B. Fisher, mumwe wechesi mutambi: Biography, mapikicha uye zvaachakwanisa kuita

Robert Dzheyms "Bobby" Fischer - wechesi mutambi kubva pasi pose, rechi11 shasha mukuranga ichi munyika. Pakati kwayo pahwaro yakagadzirwa uye Introduction kudzidzira itsva mhando kudzora nguva inobva kuwedzera mushure nomumwe sitiroko. Similar Chess Wachi dzinonzi muvambi waro - "Fischer wachi". Vakanga patented naye muna 1990.

Children uye vechidiki

Akaberekwa Fisher - March 9, 1943. baba vake aiva madzinza German, uye mai vake Swiss nemidzi vechiJudha. Pazera makore maviri, Bobby akapona njodzi yokutanga muupenyu - baba vake kusiya mhuri. Akadzokera kuna Germany, uye amai pamwe nevana vakatamira kuBrooklyn.

Zvakaitika chokutanga kuridza wechesi zvakaitika makore matanhatu. Mukoma uyo akadzidzisa Robert uye James kutamba navo pakarepo akaona munun'una wake dzinongoitika tarenda nzira. Mumakore akazotevera akanga nguva hwakavandudzika mune nyama yemhuka wechesi. Kuwanikwa wakanakisisa ndangariro akwanise kudzidza mitauro yakawanda (chiSpanish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, German), uye vane ruzivo dzimwe wechesi mabhuku akadaro akadzidza Bobby chepakutanga.

kutanga makwikwi

Somuyaruki, Fisher muchirongwa makwikwi akawanda. Asi mugumisiro guru rokutanga kwaiva kukunda kwake US Junior Championship (1957). A gore gare gare zvose congratulated Bobby vaine zita mudziviriri America. Rakanga wokutanga munhoroondo-makore 14 National shasha. Asi kukunda ichi akanga achangobva akatanga kushamisika Fans dzavo. Muna 1958, ndava nemakore gumi, Bobby akava gotwe grandmaster munyika.

Around iyoyowo namashanu Fischer, iyo wechesi player pfupa, akasiya chikoro kuzvipira zvachose kuna wechesi. Musoro wenyika shasha - zviri kurota kwake anokosha. Uye Bobby hunoramba kuenda chinangwa ichi.

Zvisinei, kufarira kuti mitambo hakungoitwi chete wechesi. Murume uyu akasiyana nevamwe hwaibatanidzwawo muna tenesi, kushambira, Skiing uye Skating.

kokutanga kumedura munyika ushasha kuAmerican wechesi Fischer akaedza muna 1959. Aiva mumwe vechikamu pamusoro mutambo Vakwikwidzi kuti nyika musoro muYugoslavia. Asi nguva ino akatadza.

chokutanga mhosva

Muna 1962, rinotevera musarudzo Tournament rakaitirwa muCuraçao. Izvi Wakapedzisira mutambo pamberi Fisher kwemakore mana-refu zororo. Akabva akakundawo zvakare, kupedza panzvimbo rechina. Nemhaka iyi akawana zvikonzero ake uye tsanangudzo. Aidavira kuti pakati vechikamu paiva vatambi vakawanda kubva Soviet Union. A mhando shure kusvikira Bobby haana kukwanisa achitsoropodza kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu. Akabva aziva kuti hazvisi ari vakwikwidzi, uye havakwanisi kuti unyanzvi hwake.

Kukura wechesi basa

Pashure paizvozvo, akakunda dzakatevedzana kukunda makuru zvikuru nomukurumbira Tournaments, achiva mumwe akasimba vatambi munyika. Panguva iyoyo, Fischer - chess, bato iyo yakaitirwa America, kusvika 100% yakaguma winnings ake, mberi kunosimbisa chinzvimbo asingakundiki mumutambo uyu. Panguva US Open muna 1963, akakunda ane akakwana mugumisiro. Munguva kubva 1960 kusvika 1970, vaitungamirira chikwata munyika yake panguva World yeOlympic, akapedza 65 mitambo: 40 izvo akakunda 18 akauyisa SWEDERA uye arasika 7 chete.

Mukutanga manonwe, akatanga kuratidza rekodhi zvabuda. The bato pamwe shasha munyika iri musarudzo Tournament 1971, akapedza kudzidza pamwe isina kumboitika mugumisiro - 85% of pfungwa.

Bobby Fischer - the wechesi mutambi ane scandalous hunhu

Uyu murume kwakabatanidzwa isingawanzowanikwi chipo wechesi uye kunyanyisa kuzvikudza uye scandalous. Iye anogara uye kwose kwose vakatsvaka kuisa pachake kupfuura dzimwe vakwikwidzi, vachirayira neropafadzo. Kazhinji akatosvika dzinotyora mitemo, zvichiita unhu zvomuenzaniso kurwisa pazuva varongi ari makwikwi uye vakwikwidzi. Somuenzaniso, sezvo nhengo Interzonal muna Sousse muna 1967, iye categorically akataura kuti, maererano muchitendero, haune machisi neChishanu uye Mugovera anogona chete kuridza pashure nomwe o'clock manheru. The varongi akandosangana naye uye purogiramu yake remachisa maererano izvi zvinodiwa. Zvisinei, musi uyu ake "vachida" kwete pamusoro asi. Akaenderera mberi vakarayira kuti vamwe mubato iri Saturday, zvakare, akatanga chete pashure 19,00. chikumbiro ichi vachinyara Chokwadi, wakarambwa, pashure iyo Bobby Fischer, kuti wechesi mutambi ane scandalous hunhu, uye haana "mate" kuti undere zvose uye haaratidzi nokuda machisi maviri. Maererano mirau, mapato aya akatadza naye vakaverenga haangaverengwi, achipindura kuti kuramba kwake kusangana ari mutambo.

Fisher akaratidza zvabuda, zvichiita kuti aremekedzwe pakati vatambi. Asi panguva imwe chete, nokuti kakawanda mhosva nokuda ruremekedzo, kwokunyanyisa uye kunyanyisa yaanoti ake munhu. In kururamisira zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvakawedzera zvinodiwa zvose zvaidiwa uye kuti ukuru Tangai, vakabatsira kuti kuvandudzika ose mutambo upenyu hwakanaka vatambi. Zvikurukuru, somugumisiro kugara achishora kubudikidza Fisher akanga yakawedzera kakawanda duku ukuru mubayiro dziva kwenyika ushasha. Nevamwe kazhinji jokingly akamuti "mubatanidzwa wedu," achiziva sezvo anoedza wechesi airemekedzwa.

nyika shasha

Mune ushasha machisi muna 1972, yakaitirwa Reykjavik, apo Fischer akaridza noruoko Boris Spassky, akakunda pamwe mamakisi pamusoro 12,5: 8.5.

Kukunda mutambo pamwe Spassky Wakapedzisira yepamutemo dies reDare Fisher. Akunda wenyaya shasha itsva, akatanga kutamba kashoma, uye ipapo chete kasina. Zvesimba panguva huru Tournaments pasisina. Vanhu vakamupoteredza akaona mukuru kusembura kuti kutsva kuzvikudza shasha. Uye hwakanyanya marwadzo kunyange kufunga nezvomukana kukundwa kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti Fischer - wechesi mutambi vasingagoni asi zvakare kufadza mafeni zvavo zvinoshamisa kukunda, chokwadi, vakabva kure.

Nei kwete mutambo chete Karpov

Long pamberi machisi pamwe Anatoliem Karpovym anotonga shasha aisa mberi akawandisa zvinodiwa (pamusoro 64) kuti sangano racho uye mufambiro. Vazhinji vavo vakanga evasingatombonamati inoshanda hunhu, kunyange vazhinji yaiita kuziva. Zvaringana kushandisa muenzaniso mumwe wavo: Fischer vakarayira kuti pamukova mukamuri, apo pane mutambo, vose madikanwa bara headgear. Paivawo avo ezvinhu, zviri pachena zvaipesana isingachinji netsika nenguva makwikwi mhando iyi. Izvi zvose zvinoratidza kuti nzira B. Fischer, kuti wechesi mutambi, asina kubvumira kunyange kufunga kukundwa ake, akaedza kuvhiringa machisi ane anokumhan'arira vaigona kuva nesimba kupfuura iye.

The kuitika shasha wakadzikwa zvinotevera zvinodiwa kuti mutambo mitemo: rinofanira kugara kusvika 10 kuhwina mitambo, pasingaverengwi vakasamukweva; uwandu kumapati chero nzira hakufaniri yaidzorwa; kana mamakisi ari 9: 9, musoro kuchagara Fischer.

Kana maviri pfungwa mutambo nguva yokutanga zvakanga zvisingaiti kufungidzira. Aigona zvaiwanzoitika inoverengeka, iyo yaizova isingagamuchiriki. Saka, basa rine achitungamirira nhengo Fide akasarudza kuti 6 mitambo dzakakundwa achava zvakakwana. Chii Bobby "pangozi" maererano kuramba ari wechesi korona, uye mutambo pamwe Karpov. Pano, musangano vakaita zvichemo. Uwandu mitambo dzakakundwa akamutswa kuti 9. chete chinodiwa rimwe zvakarurama vaiona penga uye ichidzvinyirira, haana kusangana. Tiri kutaura bhiri. Pashure pezvose, kana yezviri nhoroondo iri 9: 8 vachida Karpov, ipapo kuti ndiwane vari chinotevera mutambo iye zvechokwadi vanofanira kuhwina, kureva, wacho ane kuhwina 2 mitambo kupfuura kutonga shasha.

Mukupindura, Fischer achiri akaramba mutambo, nokuti yaakanga arasika ake wechesi korona. Anatoly Karpov akazivisa shasha, uye Fisher kuti kuita kuti refu inokurukurwa wechesi zvakatipoteredza nguva.

reclusion

Bobby Fischer - the wechesi mutambi (ona pazasi mufananidzo.), Ine eccentric hunhu chinhu chakadai, pashure munhu akatadza machisi pamwe Karpov haasisina zvinobatanidzwa mukuru Chess makwikwi. Zvinozivikanwa kuti muna 1976-1977, akaratidza chido rokubata mutambo pamwe kutonga shasha Karpov uye kunyange kuitwa kwakadzama panyaya. Asi havana kubudirira, uye musangano havana kutora nzvimbo. Zvinonzi aizivikanwawo kuti vatambi zvakadai Enrike Meking, Svetozar Gligoric, Viktor Korchnoi uye Jan Timman, akanga kufarira Fisher sevanogona vorongerwa, asiwo navo mitambo hakuna asvika.

Mukupera manonwe, mapepanhau akashuma kuti Fischer akabatana manamatiro kapoka "World Church yoMusiki." Zvisinei, mushure magumo chakakundikana wenyika, uyo yakafanotaura mutungamiri waro, vakabuda kechitendero.

Pamakore okupedzisira oupenyu uye rufu

Kusvikira muna 1992, zita wechesi Fischer akapotsa haana kuonekwa pachaunga. Mugore iroro pakarepo anobvumirana kuti pfungwa iri reYugoslavia vezvokutengeserana bhenga kuridza mutambo pamwe Anatoliem Karpovym. Fischer kuhwina nayo, asi, sezvataurwa ne vatsoropodzi vakawanda, vose vatenzi zviri unyanzvi, zvichienzaniswa chokwadi kuti chinoratidzwa kwema1970, yadzikira zvikuru.

Zvichitevera kukunda zvakateverwa chinyadzo, apesane yemutero uye US State Department. Chokwadi chokuti Fisher, akatora mugove mutambo, vakakanganisa dzakawanda zvirango randinogara mune boycott Yugoslavia, akazivisa United States. Uyewo, haana mutero pamusoro winnings. Pashure paizvozvo Bobby haana chete tisingasaruri akataura pamusoro hurumende US. Somugumisiro, vakauya pasi chokwadi kuti pasipoti yake vakanga yakabviswa. Kana pashure penguva yakati akaedza kuenda States, akasungwa uye akatongerwa 8 months mujeri.

Pashure mujeri rake, akanga akagara Iceland, muna Reykjavik. Akafa Bobby Fischer - the wechesi mutambi, ane Biography izere zvakasiyana uye dzinopikisana zviitiko zvakadaro, kubva itsvo kukundikana January 17, 2008.