Amphibian - chii ichi? Common zvinhu uye chitarisiko mhuka

Amphibians - ndivo yakananga zvizvarwa Crossopterygii. Vakaonekwa makore mamiriyoni 380 apfuura, uye gare gare akabereka kirasi nezvinokambaira. Sei amphibians? Chii chakasiyana nezvimwe mhuka uye rudzii upenyu ivo kutungamirira?

Amphibian - chii here?

Maererano dzimwe shanduro, hove crossopterygian vakanga vagere vokutanga madziva vaigona kuenda panyika. Kugona nzvimbo itsva uye kuti ajairane ezvinhu akasiyana, zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kuchinja, achipa pave itsva venyama - amphibians.

"Amphibian" - shoko rechiGiriki rinoshandurwa kuti se "mhando mbiri upenyu." In zvipenyu, rinoreva mhuka vaigara panyika uye mumvura. Mugore Russian mazwi zvikuru zvinonzwisisika, sezvo amphibians - zviri Dzinogara pose mumvura nepanyika.

Kare, pfungwa kunorevawo zvisimbiso uye otters, asi yakazonzi zvinosanganisira chete vertebrates mana makumbo marefu kuti murege kuva amniotes. Modern amphibians kirasi anofukidza chete salamanders, caecilians, newts uye matatya. Pamwe pane 5 kusvika 6.7 zviuru marudzi.

tsanangudzo pfupi boka

Amphibians - vari vertebrates kuti mhuka umambo vari zvenguva pakati hove uye nezvinokambaira. nhengo dzakawanda humwewo nguva upenyu mumvura uye panyika. Pamuviri uye kutanga kukura neruzhinji kunoitika mumvura, uye kukura, ivo pano upenyu. Dzimwe kurarama chete mumvura.

amphibians Most regai kushivirira nechando, vanosarudza kudziya, nzvimbo nyorovera, asi anogona kurarama munzvimbo isina mvura nzvimbo. Under yaivhuvhuta ezvinhu, vanogona dzinorara kwenguva refu kana kushandura nguva basa Somuenzaniso, kubva usiku kusvikira zuva. Zvisinei, vamwe dzemarudzi vakagara kure kuchamhembe Somuenzaniso, Siberian salamander.

Amphibians kugadzirisa pedo Freshwater reservoirs, uye dzimwe nguva akarara mazana avo, kunyange zvakadzama puddles. Chete vashoma rudzi inowanikwa yomugungwa. Development Kazhinji achiteverwa muzvikamu zvina: zai (caviar), dukutu, metamorphosis uye mukuru. In salamanders dziripo uye mhenyu pakuberekwa.

Nhengo dzose mukirasi simba muviri, saka zvavasingakwanisi kudzidza miriwo chikafu. Amphibians muri zvikara uye uchidzidza tumbuyu, invertebrates diki, uye dzimwe nguva hama dzavo. shiri Large kudya hove duku, nhiyo nemakonzo. Chete mazana chikafu miti tailless kukupfura.

Sei vanotarisika?

External maumbirwo amphibians yakasiyana chaizvo. Group caudate, izvo zvinosanganisira newts uye salamanders, nechitarisiko afanane madzvinyu. Ivo vachikura 20 masendimita. muviri ravo elongated uye rinopera refu muswe. Mutsipa, musana uye makumbo pamberi vane pfupi.

Matatya tailless amphibians. Vane yakakura zvishoma flattened muviri uye mutsipa pfupi. The muswe inowanika chete tadpoles mudariro. Mbabvu dzavo elongated akatsivama, vari anombotwasanudza panguva achisvetukasvetuka, kushambira (dzinokosha nzira misha). Minwe matatya uye salamanders chokuita ne Utava ganda.

Caecilians - ichi Dzinogara pose mumvura nepanyika chikwata "legless". Nechokunze, vanotarira akafanana nehonye kana nyoka. hukuru hwavo siyana masendimita gumi mita. Caecilians vasina maoko nemakumbo, uye muswe iri pfupi. muviri wavo yakafukidzwa chikero uye madota mavara nhema kana shava matauriro, dzimwe nguva nzvimbo kana mitsetse.

STRUCTURAL zvinhu

Ganda vertebrates, multilayer, asi dzakaonda zvakakwana. Rine mumasero kuti secrete madzihwa anofukidza muviri wose. Nawo pamwe vakatakura mweya. Pamusoro pemvura, kufema amphibians inoita nyore, uye mhando kurarama kazhinji mumvura, vane gills.

Three-chambered moyo amphibians, vaviri makamera ari kuchengetwa chete salamanders. Two kuparadzirwa: zviduku. tembiricha muviri hakusi kugara uye kunobva kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza.

Brain amphibian mukuru mune hove uye neeSultan kubva 0.30% (ndima Tailed) kuti 0,73% (tailless) kurema muviri. chiratidzo chavo anokwanisa kusiyanisa mavara. Meso läpinäkyvä pabutiro ezasi uye yokumusoro kukotsira Rakaunyana. Ivo kusiyanisa kuravira akaipa uye anogona totsunga wakawanda chete uye unovava.

The ganda Nde muviri unotora munhu muzvizhinji havambozivi uye tsinga harinzwi. In tadpoles uye hwemvura mhando hove akachengetedzwa lateral line, riri basa dzidziso iri muchadenga.

Vanoverengeka tailless madzihwa pamusoro ganda rine muchetura. Kazhinji, hazvina kukuvadza vanhu uye rinoshandiswa kuti disinfection pamusoro hukawanika. Zvisinei, uturu zvimwe Tropical kwemarudzi kungava nengozi. Saka, duku yeyero datya (ona mufananidzo pamusoro), zvinotyisa listoglaz chimwe chezvinhu dzenyoka zvisikwa munyika.