CATALYTIC nekushandura - riri michina yemhando yepamusoro chete kare

Useful ehupfumi mafuta anozivikanwa vanhu kubvira panguva yakare. Rinoshandiswa huni uye mbishi zvokuvakisa kugadzirwa chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers uye mapurasitiki. Panguva iyoyo vanhu hwagara vakatsvaka maximize zvinobatsira yakatorwa kubudiswa Tourism. Mumwe nzira dzakadaro CATALYTIC nekushandura - Maitikiro acho chamuita kuti yepamusoro peturu uye zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon. nzira iyi mafuta kubudiswa yagadzirwa shure muna 1911, uye kubva muna 1939, mabikirwo inoshandiswa musi muindasitiri akamboona. Sezvo Tourism DISTILLATION nzira iri kuramba hwakavandudzika. Nhasi zviri chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru uye inobudirira nzira kubereka peturu dzakakwirira octane nhamba.

mafuta DISTILLATION

CATALYTIC nekushandura - iri gadziriro dehydrogenation (rehydrogen abstraction kubva makemikari Morekuru yeimwe)-membered nhanhatu naphthenes pamberi nickel uye dzimwe simbi yacho Platinum boka pa yakakwirira tembiricha, zvinoita kuti paumbwe zvinonhuwirira yeimwe. Mune mamwe mazwi, mumwe muitiro kuti unobereka mukuru-octane chigadzirwa - reformate - kubva pasi-unhu mbishi zvinhu - twasu-mhanya peturu.

Chikonzero chikuru nokuda iyo vakapararira zvikuru nekushandura - a nehanya zvakatipoteredza. Vasati kuti, kuitira kuti vawane peturu dzakakwirira octane nhamba kushandiswa kutungamirira anotsanangura antiknock. Kana nekushandura choutsi dzinenge vasipo.

The zvichiguma zvinogadzirwa

Nokushandisa Michina iyi zvinoita kubudisa chinokosha petrochemical feedstock - benzene, toluene, inonhuwirira yeHydrocarbon. Nhasi, CATALYTIC nekushandura - ndiro neurongwa simuka mamiriyoni 480 matani petrochemical zvigadzirwa pagore rose.

Huru magumo-inogadzirwa kugadzirwa kutenderera ndiyo reformate - peturu ane octane Rating pakati 93-102. Panguva imwe chete, pane ne-zvigadzirwa - paraffinic Mahydrocarbon, uye 90% rehydrogen gasi, ndoupiko unonyanya wakachena pane vakawana nedzimwe nzira.

Chimwe chigadzirwa muchiridzira CATALYTIC zvokuvandudza, ndiye chemubhotoro. Zvinonzi rakachengetedzwa pamusoro pemvura anowedzera, yekudyidzana achidzikisa kwayakaita. Its kuedza kuderedza nhamba.

CATALYTIC nekushandura Technology

Somunhu feedstock kuti CATALYTIC nekushandura pamusoro naphtha mabasa - mafuta pamwe yakaderera octane nhamba. The yose muitiro rinoitwa muna 3-4 reactors vane yakamisirwa nhovo tiwedzere. The reactors vane interconnected pombi pamwe yakaoma multi-yokuvata maitiro uye kupopotedzana Transitional chigadzirwa.

Catalysts CATALYTIC nekushandura vari keriya - alumina (A1203) yaiteverwa pamwe Platinum crystals. In reactors ari kudziya 480-520 ° C uye kumanikidzwa kubva 1,2 kusvika 4 MPa feedstock iri dzikwanise mukuru-octane aromatics uye isoparaffin. Kakawanda, kuvandudza kutsiga kwacho michina pakutevedzera simbi anodhura (rhenium, germanium, iridium), uye halogens - kuiisa chlorine uye fluorine.

Types CATALYTIC nekushandura

Nhasi tega nzira dzakawanda hwokubereka mukuru-octane peturu uye aromatics kubudikidza CATALYTIC nekushandura zvavaifunga. Ose vatorwa kambani zvinoramba zvakavanzika yayo kugadzirwa nzira. Zvisinei, vari kwakavakirwa huru nzira nhatu:

1. Nekushandura mafuta kuitwa panguva imwe chete muna matatu kana mana reactors dzose. Chaizvoizvo Its iri pakuti nedanho nokuva gombedzero wokutanga zvakazara anova kwadzo, pashure iyo reactor rikaguma sokuvapo akisarareta haangavi kudzorera ehupfumi dzavo.
2. Kuramba maitiro zvidzidzo 2-3 - reagent nguva rwadzorerwa ezvinhu neimwe sezvo wayo goho. Kana izvi zviri kutadzisa, uye pakuberekwa kutsva reactor anotsiviwa ane "zvinoyangarara", tingasarudza.

The soro waivako inogona kubudirira mune kuramba tichiwana maitiro achishandisa regenerating zvinomera uye reactors. The anowedzera, sezvo Kuipa zvivako zvayo, anoiswa mukati rokuzvivandudza rakaita kuti irambe mukamuri, uye panzvimbo yacho "ichangobva kuzovazve reactant" kuparadzirwa kunoitika aljumoplatinovyh yeimwe.

dambudziko guru

Huru dambudziko kuitwawo munhu aichinja - ndiyo paumbwe yakawanda chemubhotoro-kuderedza CATALYTIC nemano aljumoplatinovyh zvinhu. Kugadzirisa Dambudziko iri kuri kutsva kunze achishandisa okisijeni-inert muvhenganiswa ari chemubhotoro pamusoro pemvura reactive zvinhu ari kudziya 300-500 Celsius. Izvi munharaunda masayendisiti anonzi patsva. Zvizere adzorere CATALYTIC chinhu hazvibviri. Sezvo oparesheni iye zvachose kukwegura, uye ipapo akatumira chaiwo chirimwa, umo zvikaramba kubva Platinum nedzimwe simbi zvinodhura.

CATALYTIC nekushandura reactors

nzira iyi kubudiswa Tourism rinoitwa nevanhu siyana zvinomera. Kungodudza zvishomanana wavo:

• Selectoforming. Pano, muvandudzi muitiro rinobatanidza CATALYTIC dehydrogenation pamwe hydrocracking anyatsosarudza.
• Platforming. It chinayo ari reactor 3, uye nguva catalysts kunobva 6 kusvika 12 mwedzi.
• Ultraforming. Mumwe wokutanga zvivako ane "zvinoyangarara" reactor kuti inoitisa pakupora rikurumidze yacho reagent.
• Isoplus. Nokuti chigadzirwa vari rakabatanidzwa nekushandura pezvakaitwa uye chafariz Cracking.

Yainyanya nekushandura mafuta yakagamuchirwa kuNorth America - vari pagore kurongedza kumusoro mamiriyoni 180 matani rwokuzvarwa huni. Panzvimbo yechipiri ndiwo nyika dzokuEurope - Ivo chakaita kuti anenge 93 mln matani. Russia rinogumisa pamusoro matatu ane pagore goho vanenge mamiriyoni 50 matani mafuta.