamusoro ruzivo mudunhu. Dzimwe nyanzvi vanotaurawo Dacian pesvedzero munharaunda iyi.

Ukama nedzimwe tsika

Chernyakhovsky nguva aiva Danho inokosha kukura Slavs yekare. Zvisinei, panguva ino vakanga vari pedyo zvikuru kuonana nevamwe madzinza, saka tsika iyi inobvumira chete ubatanidzwewo reconstructed necheSalvic kare. Asi zvakanga vakadhakwa uye uyewo, iye chakabata dzimwe tsika idzo necheSalvic chaikosha raiva zvikuru raidudzwa: Przeworsk, kolochinskoy, Kiev.

kupera

Cultural decadence kwakakonzerwa mumwe vaitamira wave vakavazunzira kondinendi European. nguva ino, paiva yokutama zvehondo anongofamba Huns. Izvi zvakakonzera kuti water drainage hombe chikamu VOKUPARIDZIRA kumavirira, sezvo pane zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa. Zvisinei, musango-inowanzorimwa uye inowanzorimwa munyika dzine zvimwe mapoka dzaiva pasi Huns. Asi kuchamhembe-mabvazuva munguva anotangira Chernyakhov tsika, uye ipapo rakaenderana naye panguva iyoyo, yakapfuurira kurarama mamwe necheSalvic tsika - Kiev. zvisaririra ayo zviri zvakanaka vakachengetedzwa. Vanochera matongo vanowana makuva, misha, zvemumba uye kunyange pfuma.

ukoshi

Chernyakhovsky nguva okukura kunokosha nokuti mumwe okutanga nzendo munhoroondo yokutanga Slavs. Rinotaura zvikuru yakakura miganhu nzvimbo, kusanganisira wandei kumatunhu nyika yedu: Belgorod uye Kursk. Zvisinei, ane kuwana nhoroondo mamwe marudzi vaiona nguva: vokuGermany, vaCelt, vaSitiya nevamwe. Uyezve, iyi ine zviratidzo pachena vachangobva muRoma, Sea Black zvinofurira unokubvumira kuongorora pashure nzendo pokumuka kumatunhu aya. Naizvozvo, zvinorondedzerwa munyaya Culture aishingaira kudzidza pamberi Revolution, munguva Soviet, ongororo yaro inoramba nhasi. Chernyakhovsky imba tsika Somuenzaniso, nguva nenguva anoita mabasa ndichengetedze chinyakare chevarwere tsika dzechinyakare, izvo zvinofanira kutsigira kufarira kare.