Amateur Radio mugamuchiri: unhu

Amateur redhiyo kanyanga kugamuchira mazana ezviuru redhiyo anonongedzera panguva imwe chete. maitikiro kwavo dzingasiyana zvichienderana nokupfuuridzirwa pamusoro refu, unosvikirwa, pfupi, Ultra pfupi nemafungu uye terevhizheni zvisungo. Pakati pavo kushandisa mudzidzi, yehurumende, yezvokutengeserana zvomumvura nezvimwe zvechitima. The amplitudes of anonongedzera zvokudya kusvikira mugamuchiri kanyanga chiyamuro, vanosanganisira asingasviki 1 MV kune millivolts zhinji. Amateur redhiyo contactsGoogle kuitika panguva pamwero ane microvolts shoma. Kudomwa mudzidzi mugamuchiri paviri: selection, amplification, uye demodulation ari kutsvakwa redhiyo chiratidzo, avhare vamwe vose. Amateur redhiyo vagamuchiri anowanikwa kana yoga kana somunhu chezvinonhuwira pakati transceiver.

The chikuru zvinoumba mugamuchiri

Hamu redhiyo vagamuchiri vanofanira kukwanisa kugamuchira zvikuru simba zviratidzo, kuti kuvaparadzanisa kubva ruzha uye mukuru-simba pazviteshi, vanogara varipo mudenga. Nokudaro chengetedzo kwavo uye demodulation kunoda kutsiga yakakwana. Uchitikurudzira kuita (uye mutengo) ari redhiyo kunobva nehanya, selectivity uye isimbe. Pane zvimwe zvinhu zvine chokuita mabasa mudziyo. Izvi zvinosanganisira nhau uye kuverenga kakawanda, demodulation muoti kana kuonekwa kuti LF, MF, Zvakanaka hf, VHF maredhiyo, simba zvinodiwa. Nepo vagamuchiri vari kuzivikanwa, vose kunzwisisa uye kuita nokutsigira 4 chikuru kushanda: mabiko, selectivity, demodulation uye kubereka. Vamwe zvinosanganisirawo enhancers kuwedzera chiratidzo pamwero kuti zvinogamuchirika tsika.

mutambo

Ndicho mano mugamuchiri kubata simba anonongedzera unganidzwa nokuda kanyanga. Nokuti redhiyo, chikamu ichi anonyanya nechokuita nehanya. mhando Most ane Cascades wandei amplification inodiwa kuwedzera chiratidzo simba kubva microvolts kune volts. Saka, zvinonyatsorehwa mugamuchiri pfuma inogona kusvika murayiro miriyoni imwe.

Beginners hams zvinobatsira kuziva kuti mugamuchiri utetsa iri kukanganiswa zvemagetsi ruzha zvakapararira munyika kanyanga redunhu uye mudziyo, kunyanya mune mazano uye RF modules. Ivo munguva chafariz excitation kondakita mamorekuru uye gudzazwi zvinoriumba zvakadai transistors uye sepombi. Kazhinji, zvemagetsi ruzha iri maitikiro zvaanoda uye kunowedzera tembiricha uye bandwidth.

Chero ruzha aripo mugamuchiri kanyanga zviteshi vari yakakura pamwe akagamuchira chiratidzo. Saka, pane muganhu pakati nehanya of receiver. Most mhando ano vanogona kugamuchira 1 MV zvichidzika. nokurondedzerwa vakawanda vanoti chikamu ichi microvolts 10 db. Somuenzaniso, kuti nehanya kuti 0.5 MV 10 db zvinoreva kuti amplitude ruzha zvakapararira munyika mugamuchiri kubudikidza vanenge 10 db pazasi chiratidzo pakati 0.5 MV. Nemamwe mashoko, mugamuchiri ruzha pamwero inenge 0,16 MV. chiratidzo chipi pazasi ukoshi ichi bindepinde uye havazovi anzwike mune mutauri.

At frequencies ose 20-30 MHz zvokunze ruzha (ratinoona uye murume-akaita) Kazhinji kwakakwirira zvikuru zvemukati chipingaidzo. vagamuchiri akawanda wanda kwakakwanira chiratidzo kubudiswa munyika iyi kakawanda siyana.

selectivity

Kukwanisa iyi vorega mugamuchiri kune vaida chiratidzo uye ramba vasingadiwi. In vagamuchiri vachishandisa mukuru-Q LC-Sefa kuti kupfuura chete rakamanikana bandwidth. Saka, mugamuchiri bandwidth kunokosha kubvisa anonongedzera ndisingadiwi. Selectivity vazhinji DV-vagamuchiri ari hurongwa anoverengeka zana Hertz. Izvi zvokuti Anosakurawo kubva dzakawanda anonongedzera kuti vari pedyo uchishandisa maitikiro. All mudzidzi redhiyo vagamuchiri Zvakanaka hf uye SV neeSultan vanofanira zvokusarudza anenge 2500 Hz kuti inzwi mudzidzi mabiko. vagamuchiri zhinji uye transceivers ET / switchable Zvakanaka hf filters zvinoshandiswa kupa optimum kugamuchirwa chiratidzo chipi mhando.

Demodulation, kana kuonekwa

muitiro uyu kupatsanurwa LF-chikamu (kurira) kubva kuuya modulated keriya chiratidzo. The demodulation matunhu vachishandisa transistors kana mwenje. The maviri emhando dzakawanda zvinowanzovapo michina inoshandiswa RF vagamuchiri, - a diode nokuda LW uye MW, uye LW akakodzera chisanganiso kana Zvakanaka hf.

playback

Kwokupedzisira kwacho is mabiko chiratidzo dzakaonekwa mune okuteerera chikafu kumutauri kana pamahedhifoni. Kazhinji, amplification ane simba goho pamusoro detector pechikuva rinoshandiswa kumusoro kunyatsoshanda. Audio gudzazwi goho riri ipapo zvokudya kune mukurukuri kana earphone kuti kubereka.

Most redhiyo vagamuchiri mudzidzi vane mutauri dzakawanda uye Headphone goho Jack. Simple kuroorwa Danho Audio gudzazwi yakakodzera kushandiswa ne pamahedhifoni. Nokuti mukurukuri zvinowanzoda 2 kana 3-Danho Audio gudzazwi.

nyore vagamuchiri

Vagamuchiri nokuti redhiyo wokutanga mudziyo uri nyore kushandisa iyo chaisanganisira oscillatory redunhu, kristallodetektora uye pamahedhifoni. Vaigona kutora yeredhiyo yomunharaunda. Zvisinei, kuti sekristaro detector haasi kukwanisa zvakarurama demodulate kuti anonongedzera LW kana SW. Uyezve, nehanya uye selectivity vanoronga akadaro kukwana kuti mudzidzi basa. Kuwedzera navo nokuwedzera kuti okuteerera gudzazwi kuti goho yacho detector.

Radio zvakananga amplification

The nehanya uye selectivity kunogona nani nokuwedzera mumwe kana kupfuura nzendo. Izvi rworudzi mudziyo unonzi zvakananga mugamuchiri inopfumisa. Vazhinji vezvokutengeserana SW Pavanopiwa '20s uye' 30s. Tiri kushandisa zvinotevera zano. Vamwe vavo vaiva pfuma Danho 2-4 kuwana zvinodiwa nehanya uye selectivity.

zvakananga kutendeuka mugamuchiri

Iri nyore uye akakurumbira kusvika pakugamuchira uye Zvakanaka hf ET. The chiyamuro mureza zvokudya kuti detector pamwe chete RF jenareta. wandei Last kakawanda kupfuura (kana pazasi) vokutanga kukwanisa kugamuchira kwemwoyo. Somuenzaniso, kana mazano 7155,0 kHz, uye RF jenareta iri configured kuti 7155,4 kHz, ipapo nokusanganisa ari detector pave kurira 400 Hz. Last anouya mukuru-simba kuburikidza rakamanikana chaizvo zvakarekodhwa firita. Selectivity iyi mhando mugamuchiri kunokwanisika vachishandisa LC-oscillatory mumatunhu uye kurira detector pamberi Sefa pakati detector uye zvakarekodhwa gudzazwi.

superheterodyne

Kunotangwa mukutanga 1930s kuitira kubvisa dzakawanda anotarisana mhando vakuru mudzidzi redhiyo vagamuchiri. Nhasi superheterodyne mugamuchiri inoshandiswa inenge mhando dzose redhiyo mabasa, kusanganisira mudzidzi redhiyo, zvokutengeserana, uyewo amplitude uye kakawanda vachisiyanisa inzwi uye terevhizheni. Musiyano mukuru kubva zvakananga-amplification vagamuchiri is huri kuuya RF chiratidzo kuti zvenguva (KANA).

RF gudzazwi

Vanoumba LC-nematunhu kuti anopa vamwe selectivity uye shoma amplification pane zvaaida maitikiro. The RF gudzazwi zvakare zvinowedzera kubatsira maviri ari superheterodyne receiver. Chekutanga, izvozvo oga ari chisanganiso mumatanho uye oscillator redunhu yomunharaunda kuti kanyanga. Nokuti redhiyo, kunakisa iri pakuti attenuated undesired anonongedzera vane maitikiro iri nekaviri vakumbira.

jenareta

Vaifanira kuumba sinusoidal chiratidzo pamwe nokugara amplitude, ane maitikiro kwakasiyana mutakuri mazano achishandisa kukosha akaenzana KANA. Jenareta unoitisa vibrations, izvo zvinogona maitikiro kana kumusoro kana pazasi mutakuri. sarudzo iri pakutsvaga bandwidth zvinodiwa uye configuring RF. Vazhinji pamagungano kudaro NE-vagamuchiri uchingodzikira mudzidzi bhendi VHF-mugamuchiri generating ane chiyamuro kakawanda kupfuura mutakuri.

chisanganiso

Chinangwa chikwata ichi is kakawanda ari kuuya akaendesa chiratidzo kuna KANA-gudzazwi maitikiro. Chisanganiso 4 outputs huru goho chiratidzo kubva 2 chiyamuro: f _1, f _2, f ₁ + F _2, f ₁ -f _2. Mune superheterodyne mugamuchiri iri chete kushandiswa kana mari yavo kana musiyano. Vamwe vanogona kukonzera chipingaidzo kana matanho akakodzera haana kutorwa.

KANA gudzazwi

Zvinoitwa KANA gudzazwi ari superheterodyne mugamuchiri zvakanakisisa chinorondedzerwa maererano pfuma (CG) uye selectivity. Kazhinji, parameters izvi takatsunga ne KANA gudzazwi. The selectivity of DAI gudzazwi kuti ave akaenzana upamhi kuuya modulated RF chiratidzo bhendi. Kana, ipapo chero pedyo maitikiro iri akapembera uye chikonzero chipingaidzo. Ukuwo, kana selectivity iri diki, zvimwe zvisungo lateral dzinobviswa. Izvi zvinotisvitsa kurasikirwa tsanangudzo inzwi kubva mutauri kana pamahedhifoni.

The optimum pfupi-mugamuchiri bandwidth ndiyo 2300-2500 Hz. Kunyange zvazvo vamwe rokumusoro divi zvisungo chokuita nokutaura anonongedzera mhiri 2500 Hz, kurasikirwa kwavo hakurevi yekudyidzana kukanganisa inzwi kana mashoko wakapiwa kubudikidza opareta. 400-500 Hz selectivity yakakwana ET. Izvi nepaburi boka kunobatsira kuramba chero chiratidzo pakati pedyo kakawanda, izvo zvinogona kuvhiringidza mabiko. In mudzidzi maredhiyo, mutengo izvo pamusoro anoshandiswa maviri kana kupfuura Pazvinoitika KANA amplification ane zvikuru crystalline kana isati zvokuimba firita. With urongwa uhwu, pakati zvidhinha anoshandiswa LC-matunhu inverter converters.

Selection of zvenguva kakawanda vagara vandifungira zvinoverengeka, izvo zvinosanganisira: kunowedzera selectivity uye chiratidzo kudzvinyirira. Nokuti yakaderera kakawanda zvisungo (80 uye 40 m) inverter rakashandiswa dzakawanda dzemazuva ano mudzidzi redhiyo vagamuchiri ndiyo 455 kHz. KANA amplifiers vanogona kwazvo pfuma uye selectivity pamusoro 400-2500 Hz.

Michina uye urove oscillators

Kuonekwa, kana demodulation, rinorondedzerwa so muitiro weboka Audio kakawanda zvinoumba ari modulated keriya chiratidzo. Michina iri superheterodyne vagamuchiri, kunonziwo chesekondari, asi chikuru chisanganiso chinhu raiva pedyo nebundu.

Otomatiki pfuma kuzvidzora

Chinangwa AGC Unit riri kuramba kugara goho chiratidzo pamwero, pasinei nokuchinja mazano. Radio mafungu pakuwanza kuburikidza ionosphere, ipapo simba, ipapo augmented nokuda Chiitiko aizivikanwa kupera. Izvi zvinotisvitsa nokuchinja nokugamuchirwa pamwero panguva kanyanga chengarava mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokosha. Sezvo kunogadzirisika voltage chiratidzo Proportional kuti amplitude ari kugamuchira detector, chikamu rinogona kushandiswa pakutonga. For vagamuchiri achishandisa rambi kana npn-transistors panguva nodes anotangira detector, kuderedza KU kunaka voltage rikashandiswa. Amplifiers uye mixers, uchishandisa pnp-transistors zvinoda zvakanaka voltage.

Vamwe redhiyo vagamuchiri mudzidzi, kunyanya yakanakisisa transistor kuva gudzazwi pamwe otomatiki pakutonga kuti mukuru kudzora zvechadenga mudziyo. Automatic kugadziridza anogona kuva akasiyana nguva constants nokuti mifananidzo akasiyana anonongedzera. Nguva dzose anosarudza ya kudzorwa pashure kugumiswa rokushandura. Somuenzaniso, panguva zvikamu pakati mitsara Zvakanaka hf mugamuchiri kuti pakarepo atangezve zvizere dzokusatendeseka, kuparadza kunetsa anzwike ruzha.

Kuyerwa chiratidzo simba

Mune dzimwe vagamuchiri, uye transceivers kunopa nechiidzo achiratidza hama nesimba nhepfenyuro. Kazhinji mugove kunogadzirisika of KANA chiratidzo kubva detector zvokudya kune micro- kana milliammeter. Kana mugamuchiri ane AGC gudzazwi, chikwata ichi anogonawo kushandiswa kudzora kuratidzwa. Vazhinji rwokuyera mano vari calibrated mu S-zviumbu (1 kusvika 9) izvo anenge 6 db shanduko akagamuchira chiratidzo simba. Paavhareji kuverenga kana S-9 rinoshandiswa kuratidza mwero 50 MV. Yokumusoro hafu S-mita pamwero calibrated mu decibels kumusoro S-9, yemanyorero kusvika 60 db. Izvi zvinoreva kuti simba akagamuchira chiratidzo pa 60 db pamusoro 50 UV uye kuenzana 50 MV.

The chakarurama iri kashoma yakarurama, nokuti basa rake riri kufurirwa zvinhu zvakawanda. Zvisinei, zvinobatsira chaizvo kuziva hama kusimba kuuya anonongedzera, uyewo vachiongorora kana rakamiswa receiver. In transceivers dzakawanda chakarurama zvinoshanda kuratidza mamiriro mudziyo features, akadai yokupedzisira RF gudzazwi kuitika uye RF goho simba.

Chipingaidzo uye Nokuremara

Beginners hams zvinobatsira kuziva kuti chero mugamuchiri uinako aiomerwa nokugamuchirwa nokuda zvitatu zvinokonzera: nechinzwano zvokunze ruzha uye inovhiringidza anonongedzera. External RF chipingaidzo, zvikurukuru pazasi 20 MHz, dzakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura zvinorwisana vaya. Chete panguva dzakakwirira frequencies mugamuchiri nodes vanoumba kurwisa simba chaizvo zviratidzo. Vazhinji ruzha zvakapararira munzvimbo yokutanga chinogumbura, sezvo vari redhiyo-kakawanda gudzazwi, uye mune kupindana chisanganiso. Kuedza vakawanda vakaitwa kuderedza womukati mugamuchiri ruzha kushoma pamwero. Somugumisiro, paiva pasi ruzha matunhu uye zvinoriumba.

External chipingaidzo kunogona kukonzera matambudziko negashiro simba zviratidzo nokuda kwezvikonzero zviviri. Chokutanga, ruzha dzakabatwa kanyanga, anogona masiki Mukutepfenyura. Kana zvapedzisira riri pedyo kana pasi pachiyero kuuya ruzha, mabiko zvisingaiti. Vamwe dzaishandisa noruzivo vanogona kugamuchira nhepfenyuro kuFar East, kunyange yakakwirira chipingaidzo, asi inzwi nemamwe mudzidzi anonongedzera mu izvi ezvinhu havasi pachena.