3M Ndege: nhoroondo yokusika uye kukura, michina nokurondedzerwa

3M ndege - Soviet inokosha bhomba, izvo ndashanda mana emakore. Munhoroondo ndege iyi yakanga yakawanda zviitiko zvakasiyana. Akapedzisira akamuka zvakavhenganiswa mukurumbira. Vamwe ichi ndege zvashata womuenzaniso, nepo vamwe vanoona kubudirira zvikuru. Zvisinei, 3M ndege, nhoroondo iyo yave nhau dzedu kukurukura, zvakakodzera sezvo chakakomba chirongwa ndege weSoviet.

MARARAMIRO OF THE

Mukupera 1940s, apo paiva chombo yenyukireya, zvakava zvakakodzera wayo zvokufambisa uye Mobile hurukuro kune achida nzvimbo. Military kunzwisisa vaida bhomba kuti unhu aigona kupfuudza zvinowanikwa panguva muenzaniso uri 1.5-2 nguva. Saka pfungwa inokosha bhomba rakaumbwa. America akatanga kuva ndege izvi pamberi. Muna 1946, vaviri chete American avhiyesheni kambani - "Boeing" uye "Convair" - mubasa kukura zvine urongwa bhomba. Saka, kutanga kutiza muna 1952 vakaita ndege B-52 uye B-60. Both mhando dzakasiyana dzavo vamutangira yakakwirira sirin'i uye anoyevedza nokukurumidza uye siyana.

Start okukura

MuSoviet Union yakatanga yakafanana kukura ane chinokosha kunonoka. Zvakatanga nepfungwa yokuti mugadziri B. Myasischev, purofesa panguva Moscow Aviation Institute, akataura kuti hurumende kuumba inokosha bhomba kukwanisawo kubhururuka kusvika 12,000 makiromita. Somugumisiro, mune zano nyanzvi, Stalin akasarudza pamusoro yayo basa zvipe Myasishcheva kukura kwayo aronga ndege, asi akaringira yakaoma deadlines. Development aifanira kupedzwa May 24, 1951. Council of Ministries of USSR akarayira kuvakwa ndege anosikwa pashure kuguma OKB-23 MAP. mugadziri Chief vakava Myasischev. Nokukurumidza Air Force mukuru ari mukuru tactical uye michina zvinodiwa muchina kunge vanotenderwa. Kunonyanyisa Range kwaisafanira asingasviki zviuru 12 makiromita ane nebhomba mutoro matani 5. The ndege aifanira kubhururuka panguva nokumhanya 900 km / h panguva imwe kukwira pamusoro 9 makiromita.

Time dzinounzwa kugadzira uye kuvaka bhomba kuti "Project 25" (sezvazvakanyorwa yainzi panguva kukura), vakakumbira nokuda magadzirirwo Bureau of pamwe nemamwe masangano akawanda ari indasitiri: mamwe magadzirirwo mahofisi, kutsvakurudza ne mafekitari.

The zviitiko yokutanga

The ndege yokutanga yakanga achiita yokunyora nokudhirowa L. Selyakov - aiva basa akagadzira, aerodynamics uye prochnista panguva imwe chete. B. Myasischev nguva mubasa paumbwe mumapoka, madhipatimendi uye zvikwata. The chikwata akasikwa zvakafanana pamwe bhomba. Munguva pfupi gadzira chirongwa rakagadzirwa uye anotenderwa. Panguva iyoyo zvakanga yakatanga kugadzirwa michina, zvikurukuru nokuti Soviet Union haana vobva ndege yakakura kudaro uye rinorema. Nokuti muchina waida itsva hukuru zvitarisiko uye zvinhu, uyewo Nomenclature.

The bhomba aifanira kuva zvakanaka aerodynamic chaitwa, vava nokukurumidza uye kuva chiedza sezvinobvira. The vagadziri akateerera zvikuru chimiro bapiro. Kwemwedzi mitanhatu huchangotanga mhepo mugero wokutanga TsAGI akaedza akasiyana-siyana yokutevedzera, kusvikira kwakawanikwa Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri. Created bapiro yaiva nekaupenyu chiedza, aiva aida kuchinja magumo migove uye decompression anoitwa maumbirwo. Zvakanaka kurwisa kufurira flutter. Bapiro mudzi dzichengeterwe Motors, mumwe nomumwe ane mhepo yaunodya. With yaigona kubvisa yakawiriranwa zvinoitwa injini kana anoshandira modes siyana. Mokugezera vave muAtlantic muna chinjikira uye kutwasuka ndege pa 4 inegumi. chiyero Izvi zvakanga zvakakodzera kubviswa inopisa gasi ndege kubva fuselage uye empennage.

midziyo

Power chirimwa bhomba zvaisanganisira mana Mikulino simba ndege injini kuvakwa. tsvimbo yavo yakanga 8700 KG. Pamasikiro simba chirimwa bhidha yakaitwa kuti kunonyanyisa rakavimbika. Panzira, maererano chepakutanga design, ndege akanga vakapakata injini matatu ane chezano 13.000 kgf. Zvisinei, OKB Dobrynin haana nguva pfupi yakadaro kugadzirira prototypes pamusoro injini izvi.

Tinofanira kutaura yasarudzwa Ipfungwa vagadziri bhomba chassis. Kudzidza simba pakati kufamba rinorema ndege akadaro runway inokosha nyanzvi boka rakarongwa. Pakutanga vaiona akawanda Mazano chassis: mureza makumbo matatu, multisupporting uye kuchovha. Panguva bvunzo pachayo zvakanakisisa kuratidzwa chassis zvakavakwa kubva kuchovha vanoronga mberi "vzdyblivayuscheysya" trolley uye lateral struts akaronga panguva kumigumo mapapiro. Ndege aifamba zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro runway uye akabvisa kuti aida urefu nokuchengeta imwe kumhanya kutanga.

Headache peya kwemavhiri akatasva trolley pamberi, nezvatinovavarira panguva diki akachinjikana siyana (15 + ^0). Kana vaviri akatendeuka, mirayiridzo kufamba trolleys zvakachinja, uye pashure pacho chikashanduka uye mirayiridzo ndege yose. In "vzdyblivaniya" rudzi, pamberi peya kwemavhiri yokuva unmanageable. Panguva yokupedzisira pavaipfuura yasimuka pamusoro ndege mhino rwakasimudzwa, kundosvikazve pakona kurwiswa yakawedzera. Kubatanidzwa mutyairi wacho yasimuka raiva shoma. zano iri kuedzwa pamusoro zvinobhururuka rabhoritari "Tu-4", tricycle kumhara giya izvo zvakananga chakatsiva bhasikoro. Paivawo muenzaniso yoga electrically vakavhiyiwa trolleys. Noruzivo chassis mimwe huchibva yakazara kunzwisisa miedzo uye akasimbisa suitability ayo aizoshandiswa pamusoro bhomba.

Ndege bhomba mutoro waiva matani 24 uye chikuru caliber mabhomba - 9000 makirogiramu. Pamusana Radar pamberi BPM-4 yakanga akapa zvakarurama kubhomba. Ari bhomba aiva zvombo akanaka simba pakuzvimirira. Inoitwa nhanhatu otomatiki pfuti caliber 23 mm. Vakanga yakaiswa necheni nhatu muhombe dzakabatana chokumusoro, yakaderera uye neshure fuselage. The vashandi, iine vanhu vasere, muNzvimbo zviviri pressurized kabhini. Zvigaro vabudiswa pasi kuburikidza madhoo.

bvunzo

By December 1952 bhomba kumumvuri yakavakwa. Uye musi waJanuary 20 gore rinouya, motokari kokutanga vanomutswa mudenga. Flight bvunzo mutyairi aitungamirirwa F. Opadchiy. Kubva zuva raitanga akurumidze yaigadzira mharidzo nemiedzo. Ivo kusvikira April 15, 1954. The kunonoka kwaiva kuchikonzerwa bulkiness uye kunzwisisa kwakaita bvunzo.

The kunonyanyisa ndege kurema ndege vakasvika matani 181,5. Its kumhanya panzvimbo kukwira pamusoro 6700 M akanga akaenzana 947 makiromita paawa. Service siringi (kunonyanyisa range) uye uremu matani 138 akanga 12.500 mamita. Designers vakakwanisa kuisa mungarava guru Vhoriyamu mafuta matangi. Vakaisa 132 390 litres peturu. Zvisinei, kufadza aitarisira aihuitira 123600 litres.

Muna 1954, rimwe bvunzo raiwanzobatana kumumvuri yechipiri, yakanga mupfupi 1 mamita mhino mugove, a makuru bapiro nzvimbo uye nezvimwe okunatsiridza zviduku. Mainjiniya vakatanga kugadzirira vakawanda kweShanduro bhomba. By nguva ino mukukudza akagadzira Myasishcheva muchina ainzi "Airplane M". "3M" - code kuti akanzi muenzaniso gare gare. Asi pakutanga, rainzi M-4.

Miedzo havana yakanakisisa nzira. On vakawanda ndege waivako nechokwadi mirayiridzo, asi chikuru kudiwa - kufadza siyana nematani 5 mabhomba mungarava - akasagona kusangana. Mushure kudzokororwa kwemaBhaibheri ekare akawanda bhomba achiri vakanga vava. Asi mubvunzo kukwana ndege Range rakavhurika.

kugadziridzwa

Kuti vagadzirise dambudziko apa, munhu bhomba riri kupfuura simba uye asi mari injini RD-3M, iyo yakatanga P. Barb. Bhomba mutsva simba chirimwa vakagamuchira indekisi "3M". Kutaura zvazviri, Motors vari dzakachinjwa shanduro AM-3A injini. Traction panguva kunonyanyisa vachikwanisa yakawedzera kusvika 9500 kgf. Uyezve, kuisa RD-3M aiva zvashata muoti, izvo zvinoitirwawo kukundikana injini simba inowedzerawo 10 500kGs vamwe. With midziyo simba rakadaro 3M ndege aigona kusvika aimhanya 930 km / h achibhururuka pasina kumbomira daro 8100? Km.

Mukutsvaka ichi mikana kuwedzera kutiza siyana haina kupera. Chechipiri bvunzo shanduro vakapakata refueling ezvinhu yakataurwa OKB Alekseev. Chaioneka "shamhu" pakugamuchira chinhu huni pamusoro nzvimbo yemutekenyi. Zvakanaka ngarava vakapakata kweimwe tangi, kupomba midziyo uye winch.

Nepo ndege akasikwa 3M Myasishcheva yakafanana basa rakanga raitwa pamusoro pokumuka ayo mukuru-simuka shanduro, iyo vakagamuchira nokushanda wenyaya 2M. Ndicho vagadziri kumboronga kumisa pakarepo mana turbojet injini HP-5 - pamusoro pylons pasi bapiro vakaparadzana. Zvisinei, magadzirirwe "mukuru kukwira" akamira kubvira shanduro 3M akakwanisa kusvika ayo nepurani unhu.

3M Air: budiriro

Pasinei chakanaka kuita, muenzaniso rakapfuurira kuti ichishanduka. March 27, 1956 wokutanga ndege pamusoro 3M motokari. The ndege akagamuchira itsva injini VD-7 aiva chezano 11.000 kgf. Zvisinei, vakayera zvishoma uye zvishoma apedza mafuta. Chokutanga, Ndege iri vakapakata michini itsva mbiri, uye 1957 - zvose mana. Kuburikidza kugadzwa idzva configuration wamapapiro uye kuvandudzika zvainyanya ari chinjikira muswe aerodynamic chatingatevedzera ndege yakawedzera zvinooneka. Mukuwedzera, vhoriyamu yakanga yawedzera mafuta matangi. It vakakwanisa kuzadzisa izvi, kusanganisira kuburikidza outboard matangi. Vaviri vavo risungirirwe vari bhomba apo pakapinda (kana bhomba mutoro anobvumirwa), uye vamwe vaviri - pasi pemapapiro, pakati Motors.

3M ndege, hunhu yatiri kukurukura nhasi, akapiwa lightweight chakagadzirwa. Zvisinei, uremu hwake achiri akasimuka matani 193, uye pamwe donhwe matangi, uye kunyange zvakawanda - matani 202. Nokufamba kwenguva, pamberi chikamu fuselage yakazviwanira marongerwo itsva. Paiva mukana anozunungusa kanyanga yemapurisa kubva fuselage mhino chikamu, rave chokuwedzera 1 mita. With itsva wekushandisa midziyo 3M ndege aigona pakudzidza kubhomba kubva kumusoro kukwira chero nguva uye chero ezvinhu.

Somugumisiro ose kuvandudzika zvakakonzera kuti kufadza chikuva, zvichienzaniswa yapfuura shanduro yakawedzera 40%. With imwe refueling, donhwe dzehondo uye vaifanira bhomba mutoro mufananidzo uyu vakapfuura 15,000? Km. Kuti akunde daro rakadaro, ndege aifanira kuva maawa anenge 20. Saka, paiva netarisiro kurishandisa sechinhu intercontinental bhomba. 3M ndege chaiwo muchina kuti pakutanga vaida kusika Myasischev kuita zvakawanda basa, uye achitsigirwa Stalin.

Chimwe dzinonakidza unhu 3M ndechokuti rinogona kushandiswa kumberi mugungwa Avangard. Torpedoes vakapinda mudonzvo mukwanisi zvombo, asi vari kushandiswa chaizvo kashoma. miedzo Chokutanga rwaiitwa pemvura chisarudzo bhomba achiri kumumvuri M-4.

3M ndege makodzero

Ndege mushure richangobva zvinhu rakazoshandiswa ndokuiswazve kugadzirwa. Muna 1959, vezvikepe N. Goryainov uye Bi Stepanov, pamwe chete zvikwata zvavo yakaiswa pamusoro payo zvinyorwa nyika 12. Pakati pavo paiva chichibuda 10-savi zvinhu kusvika nekukwirira zvinopfuura 15 makiromita uye usimuke kune 55-savi nhumbi kuti kukwirira 2 makiromita. Matafura World Records Ndege inonzi 201M. Mugore iroro, bvunzo mufambisi A. Sticky uye chikwata chake akaisa nomwe nokukurumidza chinyorwa pamusoro namahwindo nzira, pamwe kunosiyana inosiyana loading. Aine mutoro uremu matani 25, akava kukurumidza 1028 km / h. In zvitupa 3M Myasishcheva ndege akadana zvakare musi mumwe - 103M.

Kana bhomba idzva akapinda basa, chikamu kare kubudiswa shanduro M-4, izvo zvakasiyana simba chete simba chirimwa, rave vatendeukira ngarava.

Zvinetso mukushanda uye injini itsva

Pasinei wepamusorosoro kuita, ndege akanga wandei matambudziko. Anokosha vavo ndechokuti nguva pakati overhauls injini VD-7 akanga akaderera zvikuru kupfuura injini RD-3M-500A. Naizvozvo, nokuti ndiite urongwa pakugadzira injini kazhinji achinja. Apo nezvinetso HP-7, mundege kuisa ivavo chete RD-3M, iro rakatanga kubudirira muenzaniso. Nesimba iri chirimwa rainzi 3ms. Zvechokwadi, achienzaniswa ndege 3M akaratidza zvakaipisisa zvabuda, asi zvaiva nani zvikuru pane ayo Ivan Kuchin - shanduro M-4. Zvikurukuru, pasina refueling ZMS ndege yaigona kubhururuka 9.400 makiromita.

Nezvinetso injini vaibvumirwa yokugadziridza kukura VD-7b. Kurebesa upenyu injini, kuti vagadziri vaifanira kuderedza ayo chebasa kuti ufanane RD-3M. Yakanga 9500 Madzimabo. Tinofanira kubvuma kuti, pasinei nokuti injini upenyu yaitanga uye yakawedzera kakawanda, haana kusvika pachiyero RD-3M. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakawanda, Kuipa maitiro siyana, nokuda kushanda nesimba chirimwa, 15% kupfuura kusunungurwa kure 3ms.

Nadzurudzo pamwe VD-7b injini anonzi 3MN. Nechokunze akasiyana shanduro 3ms chete bhoneti. Pamusoro Hood pakati VD-7b vakarambidzwa madhoo takagadzirirwa venting inopisa mhepo kubva pasi mabhandi yokunzvenga. Anotiza, ndege zvakare zvakasiyana: VD-7b injini akasiya zvakanaka akacherekedza kutevera youtsi.

Recent okunatsiridza

Muna 1960 akauya rimwe nadzurudzo pamusoro ndege, iyo yainzi 3MD. It aibudisa zvikuru yepamusoro michina uye akavandudzika aerodynamics. Motor kumbochinja.

Mugore 60th reShanduro ndege akatanga kusviba zvishoma nezvishoma, uye nokukurumidza kurega zvachose. Utungamiri nyika kwakaita haachatauri pokutanga kure rocketry. Saka, mumwe Ndege okunatsiridza vakagamuchira injini VD-7P zita 3ME, akaramba prototypes. Yasimuka vaise injini yakawedzera kusvika 11300 Madzimabo. Miedzo rwaiitwa muna 1963. Zvisinei, vanhu vachiri kuyeuka ndege 3M - nhoroondo Model hazvirevi kuguma pano.

Pamwe zvinoderedza uwandu inokosha Ndege, vamwe vavo (Shanduro 3ms uye 3MN) dzikwanise kwematangi kuti wedzera. Ivo refueled mumhepo se "Tu-95", uye vasara zvombo zvazvinoita 3M ndege. Petrol 3M, saka, akachinja shanduro M-4-2. Asi, chokwadi, yaiva zvose chimwe muchina, chete zvakasiyana Motors uye vakarondedzera kukurukurirana.

senga matambudziko

Mukupera 70s kwaidiwa iri chokufambisa vamapoka itsva chombo zvakaoma pamwe mafekitari muna Baikonur cosmodrome. Nokuda guru kukura, uremu uye vakadzikama chokufambisa daro, hapana mhando conveyor havagoni kugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Somuenzaniso, nechepakati tangi launcher pakureba 40 uye upamhi - 8 mamita. B. Myasischev akayeuchidza nezvake uye vakabayira kutakura mitoro pamusoro fuselage kuti bhomba ake. 3M ndege panguva iyoyo kare wakasuduruka kumusika, uye akanga ari mukuru mugadziri Myasischev patsva muna 1967 OKB. Muna 1978 akatora ake chaiko. Apo Vladimir akafa (October 14, 1978), basa rake rakanga zvakaramba V. Fedotov.

Kuti arege kunonoka pave, kuvakwa uye kuidzwa mutakuri ndege, vatatu vakasarudzwa ngarava. Vakabva pakarepo akatuma kuedza kuziva utera. Somugumisiro, ndege akatambira itsva pepuranga uye itsva eDare fuselage. Tailpiece rearranged uye chokuwedzera 7 mamita. The plumage aiva maviri-keel. Wandei hurongwa nemagungano vave nani kana kutsiviwa. On ndege akaisa zvikuru simba injini VD-7M pamwe avabvisa afterburner, vaise iyo yakasvika 11.000 Madzimabo. The chete michini, asi pamwe afterburner, yakaiswa pa "Tu-22" Zvisinei, akanga atova yapiwa.

Somugumisiro, zvakanzi dzakabudirira shanu inotakura ndege configurations, rimwe nerimwe, kwakakonzerwa chaiyo simba uye ndege unhu, akaronga kuti nhumbi imwe uremu. The muenzaniso anonzi 3M-T. Mumwe ndege vatatu akavaka akachinjirwa TsAGI kuti kunofambira mberi miedzo. A mberi akashongedzerwa nomumwe tsvimbo refueling.

Muna 1980, kuti nezvifambiso Ndege 3M-T yakatanga akamutswa kudenga. A bvunzo mutyairi Kucherenko kutanga zvifambiswe nhumbi paari musi waJanuary 6 gore rinouya. Naizvozvo Ndege zita "Atlas ZM-T." Musi transporters pane akatevedzana rakachengetedzwa zvaitakura zvinhu zvinopfuura 150 pa Baikonur. Vakasudurukira zvose guru zvikamu zvivako "Energy" uye "Bhutan". 3M Commercial Aircraft, mapikicha panguva imwe nguva akanga vakaziva zvose, agara pamitambo siyana ndege, kusanganisira panguva mhepo anoratidza muna 1992.

Pakupedzisira zvinokosha kuziva kuti ndege "Tu-134A-3M", iro dzimwe nguva kuvhiringidzwa gamba nyaya yedu nokuda "3M" indekisi muzita, hapana ukama pazviri havasi. Vose "Tu-134" - mutakurwi. A ndege "Tu-134A-3M" uye anoita ndiwo VIP-shanduro nadzurudzo okurima 134SKH.

mhedziso

Muna 2003, ivo rechi50 gore iri M-4 ndege yokutanga ndege, waiva dangwe mumhuri Ndege Soviet. Zvinoshamisa, 3M wokuenzanisira ndege ichiri kuwanikwa muna Air Force muhondo dzakabatana. Tinofanira chete vanofanira kuyemura tarenda vagadziri vakakwanisa mune post-yehondo zvakaoma kuvaka unyanzvi, ane simba mukana yakadaro.