Antarctic gwenga: rwokuzvarwa nharaunda

Antarctic gwenga - guru uye chando munyika, dzinoratidzwa makuru nokufamba kupisa uye kusazvikudza kunonaya kutopedza. Riri kumaodzanyemba yepasi, achitora zvachose kondinendi rechitanhatu - Antarctica.

mumagwenga Cool Wenyika

Gwenga vanhu vose kumutsa shamwari kupisa, zvakawanda expanses jecha nemiti diki. Zvisinei, munyika mune mhando inotonhora - zviri kweArctic uye gwenga Antarctic. Kuvadaidza saka nekuda yakasimba echando pakavha inoremerwa chando. Nokuda yakaderera tembiricha mhepo haigoni kuramba hunyoro, saka zvaoma chaizvo.

By kunayisa aiona zvinhu dzinotiyeuchidza kuchipisa rwezasi, dzakadai Sahara, saka vasayendisiti uye akavapa zita "renje inotonhora".

Nzvimbo Dzine kweArctic uye Antarctic mumarenje - ndiyo nharaunda makondinendi uye zvitsuwa dzakapoteredza North Pole (Arctic) uye kumaodzanyemba (Antarctic), vachirondedzera ukuwo, kusvikira kweArctic uye Antarctic okunze zvikamu. Ivo rinoumbwa echando uye dombo vanenge vasina upenyu, asi pasi chando, masayendisiti akawana tusingaoneki.

Antarctica

Renje Antarctic ndiyo mamiriyoni 13.8 cubic metres sq., Ndeupi nzvimbo echando kondinendi, riri munzvimbo South Pole wenyika. Kumativi ose nayo okumavirira nyanza akawanda: Pacific, Atlantic uye Indian, pemahombekombe akaumbwa chando.

The nenzvimbo nzvimbo Antarctic mumarenje kuti uitore Antarctica, vakatsunga kwete chete nokuda yakaoma nzvimbo, asiwo zviwi, yaiva yakapoteredza. Munewo Antarctic Peninsula, jutting kubuda mugungwa makadzika chete zita. On muganhu Antarctica nhema Mountains Transantarctic kuti vagovane kondinendi kupinda 2 kumativi: okumabvazuva uye vokumadokero.

hafu Western riri pachikuva uye Antarctic ari munzvimbo dzine makomo akareba anenge 5 km. Muchikamu ichi pane anoputika, rimwe iro - Erebus - kuita, ari pachitsuwa muGungwa Ross. In kumahombekombe nzvimbo pane oases, pakanga pasina chando. Izvi zviduku mapani uye makomo inonzi nunataks, vane nzvimbo 40 zviuru. M., Zvayaiva pamusoro Pacific egungwa. On huru pane Makungwa nenzizi kuti kungowanikwa muzhizha. masayendisiti Total akawana 140 subglacial madhamu. Chete mumwe wavo haadi -oma - Lake Vostok. Kumabvazuva - chikuru kubudikidza ndima uye coldest.

Mineral zvinhu zviri pakadzika kondinendi: esimbi ferrous neasiri ferrous nesimbi, Mika, graphite, marasha, pane mashoko uranium exchange reserves, goridhe uye mangoda. Under zvekungofungira masayendisiti, Vanodzidza, pane deposits yemafuta uye gasi, asi nekuda noutsinye okunze, migodhi zvinhu hazvibviri.

Antarctic yerenje okunze

Kumaodzanyemba yakaoma uye kwazvo kutonhora kwekunze, inova nokuda inotungamirwa chando uye yakaoma mhepo Rwako. Antarctica iri mune Antarctic okunze mapazi Nyika.

In yechando tembiricha inogona kusvika -80 ° C, mu yechirimo - -20 ° C. Ko vasununguka muganhu nharaunda umo lämpömittari muzhizha rinosvika -10 ° C, iyo imhaka wakasununguka chakajairika inonzi "albedo" - kupangidza kupisa kubva chando pamusoro. Nhoroondo tembiricha yepasisa hwakanyorwa pano muna 1983 uye vakasvika -89,2 ° C.

Kuwanda kunayisa - shoma pamusoro 200 mm rose gore, ivo acho chete nesinou. Izvi imhaka zvikuru chando, izvo unoomesa kuti mwando, izvo zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuzodana Antarctic murenje driest nzvimbo panyika.

Okunze pano ndiyo musiyano; pakati yacho zvishoma kunayisa (50 mm), mhepo inotonhora pamhenderekedzo zvishoma nyanyisa (kusvika 90 m / s), uye kunayisa kwava 300 mm pagore. Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti uwandu nechando mvura sezvo chando uye chando Antarctica 90% of zvachose nyika reserves mvura yakachena.

Chimwe chinokosha zvechadenga murenje - dutu. Pano ivo kuitika chete chando, uye mhepo nokukurumidza munguva chinhu chiri 320 km / h.

Nhungamiro kubva pakati kusvika huru kumhenderekedzo nguva dzose kuenda kufamba pasherefu echando ari rechando muparadzane muzhizha, dzikaumba maturakiti icebergs kuti vanotanga mugungwa.

The Vagari yacho

Antarctica haana zvachose vagari, maererano dzakawanda chinzvimbo haina kuva chero mamiriro. On mundima Antarctic murenje munzvimbo dziri chete tsvakurudzo dzemapurisa apo masayendisiti ari mubasa tsvakurudzo. Dzimwe nguva pane nzvimbo kana zvemitambo rwendo.

Kuwanda tsvakurudzo masayendisiti, anogara ari pakutsvakurudza dzemapurisa, panguva zhizha yawedzera kusvika 4 zviuru vanhu chando -. Only 1 zviuru Maererano zvinyorwa, vanhu vanobva vokutanga pano vakanga American, Norwegian uye British whalers, aigara pachitsuwa South Georgia, asi pamwe. 1966 whaling rakarambidzwa.

nharaunda The yose Antarctic renje - chinhu kungoti kwindi, yakapoteredzwa zvakawanda expanses echando uye chando.

The biosphere kwesango kondinendi

The biosphere muna Antarctica rakakamurwa zvikamu akawanda:

• kwemhenderekedzo huru uye zvitsuwa;
• oasis iri kure nemhenderekedzo;
• nunataks nharaunda (makomo pedyo yemapurisa "Rugare", makomo dziri Victoria Land, etc ...);
• Ice papepa nzvimbo.

The vakapfuma kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka iri nepagungwa mapazi, umo kurarama mhuka uye vazhinji Antarctic. Vakaguta zooplankton kubva mvura mugungwa (krill). Land mhuka pamusoro kondinendi haisi zvachose.

In nunataks uye kumahombekombe oases vanogona chete kurarama utachiona, lichens uye algae, nehonye uye copepods, dzimwe nguva kubhururuka kuva shiri. Chinonyanya yakanaka okunze mapazi - the Antarctic Peninsula.

muriwo nyika

Plants Antarctic Mugwenga chokuita chokwadi kuti kwaiva mamiriyoni emakore akapfuura, panguva kuvapo kondinendi yose Gondwana. Zvino zvakawanda mishoma mhando mosses uye lichens, izvo, maererano vasayendisiti, vanopfuura chiuru. 5 Years.

On Peninsula uye zvitsuwa dzakapoteredza vakawana maruva zvinomera, uye yakachena mvura oases kurarama yebhuruu-uswa algae, izvo zvinoumba goko uye kufukidza pasi reservoirs.

Nhamba lichen kwemarudzi 200, uye chikwindi anenge 70. Algae yemanyorero agadzirise muzhizha apo chando thawing uye inotungamirwa miviri diki mvura, uye kunogona akasiyana-siyana, nokusika zvivara munhu multi-mavara chinoratidza uswa kure.

Found 2 chete mhando maruva zvinomera:

• Pearlwort reQuito, kuva nemhuri Caryophyllaceae. It is miriwo mu "piro" chimiro, yakashongedzwa maruva duku chena kana chiedza-yellow hues vanenge 5 cm.
• Antarctic bvudzi uswa kubva uswa mhuri. Inokura zvizere zuva, izvozvo inobvumira chando, inokura kusvika masendimita 20.

Animals chando gwenga

The Fauna of Antarctic ari murombo chaizvo nokuda kutonhora kwekunze uye kushaya zvokudya. Mhuka kurarama chete munzvimbo pane miti kana zooplankton mugungwa, uye vari akakamurwa 2 mapoka: pano uye hwemvura.

Flying tumbuyu regai, nekuda simba mhepo inotonhora, havagoni kuwana kure pasi. Zvisinei, pane oases pamusoro mites, uye wingless nenhunzi uye springtails. Chete iyi munharaunda mhenyu wingless midge, ndicho chikamu chikuru mhuka nyika Antarctic murenje - nayo Bélgica Antarctica kukura 10-11 mm (mufananidzo pazasi).

In Freshwater reservoirs muzhizha unogona kuwana zvokutanga fauna of, uyewo rotifers, nematodes uye ezasi crustaceans.

Mhuka Antarctica

The Fauna of Antarctica anewo shoma uye aripo kunyanya mumhenderekedzo yegungwa mapazi:

• PENGUIN 17 howa: Adele, Imperial and unto;.
• micherechedzo: Weddell (kureba 3 m), uye cynomolgus dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya chisimbiso-ingwe (m 4, nedebwe iri mavara mavara), gungwa shumba, nemicherechedzo Ross (akapa vocal);
• Vanorarama mugungwa hove huru dzichichera pamusoro crustaceans diki, hove uye chando;
• muramba hombe, richisvika 150 makirogiramu muviri uremu;
• dzimwe shiri wagara pano muzhizha, ndinosika kukura dendere uye kako: gulls, albatrosses, chena plover, cormorants, bhiza guru, petrels, kuchamhembe pintail.

The kupfuura mumiririri mhuka marudzi - a Penguinkuva, iyo rakajairika Imperial chipenyu pamhenderekedzo huru. Urefu anogona kusvika izvi akanaka munhu (160 cm), uye uremu - makirogiramu 60.

Chimwe mumiririri vakawanda shiri - Adelie PENGUIN, ruduku iyo vachikura 50 masendimita uye kurema asingapfuuri 3 makirogiramu.

Mararamiro of Antarctic uye richengetedzwe

Continental chando mumarenje uye mvura inotonhorera nyanza akapoteredza Antarctica, vanomirira ane mararamiro yaigarwa zvipenyu kuripo pano kwezviuru zvemakore. Zvokudya chikuru mhuka - munhu phytoplankton.

Nokuda nokudziya, mazizaya uye chando zvavo muna Antarctica zvishoma nezvishoma kuenda, kutamira pedyo pamhenderekedzo. Ice echiShinto itye zvishoma nezvishoma, zvishoma nezvishoma achifumura ivhu, kutanga nani. zvakatipoteredza chirimwa vanhu. Zvisinei, kuti chidzoke vasiri chizvarwa yemiti havasi kugamuchirwa pamusoro kondinendi.

Mararamiro ose Antarctica uye Antarctic murenje anofanira kuchengetedzwa kubva pakaita mhando upenyu "womutorwa", saka munhu wose anouya pano musayendisiti kana tourist zvakaitika fanira kurapwa. In nedanho Flushing kunoitika uye kuparadzwa zvikamu zvinomera kana spores.

Maererano Agreement chasainwa nenyika 44 yenyika, riri pamuganhu Antarctica akarambidzwa remapazi zvechiuto uye miedzo, mune Vol. H. Nuclear, mwaranzi inoraswa. Chete vakabvumira tsvakurudzo.