Archaeological tsika Russian

Nzvimbo yezvokuchera matongo ndeyekuunganidza zvigadzirwa zvine chokuita neimwe nzvimbo uye nguva. Zita rayo rinobva pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvemukomba wakashandiswa munharaunda iyi kana iyo. Izwi rokuti "tsika" muchechi yezvokuchera matongo rinopesana zvakasiyana kubva kunotsanangurwa yakawanda inogamuchirwa. Inogona kushandiswa chete kana zvakawanikwa masayendisiti zvinopa pfungwa yekuti vanhu vakararama makore mashomanana apfuura apfuura.

Tsika dzezvokuchera matongo dzeRussia dzinosanganisira zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuvandudza. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anopfuura kubva kune imwe kuenda kune imwe. Tichifunga kuti nharaunda yenyika yakakura zvikuru, panguva imwe chete iyo inogona kurarama madzinza ari mumarudzi akasiyana, achitungamirira kure nenzira imwechete yehupenyu.

Tsika dzeMiddle Stone Age

Hapana chimwe chinhu chakafanana netsika yekuchera matongo yeMesolithic, chaizvoizvo. Panguva iyoyo, madzinza akanga asati aparadzaniswa pakati pavo. Vanhu vakaedza kupona, uye kwakanga kusina kusiyana pakati pezvavakaita. Mumwe munhu akazotanga kupedza kurima, mumwe munhu akaramba achivhima, uye mumwe munhu akafudza mhuka, akagadzirisa kufamba kwezvipfuwo zvemazuva ano. Zvisinei, nguva iyi yenguva haigone kuraswa zvachose, sezvo ndiye iye akatanga kutangwa kwemarudzi akawanda.

Panguva ino, mapoka okutanga emitambo yezvokuchera matongo yakaonekwa. Masayendisiti uye vanochera matongo havatendi kuti vanoda kuparadzaniswa zvakanyanya. Asi zvinyorwa zvakaiswa. Rudzi rumwe norumwe rwukabva kune rumwe rutivi rwakaungana, rwakaparadzana nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana, ingava nzira yehupenyu, rutivi rwemadzinza ehurumende kana, somuenzaniso, nzira dzekuviga madzitateguru akafa. Asi nhanho iri pasi pekufungisisa haifaniri kunge isina kuongororwa, nokuti chidzidzo chayo chichabatsira kupindura mibvunzo yakabatana nekubuda kwemitambo inotevera.

Trypillian civilization

Trypillian archaeological culture yakabva kuEneolithic (5-2 millennium BC). Yakagamuchira zita rayo kubva munzvimbo iyo zviyeuchidzo zvekutanga zvakawanikwa. Zvakaitika mumusha weCololye.

Zvakanakira kuti kumativi ose emakore ekuma1800 matenga akaitwa munharaunda yeRomania, panguva iyo tsika yeCucuteni yakawanikwa. Akagamuchirawo zita rake nekuda kwekumusha, pedyo nemamwe mabhuku akabatanidzwa kwaari akawanikwa. Pakutanga, vaitenda kuti tsika dzakasiyana dzakasiyana. Saka zvakange zviripo kusvikira masayendisiti akaenzanisa zvinhu zvakawanikwa uye zviyeuchidzo. Zvakabva zvaitika kuti vaKutens naTerpillians vaiva vanhu vakafanana.

Zvakawanikwa zvakaitwa masayendisiti zvakabvumira masayendisiti kuti asvike pakugumisa kuti tsika yezvokuchera matongo mumubvunzo yakanga yakakura pane imwe nyika yeRussia neEurope, vanhu vayo muhuwandu hwayo hwakapfuura vanhu zviuru gumi.

Kana huri hupenyu hwehupenyu huno, hwakapfuura nenzira imwecheteyo kune dzimwe nzvimbo panguva yeChinyaka Chiri. Kusvika pakuguma kwepanguva, vanhu vakatanga kukura ivhu, ikozvino raisashandiswa kwete chete nekuda kwemhuri, asiwo nekugadzirisa zvinangwa. Yakabudisa zvifananidzo nemimwe michina yemiti.

Dolmens

Iko dolmen yezvokuchera matongo tsika haina kuisa zvakanyanya kukurudzirwa kwemadzinza ari munharaunda yeRussia yemazuva ano. Yakabva kuIndia yakapoteredza mireniyumu yegumi nembiri BC. Asi vanhu vakatanga mapurisa avo kumavirazuva akawanda gare gare. Zvakaitika mu3mireniyamu BC. Madhora acho akazogoverwa kuva zvikamu zviviri. Wekutanga akaenda kuCaucasus, yechipiri - kuenda kuAfrica, kunyanya kuenda kuEgypt. MuRussia, panguva iyoyo, imwe hupfumi yakatungamirirwa, saka madzinza aigona kungowedzera mutsika wenhaka. Nekukura kwekuEgypt, kwaive pano kuti vaikwanisa kuzviratidza zvizere ivo pachavo.

Zita rayo rakapiwa kune tsika idzi dzecherache kubva mutauro weBretton, uye mukushandura zvinoreva "tafura yemabwe". Pasinei nokuti chokwadi chazvo pamunda weSlavic chakanga chisina kukwirira, nzvimbo yakakura yezviyeuchidzo iri pedyo neGungwa DzemaGungwa uye muKrasnodar Territory. Zvichida zvimwe zviyeuchidzo hazvina kungopona kusvikira nhasi.

Madhimoni akawana huwandu hwematombo uye zvigadzirwa zvemhangura, zvinhu izvi zvakashandiswa kwete chete kwekugadzira zvishandiso nekuvhima, asiwo zvekushongedza. Vakawanda vavo vakawanikwa mumakuva. Nenzira, ivo vainziwo dolmens, semadzinza pachavo. Iyi nzvimbo dzekuviga dzakanga dzakafanana nemipiramidi yeEgipita. Vazhinji vatsvakurudzi vanobvumira chisarudzo chekuti mamwe ma dolmens akavakirwa nekuda kwechitendero kana tsika, panzvimbo yekuviga. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti zvivako ivo pachavo vaimbova nemakore akawanda kupfuura masara anowanikwa mavari. Nokudaro, zvinenge zvichida kuti ndiyo yaive chirongwa chechirmishi chakateya nheyo dzemipiramidi, iyo yakasara uye inoyevedzwa nevakawanda kusvika nhasi.

Catacomb culture

Catacomb tsika yekuchera matongo yakauya kumunda weSlavic kubva kumabvazuva, yakatanga kuwanikwa muzana remakore rechi19. Kuonekwa kwaro uye maruva zvakadzokera kumashure kweBronze Age. Mamwe magwaro anotaura kuti kutaridzika kwemadzinza edzimba kunotungamirirwa mune zvekare kuCopper Age. Mune rimwe shoko, zvakanga zvisiri kukwanisa kuratidzira zuva chaiyo rokutanga kwemitambo.

Marudzi haana kumbopfuurira mberi kwemuganhu weEurope, naizvozvo simba ravo pakuvandudzika kwevanhu vanogara mune zvekugara kune zvingongova zvisinganzwisisiki. Zita rayo rakapiwa kune tsika dzekuchera matongo nekuda kwe nzira yekuvigwa, iyo yaiva nenhamba yakawanda yekusiyana. Semuenzaniso, kana iwe uchienzanisa nharaunda nemadzinza emakumbo, ipapo yekupedzisira kumariro kwakange kwakakwana kugadzira gomba duku. Kudzika kwekuvigwa kwaive kwakafanana kune imwe mamita 3-5 mamita. Uyezve, matanda aya aiwanzove ane matavi akawanda, akapinda mukati kana mumativi. Zvinotendwa kuti mumatunhu akadaro akavigwa vanhu kubva mumhuri imwe chete, kana zvimwechete muhutano kana kuti chimiro.

Imba yemidziyo yemadzinza edzimhosva yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo. Kutanga, ivo vainge vasina kuva nechepasi. Zvisinei, izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa nezvokuti madzinza aisati achinzwisisa kukwanisa kwose kwekugadzirwa kwakadaro, kana kuti vakanga vasina mukana wakadaro. Chechipiri, ndiro dzose dzakanga dzine mavara evanhu. Kunyange kana iwe ukatakura jug, hurefu hwayo hwakanyanya kuduku. Paivawo nemhemberero yekutanga. Kufanana nemadzinza ose epanguva yacho, yakaitwa nekubatsira kwemaonero emudonzvo. Ndicho chete chikamu chepamusoro chechigadzirwa chakanga chakashongedzwa.

Ipfuti dzaive dzakawanda dzakawanda dzematombo. Izvi zvakashandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemiseve, mapanga, mbambo nezvimwe zvakadaro. Vamwe vashandi vane unyanzvi mumadzinza vakashandisa matanda kuti vaite ndiro. Bronze yakashandiswa chete pakugadzira zvishongo.

Tsika yeRussia muBronze Age

Zvinosuruvarisa, tsika yekuchera matongo yeBronze Age muRussia haina kukwanisa kusvika pakakwirira kwayo, asi mukurudziro yakawanda, iyi nguva yakareba haigoni kuregererwa. Iyo inotangira kubva mu 4th-3rd millennium BC. E. Vanhu vokuRussia venguva iyo vakanga vari kuita zvekurima. Masango okugadzira aive akawandisa, asi zvishoma nezvishoma vanhu vakatanga kukura nekurimwa kwenyika isingasviki.

Ikoko kunosvetuka zvishoma mukuvaka dzimba. Kana zvisati zvaitika misha iyi yakavaka zvivakwa zvekugara mumipata, zvino yava kuenda kumakomo. Uyewo kusimbisa kusimba kwedzimba kunotanga.

Nzira yekutanga yekuchera matongo yeBronze Age yakasiyana nemisha yeMaikop. Zuva rakaparadzana rakagadzirirwa mumatanho akasiyana-siyana. Iyo yakazara kwazvo munharaunda dzakapiwa ndiyo log uye Andronovo tsika.

Maikop Culture

Maykop tsika yezvekuchera matongo yakadzokera kumashure kweBronze Age, yakange iri mu 3 millennium BC. E. MuNorth Caucasus. Kubva pazvivako zvakawanikwa uye zvivako zvinogona kugumiswa kuti vanhu vaibatanidzwa mukudyara zvipfuwo nekurima. Tsika yakatanga kuchamhembe-kumavirira uye pakati peCaucasus. Chimwe chikamu chemadzinza ndicho chakakosha pakugadzira zvishandiso uye zvinhu zveimba. Zvisinei, pasinei nekuonekwa kwenguva refu kwezvinhu izvi, hupfumi hwakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma. Mukuwedzera, yakanga isiri yakaderera kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzese dzine zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano zvebasa panguva iyoyo.

Uyezve, nokuda kwezvakawanikwa nevanochera matongo, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti tsika dzekuchera matongo dzeMaikop munguva yaro yekare haina kuisa miganhu yayo kuNorthern Caucasus chete. Kune matanho muChechnya, paTaman Peninsula, kusvika kuDagestan neGeorgia. Nenzira, pamiganhu nemunharaunda maitiro maviri akasiyana (Kuro-Arak naMaikop) anowanikwa, iyo interweaving inowanikwa. Vasati vasvika pamiganhu yenyika, vasayendisiti vaifunga kuti zvikamu mubvunzo zvaiitika panguva dzakasiyana. Uye nepo pasina ruzivo rwemagariro rwekusanganiswa kwemitemo.

Kukohwa tsika

Imwe yezvokuchera matongo zvekuchera matongo yakadzokera kumashure 2-1st mireniyamu BC. E. Nharaunda yemadzinza ari pasi pekufungisisa yakanga yakakura kwazvo, yakabva kuDnieper kuenda kuUals, kubva kuKa kusvika kumahombekombe eGungwa Dzvuku neCaspian. Zita rayo rinokonzerwa nokuwanda kwezvivakwa zvegwaro. Usaramba usingafungi nemhemberero dzemariro, nzvimbo dzekuviga, pamusoro pazvo inowanzovakwa.

Kugara kwemadzinza kwakange kuri pedyo nehova, kazhinji pamatunhu. Kakawanda vaisimbiswa nemiti uye mharaunda. Zvivako pachazvo hazvina kusimbiswa, asi nekunze kwekunodzivirira kunze, izvi hazvina kuitwa. Sezvinoratidzwa, zvivako zvose zvakagadzirwa nematanda, dzimwe nguva kuvaka kwakawedzerwa nevhu rakaumbwa.

Nzira yezvokuchera matongo yakanga yakasiyana, yakafanana nedzimwe dzakawanda, nemaitiro ekuviga. Kusiyana nevatungamiri vavo, madzinza akaona vakafa vari voga, masheji makuru haawanzoitiki. Kuvigwa kwakaitwa mumapoka, munzvimbo imwe pamwe nemamita 10-15. Pane chimiro chechimiro chezvimbo yevakafa - kurutivi, kurutivi rwokumusoro. Vamwe vanovigwa vanobatanidza kupiswa kwevakafa, uyewo kubviswa. Zvinogona kuva vatungamiri vemarudzi kana mapurisa.

Munguva ye cuttings tsika, dzakawanda zvakadzika-pasi pasi ndiro dzakashandiswa. Pakutanga, vakaedza kumushongedza nezvishongo. Gare gare vakaita mapeti kana midziyo. Kana pakanga pane chishongo, chakanga chisingatauri kana chisina kunaka. Chimwe chinhu chinowanikwa mune chero ipi zvayo yekushongedza tableware ndiyo inonyanya kuumbwa kwemajini ejemiometri. Kazhinji takawana zviratidzo zvisinganzwisisiki, izvo vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanofunga kuti kunyorwa kwepakutanga.

Pakutanga, pfuti dzose dzaive dzakagadzirwa nematombo uye zvendarira, asi pakupera kwekupedzisira, kuwedzera kwesimbi kwakaratidzwa. Basa rezvemupfumi raiva kubereka kwemombe, asi hurimi huri huzhinji.

Andronov Culture

Andronovo tsika yezvokuchera matongo yakatumidzwa zita rayo nekuda kwenzvimbo iyo yekutanga inowona yakabatana nayo yakawanikwa. Iyo inotangira kubva pa2-1st mireniyamu BC. E. Mhuri dzaigara kumativi emumusha wemazuva ano weAndronovo (Krasnoyarsk Territory).

Chimwe chikamu chechimiro chinoonekwa sekumera kwezvipfuwo. Vanhu vakagadzira gwai-makumbo mavara, mabhiza ane simba nehando-nzara. Kuvonga mhuka idzi, vakakwanisa kukura nokukurumidza. Mamwe masayendisiti anoratidza kuti Andronovians vakapfuurira kunharaunda yeIndia ndokuisa nheyo dzehupenyu hwavo pariri.

Pakutanga vaAndronovian vaigara muTrans-Urals, ipapo vakatamira kuSiberia, uko vamwe vavo vakaramba vachienda kuKazakhstan. Kusvikira ikozvino, pasinei nekuwanda kwezviwanikwa zvakasiyana-siyana uye zvivakwa, masayendisiti haagoni kugona kuti nei madzinza akasarudza pamakwikwi akawanda ekufamba.

Kana ukafananidza tsika dzose dzekuchera matongo dzeRussia, kurarama muBronze Age, ndiyo yaAndronovs iyo yakave yakanyanya kupesana. Vakagadzira ngoro uye vanogona kurova pamasvingo kana kuti misha yakazara nokukurumidza kupfuura chero ani zvake. Izvi zvichida chikonzero chekufamba, nokuti mukutsvaka upenyu huri nani, vakaedza kuwana nyika yakawanda yakawanda. Uye kana iwe uchifanira-uye uchivakunda.

Yamnaya culture

Pakupera kweBronze Age, chimiro chekugadzirwa kwezvakaitika kare chinopinda muchisimba. Panharaunda yeRussia, madzinza aya anouya achibva kumabvazuva, uye maitiro avo akasiyana-siyana ndeyekuberekwa kwemombe kare. Vanhu vakawanda vakatanga kukura kubva kune zvekurima, izvo zvakangoerekana zvaenda kune kubereka mhuka. Zita rayo rakapiwa kune tsika nekuda kwezvivako zvemufaro. Vakanga vari nyore uye vasina maturo, asi izvi ndizvo zvakavasiyanisa.

Parizvino, tsika yegomba rematongo ndiyo yakanyanya kudzidza. Makoronga acho akanga ari pamusoro pehombekombe, ivo vakaedzwa kubvisa zvakanyanyisa kubva kune nzizi. Zvichida kuti kana kugadzirisa kwacho kuchifashamo munguva yemafashamo, saka vanhu vakave vakarurama. Kazhinji vaiwanika pedyo nehova. Makuva ose akanga ari pamwe chete nezvino, mumapoka madiki (anenge 5 akafa). Nharaunda kubva kune imwe kuvigwa kune imwe inogona kunge yakasiyana zvachose, kubva pamamita makumi mashanu kusvika ku500.

Imba yemigodhi yemidziyo inogadzirwa kubva muvhu. Sezvaiitika munguva yakapfuura, idzi dzaive dzizere-dzakadzika midziyo yemasikisi akasiyana. Pakanga pane amphorae huru, mazviri, zvichida, zviyo newaini zvakachengetwa, pamwe nehope duku. Chigadziro pamusoro pezvokudya chakaitwa nekubatsirwa kwetambo dzakasimba, zvinyorwa zvavo zvakagadzirwa zvose zvakashongedzwa.

Kubva pamatombo, miseve, masvingo nezvimwe zvombo zvakaitwa. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti masango akanga asina kutemwa nemunhu, zvipembenene zvekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakasikwa, izvo zvairema nematombo dai pasi rakanga rakasimba.

Marudzi akashandisa matanda mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kubva kwavakaita zvivakwa zvakaoma zvikuru zvemazuva iwayo. Vakanga vari vatasviki, zvikepe, zvikepe uye ngoro duku.

Mukati yekutsvakurudza, masayendisiti ose akacherechedza kuti kwakatanga sei gomba tsika, madzinza aive nehanya achibata miviri yevakafa, saka ivo vanonzi kwete kwete chete zvinhu asiwo zvekunamata. Uyezve, nyika idzi dzakawedzera simba radzo kumisha yevakidzani.

Zvichida kuti ngoro dzakanga dzisati dzagadzirirwa zvinangwa zvechisimba. Sekubva Andronov, kufanana nedzimwe tsika dzakasiyana-siyana, vaiva varimi vemombe, makemikari akadaro akafanirwa kuvabatsira mukufudza mhuka. Gare gare, madzinza akawana kugadzirwa kwemotokari muuto rehondo, izvo vakabva vashandisa.

Imenkov Culture

Imenkov chichero chekuchera matongo chinotangira kubva pakutanga kweMiddle Ages (4-7th century). Yakanga iri pamunda weTatarstan, Samara uye Ulyanovsk. Uyewo, pane mazita ezvemaini anowirirana nemamwe mimwe mitauro yaive munharaunda.

Mushure mokunge Bhabhironi yauya kumunda wekutsika, vazhinji veImenkovites vakaenda kumadokero. Mushure mechinguva vakaenda kune imwe nhanho yekuvandudza - vakaisa nheyo yeVolyn vanhu. Zvasara zvakasanganiswa nehuwandu uye pakupedzisira zvakarasika zvose zvayo tsika yekuunganidza uye ruzivo.

Imenkov archaeological tsika inobata nzvimbo inokosha pakuvandudzwa kwevanhu vaSlavic. Yaiva madzinza ari mubvunzo ndiye akanga ari wokutanga kutanga hurima. Munguva iyi, vakashandisa masimiro emapuranga ayo mazano ematare akaiswa. Mukuwedzera, mukukohwa, Imenkovs zvakare akashandisa zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano zvemazuva iwayo - zvipfeko zvesimbi nesimbi. Kuchengetwa kwezviyo kunotarirwa kune makadziro akachera, mashizha, zvichienderana nemazuva ano. Kukuya kwezvirimwa kwakaitwa paguyo reguyo riri mubhuku rekushandisa.

Imenkovs yakatanga nokukurumidza, kwete chete mukati nemadzinza avo. Vaiva okudhindira apo zvakanyunguduka nesimbi mined, vamwe dzimba zvikuru akagadzirirwa mhizha. Vaikwanisa kubereka ndiro, kana mazano kuti mapadza, akadai mapanga okuchekerera miti. The kundikurudzira amarudzi yaiva mumisha yakanga yakavakidzana nowedu, nezvipiriso zvavo ruzivo, unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu zvokutengeserana, kurima uye mhuka minda. Naizvozvo, munhu haafaniri wakarerutsa nemagariro nhaka Imenkovs kwete chete vokuRussia, asi nyika uyewo pedyo.

Sezvaunogona kuona, vazhinji matongo tsika Slavs vakauya mundima Russia ano kubva kumabvazuva kana kumavirira. Muchiitiko chokutanga, vanhu vakadzidza itsva siyana uye unhu zvokurima, mhuka minda unyanzvi nyanzvi. marudzi Western vakabatsirawo kukura kunovhima zvombo uye kurwa nemotokari. Chimwe chinhu ndechokuti vamwe - tsika itsva nomumwe akaita abatsira zvikuru mukuru mupfungwa mberi yose avanhu, hazvinei kuti utsanzi mhando makapiwa.