Bronze - imwe chiwanikwa sezvamunoita. Makemikari anoumba zvendarira

Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva yendarira ndechokuti unokandirwa kubva zvivezwa uye sezvivako. Kutaura zvazviri, simbi kunyimwa vanhu kuteerera usina. Pasina munhoroondo yevanhu yakanga kunyange Bronze Age - yose panguva, panguva iyo chiwanikwa akambomisa hukuru chinzvimbo. Uyu ndiwo mumwe mashoma zvinhu kuti anoshandiswa zvose bhizimisi uye unyanzvi. Unhu vakabatwa ne chiwanikwa yemhangura uye gaba inongova hunokosha mumaindasitiri zhinji. It rinoshandiswa kugadzirwa kwepfuti, muchina building, kubudikidza jekiseni kereke mabhero, uye zvichingodaro. Saka pane nhasi vazhinji simbi mavara, chimwe nechimwe chine zvimwe zvivako pre-modeled.

Kushandiswa yendarira rokupedzisira

The kutaurwa ane chiwanikwa yemhangura uye gaba okutanga yomusi IV chemakore BC. Ndicho ichi zvokugadzira zvinhu budiriro, maererano dzekare, regai budiriro weMesopotamia kutora ari kutungamirira chinzvimbo. Archaeological Kucherwa kunze kumaodzanyemba Iran, anoratidza kushandiswa kwakapararira zvendarira nokuita arrowheads, nemapanga, namapfumo, namatemo, minondo. Pakati anowana pane kunyange musha midziyo, akadai midziyo uye nezvionioni, uyewo zvirongo, amphorae, vases uye mahwendefa. Nokuti dzava kugadzira mari dzekare uye nezvishongo nokuitwa akashandisa chete chiwanikwa.

Bronze muMiddle Ages hunotanga vachishingaira kushandiswa muEurope. Kubva ibereke zvinhu mikuru zvakadaro cannons uye chechi domes. At penguva yakati, pamwe pave zvokuimba engineering, sezvo ichiita mabasa akawanda simbi chiri kuonekwa. Rakanga vakaonga, zvikurukuru Anti kukweshera uye Anti-ngura ehupfumi. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mashoko akashandiswa pamberi, yakanga siyanei izvo nhasi ndiyo nendarira. The chiwanikwa sezvamunoita unotora munhu muzvizhinji muduku tsvina yekudyidzana kanganisa unhu kwayo.

Makemikari anoumba zvendarira ano

Nhasi mune zvinhu inonzi wendarira chiwanikwa chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi zviviri zvemhangura uye netini, izvo zvinogona kushandiswa zvikuru siyana. Kuti simbi yacho yakatarwa pakati unhu kuti hangaiwa ichi chinogona kuwedzerwa zingi, phosphorus, magnesium, kutungamirira uye nesilicon. Kuvapo kwemasanga netsvina noruzivo yanhasi iri kushanda wakaderedzwa kusvika razero.

Muzviitiko zvizhinji sechinhu chinogamuchirika reshiyo emhangura gaba mu kukura 85 kusvika 15 muzana. Kuderedza kuwanda akati rechipiri zvinoriumba, pasi pamwero inoverengeka matambudziko, chikuru ndechipi chimwe chinhanho kuparadzana. Iri izwi rinoreva kuti muitiro metallurgia chiwanikwa stratification uye gogonera nokuomesa.

Kwaiitika chiwanikwa pamusoro wayo yepamusoro ruvara

Ruzivo vanhu vanogona kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro zvinhu, chete nokutarisa noruvara, ine yendarira. The Zvinoumba zvakananga zvazvinoita parameter ichi. Iwe wafungidzira izvozvo, tsvuku Hue anopa chiwanikwa zvemhangura. Naizvozvo, vasanyanye chikamu charo dzimwe zvinoriumba kuchareva zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja ruvara kuti mikukutu zvenzwi.

In kwakajairika jira zvinoriumba (85% mhangura) dzendarira anoumba yellowness. shanduro yakadaro inogona kuwanikwa kakawanda. White chiwanikwa yakawanikwa pashure nokugadzirisa reshiyo kusvika 50:50. Asi yendarira kuva musoro, iwe unofanira kuderedza uwandu emhangura 35%.

Kana shanduko anobatsira zvechadenga chiwanikwa apo kuedza tsvimbo yake, mamiriro acho ezvinhu seizvi. The ductility mashoko achavaponesa zviri gaba mairi. It idukusa zvikuru pliable achava yendarira, asi ichi ichokwadi chete kuti mumwe muganhu. Saka, kana pachiyero 50% yacho chiwanikwa anova nyoro zvakare.

Bronze unyanzvi

Strong uye rakasimba zvinhu, une ichi kana zvakakwana pasi utsotso tembiricha uye ductility zvakanaka, asingagoni kufarira vanhu okusika, kunyanya Artists. Atova V-IV remakore BC kuGreece rakaitwa kuti zvidukuduku mabikirwo mukugadzira kuti mifananidzo dzendarira, iyo ichiri kushanda nanhasi. Inoitwa pakuti wakaumbwa flameproof zvokunyama pakutanga kutsiviwa wakisi, iro rakaparadzwa zvakananga munguva Kudzingwa. Nokuda kwaizvozvi kuswedera akatanga kuti kugadzirwa varinamire womuenzaniso, uye mushure Foroma rekukuputsirai. Wakisi kugutsikana kana vachibatwa tembiricha chete inonyunguduka, uye anotora nzvimbo yaro dzendarira, iyo inotonhodza uye solidifies. Pashure pacho unogona chete kubata uye muuye kukukwana.

atirari simbi

Nokuti kugadzirwa kwepfuti, uye mune ramangwana uye dzimwe nemauto midziyo, kwagara kushandiswa nendarira. The Kuronga chiwanikwa, iro rinoshandiswa zvinangwa izvi kazhinji ine 90% zvemhangura uye 10% gaba chete. Izvi imhaka yokuti zvinhu nokuda pfuti kunofanira kuva kwakasimba zvikuru uye nhaka refu tensile simba. Unhu izvi vane yendarira Brand BrAZhMts10-3-1.5. Kunze huru zvinoriumba racho sezvamunoita mabhati 1,2% kubva manganese, iyo inowedzera frictional netembiricha unhu.

Production chechi bhero

Bell kurira anofanira kuva melodic, asi inzwi rayo vanofanira kufadza nzeve nechokure. Oddly zvakakwana, asi rendarira ane zvokuridza tarenda. Kuti uvandudze kwayo kurira bhero yakaitwa kubva chiwanikwa rurefu gaba kugutsikana (20 kusvika 22%). Dzimwe nguva, uyewo inowedzera zvishoma esirivha. Stamps dzendarira, izvo akashandiswa zvaAtemisi mabhero nezvimwe percussion zvinoridzwa kushanda mune mamwe maindasitiri zirokwazvo kukodzera. Izvi imhaka yokuti chiwanikwa ichi ane yakanaka tsanga marongerwo uye kwakawedzera fragility.

Phosphoric asidhi uye aruminiyamu yendarira

chiwanikwa First rinoumbwa 90% mhangura, uye 9% kuti gaba uye 1% phosphorus rakaiswa pa 1871 Künzel gore. Akanzi phosphor yendarira, uye mashoko akawana kushanda kwayo kunyanya zvokuimba mapurani. Akaiumbira zvakasiyana-siyana muchina zvikamu kuti kupesvedzera vawedzere kukweshera. Phosphorus anodiwa kuwedzera elasticity uye mukuvandudza anticorrosive zvivako. The chikuru mukana simbi ichi ndechokuti zvakakwana inozadza chero dzegirini ari kuraswa.

Aluminum yendarira, murwiyo izvo akasiyana refu zviri zvendarira (95%), chitarisiko zvakafanana zvikuru goridhe. Kuwedzera runako, ane zvimwe zvakanakira akawanda. Somuenzaniso, kuwedzera 5% aruminiyamu chiwanikwa inoita kukurira refu uchinzwa hasha runyararo zvakadai hyperacidity.

Sezvo zvinhu nokuti zvaAtemisi siyana muchina zvikamu, kushingaira simbi kunenge kwose kuribvisa nendarira phosphoric pepa zvigayo uye upfu kugadzirwa nokuda yakakwirira yemabhuku atsamwira.

Nesilicon uye ndarira manganese

Nesilicon inowedzerwa chiwanikwa kunatsiridza conductivity. Ndiyo mhando zvaishandiswa zvaAtemisi waya runhare. Reference nesilicon yendarira sezvamunoita iri sezvinotevera: 97,12% mhangura, 1.14% netini, 0,05% nesilicon.

Yakaomesesa muitiro mvumo anozvirumbidza chiwanikwa chine manganese. The yose nzira kunoitika mumatanho dzakawanda. First ferromangan akawedzera yakaumbwa mhangura. Zvadaro, mushure tembiricha zvakafanorongwa, akawedzera kuti netini, zinc, kana zvichidikanwa. British makasimba pronssi Company manufactures mhando dzakawanda nendarira manganese, kuva akasiyana viscosity neukukutu. Kuita zvakafanana chiwanikwa anogona munenge maindasitiri ose.