Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Prize, nekuti chigadzirwa uye panguva paakavapa?

Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn - Nobel Prize weNobel, kuRussia munyori mukuru uye nomukurumbira. zita rake chokuita Patriarchate wenyika mabhuku chekare, izvozvo ane yokusafa utsinye uye categorical zvandakatonga pamusoro zvose zvakaitika munyika mumazuva ake. Solzhenitsyn akakwanisa kutaura kuwana uye nyika mashoko nokuda mamiriyoni, kusimudzira National pfungwa, waitsigira kururamisira uye kunaka.

Solzhenitsyn: Provenance

"Chii zvinokudzwa pakati pavanhu zvinonyangadza Mwari!" - nharo yokuRussia mabhuku mukuru zvisingaiti mumazuva edu. Hard-akahwina basa Aleksandra Isaevicha anoshumira zvakananga simbiso kuziva kwake mano chokwadi chokuvapo kwevanhu. Akazvarwa munyori muna 1918 muna North Caucasus, mwanakomana vatama kubva Kuban vanhuwo zvavo. vabereki Solzhenitsyn vaiva vanhu vakangwara, kuverenga uye sayenzi dzinokosha. Aleksandra Isaevicha baba vakafa pamberi panguva World War First, haana kuona mwana wake. Amai munyori, Taisia Zakharovna, akawana basa mutaipi pashure murume afa, aifanira kufamba zvishoma Sasha muna Rostov-on-Don. Pano uye muduku kumba munyori mukuru.

Rudo mabhuku kubva pauduku

Zvinenge sokuti, yemberi Aleksandra Isaevicha aiva foregone mhedziso chikoro. Chokwadi, vadzidzisi kuyemura incredible kugona mucheche, uye vakasagona kufungidzira kuti Solzhenitsyn akahwina Mubayiro kuti "chokuita simba nako akatevera hunokosha tsika mabhuku Russian" - kuti inonzwika zita saka mukuru muchikwata. Kunyange zvakadaro, pfungwa anyore achisiyanisa mukomana chinosiyanisa kubvira nhamba yevadzidzi mumazuva chikoro.

Zvinobudirira wakati kudzidza Rostov University wefizikisi uye masvomhu, munyori mukuru ramangwana ashanda mudzidzisi chikoro. Upenyu yakayerera munyori wemitambo mune chakayerwa mutsetse: tichibatanidza basa uye kuramba kudzidza kubva matsamba chimiro (rorusununguko Uzivi muMoscow), chose handingadariki nguva yake kusika nyaya, essays uye nhetembo. Changes vakatora nzvimbo muupenyu hwake pachake: Aleksandr Isaevich akaroora mudzidzi Natalia Reshetovskaya, vanofarira mabhuku uye mumhanzi. In Mumatsutso 1941 munyori ainzi kushumira. Pashure vaviri makore okudzidza pachikoro rechiuto, Solzhenitsyn akasvika pamberi, uko achiri vakakwanisa veza kubuda hake nguva yokuti mabhuku basa.

Kutanga kundorwa hurumende enyika

Kuwana Solzhenitsyn Nobel Prize - kwete zvokuti migumisiro munyori wemitambo wacho tarenda kana mano ake peta mitsetse achizviziva, somugumisiro kuramba uye zvakaoma kutamburira kutambudza Anti-Soviet. Paridzirai opus rokutanga munguva yehondo Aleksandru Isaevichu haana kubudirira: muna 1945, Solzhenitsyn, ari mukuru, akasungirwa kukurukura neshamwari, rine kutsoropodzwa Shamwari Stalin.
Yemunyori kuedza kuchera simba ane okudzvinyirira arasikirwe makore masere mumisasa. Amazing uye zvinotarisirwa murume: ari mujeri, haana kusiya pfungwa kuudza nyika pamusoro nekuchiva paitonga Stalin hwechiKomonisiti.

Creative zvairatidza Solzhenitsyn: nguva kubva 1957 kusvika 1964

Chete muna 1957, musungwa enyika yave rehabilitated. Zvichida pamusoro Nobel Prize, Solzhenitsyn uye haana kufunga, asi kunyarara pamusoro udzvanyiriri makore apfuura hakuzofadzi. Panguva "Khrushchev nyungudika" akava mumwe akakodzera kuti munyori wacho basa. Utungamiriri ipapo Soviet, kwete chete haana kudzivisa nokufumura nemutadzi wokuti nowakautangira, asi vakabvumira kuti kubudisa yokufungidzira "Rimwe Day muna Ivana Denisovicha." Basa rakanyorwa nyore kune vakawanda vakawanda, akabudisa imwe chaiyo kuputika: yaiva kutaura nezvezvinoswera musungwa mumusasa. Nyaya yakatanga muEurope, ose vatsoropodzi akarumbidza basa hwakamubvumira kusamborega tumai dzose nyaya kubudiswa.

Kurambidza mabasa Solzhenitsyn kuti muna USSR

Shanduko kutungamirira hurumende vepamusoro nemakore 70s zvakare vakaridza kwete ruoko kuna Solzhenitsyn. Pamberi Nobel Prize munyori akaedza kusunda kuti kugadzirira National mubayiro - the Lenin Prize. Zvisinei, candidacy ake panguva zvakavanzika nekuvhota kwe Dare dzadzimwa. Zviya, ichi hakuna aigona sei zvinobatsira munyori; verenga Solzhenitsyn, kirasi yose intelligentsia yeSoviet. Tenga enganonyorwa ari chemabhuku pasingabviri, asi zvinoshanda chaizvoizvo akafamba ake, vachisiya mumwe muverengi kwenguva isina anopfuura matatu mazuva. Vamwe nyaya dzakabudiswa pasina cover, sezvinoita bhurocha - zvakanga mukana uye anoita kuti zvive nyore kuviga yarambidza munyori wemitambo yokunyora nokudhirowa kana zvakakodzera.

Political udzvanyiriri pamusoro munyori

Muna 1965, hurumende yakatanga akanyatsosiyana kupindira mubasa munyori. Kutorerwa manyoro, mabhuku emunyori Archive, kurambidza 'manheru pachiratidzwa munyori wemitambo uye chinyorwa munhu yokufungidzira idzva "Cancer Ward", iro zvichipomerwa "kunaka chokwadi" uye akanga vakaziva sezvo Anti-Soviet, uye pakupedzisira kudzingwa Writers' vaverengi Union - zviyero dzakadaro chaitadzisa mabhuku basa, asi kukwanisa kumisa mhiri kwemakungwa reShanduro enganonyorwa. Chinhu asina kudhindwa pamba, akapinda anotengeswa kunze. Zvisinei, munyori haana kupa pachayo yayo kuti munotenderana danho rakadaro, vachiziva mutoro pakafunuka.

Nobel Prize: Kumukundi of mubayiro pasina

Apo Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn akahwina Prize, terevhizheni Soviet yakaedza kuvanzira kuruzhinji mashoko award ari "Bourgeois" mibayiro kuti vagari vemo. Ushingi nemunyori mabasa umo zvokwadi upenyu kwabva mhiri "mugovanisi realism", akakodzera kuremekedza kwechokwadi. Kutaura zvazviri, ushingi uye nekusimba mukutsvaga paruzhinji kururamisira - ichi ndizvo chaizvo Solzhenitsyn akahwina Mubayiro. Asi, panzvimbo mubairo mumhemberero Stockholm, iyo Aleksandr Isaevich akakumbirwa, chiitiko rinopembererwa nenzira pedyo yakaurungana avo pedyo naye vanhu vakanga vachiteerera Mukutepfenyura kubva Sweden paredhiyo munyika shamwari uye munyori Mstislav Rostropovich. Zvinokosha kucherechedza inonakidza pfungwa pamusoro Nobel Prize pamusana mabasa Solzhenitsyn munyori akazova shasha nerudzi rwayo, kubva musi racho nyaya yokutanga mubairo akatora makore 8 chete okuzvarwa - munhoroondo yacho mibayiro ndiwo uchitsanya inopfumisa dzakawanda pamutemo.

Achityira kuti kuna kufamba kunze, zviremera vakaramba iye kuzodzosera kupinda, gara kumba. Direct chokuendesa Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Prize yakaitwa chete muna 1974, makore mana mushure awarding mhemberero.

munyori matambudziko mushure Nobel Prize

Pakarepo shure payakazivisa Kumukundi ari zvakakurumbira World munyori wemitambo Award kare muAtlantic kurwisa iye akatanga nokukurumidza kuti vawane tichimhanya. Mumakore akatevera kumba dzose Shanduro munyori yaparadzwa, uye Paris bhuku "Archipelago Gulag" chete zvatsamwisa vamiririri rechiKomonisiti vatungamiriri.

The wechirikadzi munyori, Natalia, ndine chokwadi pamusoro kubatana, uye mujeri nguva akaponesa Solzhenitsyn kuti Nobel Prize pamusana Literature. Award yave rakaramba munyori kwete chete rusununguko uye upenyu, asi akaita kuti zvibvire kuti asike pasinei kusenza weSoviet. Apo Alexander Solzhenitsyn akahwina Prize, mumwe vatongi Soviet Union kunaka-pfungwa asisina kupokana kuti mamwe pekugara "agitator" uye "Anti-Soviet anoparadzira mashoko pfungwa" munyika vachange chete kusimbisa nzvimbo yake.

Kudzingwa pachinzvimbo chokwadi: makore 16 vari nhapwa

Nokukurumidza Andropov, ipapo mutungamiriri KGB uye Muchuchisi General Rudenko chirongwa kudzinga munyori nyika yave vakazvigadzirirwa. Chisarudzo chokupedzisira nezviremera haana refu iri kuuya: Muna 1974, ivo Presidium Supreme Soviet of USSR "nokuti hurongwa basa mabasa kuti haawirirani kungova mugari wenyika USSR uye kukukuvadza USSR", Solzhenitsyn akanga vakapfekenurwa ake mugari uye vakaendeswa Germany.

Presidential Chirevo 1990 citizenship munyori wemitambo nemhuri yake vakanga vadzoka. Mukuwedzera, mumatsutso chete gore Nobel Prize Solzhenitsyn Ndakayeuka yose kamwe zvakare. Rakabudiswa mu "Komsomolskaya Pravda," yake chirongwa nyaya capitalist urongwa Russia kwave zvakanaka kwakaitwa nevoruzhinji. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare Solzhenitsyn akanga paakavapa State Prize pamusana kudhindwa France muna 1973, "The Gulag Archipelago." Nokukurumidza, mabasa ose akabudiswa kunze Russia dzakabudiswa munyika yake, uye nepakati 90s pamwe akadzokera kumba nomukadzi wake navanakomana, ipapo nokushingaira kuita nevamwe.

Kudzoka Solzhenitsyn kuti kuwadzana nevamwe vari '90s

Akahwina mubayiro weNobel Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, Russian akava muenzaniso kuDemocratic yeChina simba, mutsigiri kuvaka itsva, Anti-yechiKomonisiti mamiriro. Chakatishamisa munyori akatambira akasiyana-siyana inopa, kusvikira ndichimhanyira yapurezidhendi.

Zvichakadai, paruzhinji Solzhenitsyn akaratidza Kusabatsira pfungwa dzake kare munzanga. Kuva mumiriri mupenyu kuti ichikosha, mumwe chaiwo mabhuku yenyika uye panguva imwecheteyo chapupu pamusoro utsinye paitonga Stalin hwechiFascist, Aleksandr Isaevich akaisa mberi pfungwa kuti kutamira zvachose kubva yazvino, apo kuramba tsaona peji nhoroondo Russian kare.

Kuongororwa okupedzisira mabasa akahwina mubayiro weNobel

Muenzaniso unoshamisa kusawirirana pakati Solzhenitsyn zvino, maererano vatsoropodzi, raiva bhuku "Two Makore Zana Together". Basa yakabudiswa muna 2001. Asi mugumisiro makore gumi ebasa rakaoma munyori kungoti nehana vamiririri zvesayenzi uye zvakaitika kare bhora. Chiveve aizviti munyori pfungwa - nhoroondo vechiJudha vanhu Russia. The chigadzirwa kwakaita vakanyorerana kakawanda kuvatsoropodzi nerokukanganisa uye nehasha - nei Solzhenitsyn akamutsa kare matambudziko nyaya ukama pakati pamarudzi mbiri zvakare?

Maonero pamusoro mabasa Solzhenitsyn vakanga vakakamurwa, asi nekuti vamwe vaiona munhu Nyanzvi basa, Manifesto wokuRussia National pfungwa yechokwadi, nepo vamwe ndokumisa yakavhenganiswa tinyatsonzwisisa kuti basa munyori, achiti munyori anenge nekurumbidza vaJudha, uye aifanira kunyora zvakasiyana nezvavo makasimba. Munhu akaita akawana zvinobikwa munhevedzano asingapotereri Anti-oukuru enganonyorwa. Solzhenitsyn pachake kwete kamwe akasimbisa kwazvo chinangwa uye unbiased mishumo wenyaya.

Achipfupikisa: kukosha Solzhenitsyn mumabhuku nyika

Kuti mutongere okugadzira zvinhu zviri munyori, tsvaka kuti zvakanaka uye kunaka zvinhu rake bhuku zvakare mangwanani - bhuku ichigere kupera. Asi, sokuti, chakakoshera nyaya basa iri achaita zvinopfuura chimwe sefungu kukurukurwa uye gakava.

For Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Nobel Prize haana kukodzera hwose. Munyori atora nzvimbo akafanira munhoroondo Russian uye nyika mabhuku, vanosimudzira pfungwa kune vakawanda pamusoro mamiriro ezvinhu zvechokwadi munyika, mubasa venhau uye basa munzanga. Vazhinji mabasa munyori zvinoberekwa mamiriyoni emaBhaibheri vari Russia uye kunze. "The Gulag Archipelago", "The Circle First", "Cancer Ward" uye mamwe mabasa mazhinji vava ndiye nyika-munyori wemitambo, vane mugove akawira miedzo yakawanda yakaoma muupenyu.

Yeuka, haugoni kukanganwa!

Munyori mukuru akafa muna August 2008. Chinokonzera rufu Solzhenitsyn-gore 89 okuberekwa aishanda congestive mwoyo kukundikana. Pazuva kuonekana munyori wemitambo Dmitry Medvedev chirevo kuti inosanganisira kwesimba kuyeuka munyori uye nomukurumbira. Maererano vemutungamiri kusarudza zvakanaka vadzidzi mumayunivhesiti Russian dzakatangwa Scholarships Solzhenitsyn, mumwe migwagwa guru zvino uyewo Rine zita rokukudza Aleksandra Isaevicha, uye Rostov-on-Don uye Kislovodsk vari pazvivako, svinudzai plaques.

Nhasi, vamwe mabasa Solzhenitsyn vari zvinosanganisirwa fanira shoma vakawanda dzidzo purogiramu mabhuku Russian. Students verenga nyaya "Rimwe Day muna Ivana Denisovicha," nyaya "Matryona", mumwe Biography kumunyori kudzidza zvidzidzo kare, uye kubvira 2009 mazita mabasa ounyanzvi, pachii kuverenga, vaisanganisa ne "The Gulag Archipelago." Zvisinei, vadzidzi kuverenga kukwana shanduro yokufungidzira - achidzikisa chigadzirwa kanoverengeka, chirikadzi Solzhenitsyn chave rakaramba nechivako kwayo uye pachedu kugadzirira rokudhinda.