Akatanga muchiuto photojournalism Robert Capa: A Biography, okugadzira zvinhu uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Kwemakore 40 iye akasunungura vazhinji vakaita. Ndaifamba zvose pamusoro nyika, yakanga shamwari vanyori akakurumbira kupfuura uye vakadzidza nguva yake, akadai Hemingway uye Steinbeck, vakashanyira hondo mashanu, aiva muvambi yose Genre - uto photojournalism. Kana ichi aizivikanwa somunhu mumadhirezi, kunwa uye Vadinho, akapona pakaparadzwa hondo uye mukadzi wake anodiwa shamwari, akapotsa akaroora yakaisvonaka mukadzi munyika - firimu semutambi - uye akafa muhondo vanhuwo musoja afa. Yandakapiwa Robert Capa kwenguva refu nguva havana kurarama somunhu, asi yakagadzirwa zvakanaka semadzangaradzimu, zvinobvira kuchinja Biography yakadaro nokuti screenplay nokuda firimu, zviri kufanira "Oscar".

It akamirira kuti ramangwana kukuru!

Kana muna 1913 varidzi mhuri fashoni Studio pakati Budapest, Dezso uye Dzhulii Fridman, mukomana akaberekwa, vakanga nechokwadi - ichava inoshamisa munhu, izvo zvichava kubudirira muupenyu. Mumwe zviratidzo, vakaona chiratidzo chiduku pamusoro - mwana rakanga ruoko yokuwedzera munwe, izvo neatly akabvisa pasina migumisiro utano uye pakuonekwa mukomana. Mwanakomana ainzi Andre Erno, asi pashure penguva yakati akawana zita remadunhurirwa rokuti, segororo, uye zita remadunhurirwa rokuti rakava kwekanguva zita rake - Bundy. Zvakajeka, mukomana uyu wechiJudha aibva mumhuri yakanaka zvakasiyana nehasha, yainakidza pfungwa uye kusemeswa kuti upenyu hwakadzikama.

Rakasvika 30s. Hungary aiva mumwe nyika apo nevaFascist vakauya simba, uye chikwata pakarepo vakapindira munyaya iri kutsutsumwa kufamba pamusoro hurumende Horthy. Mushure asungwa uye mapurisa kunetswa anobva Hungary, uye muna 1931 akapinda paYunivhesiti Berlin ari rorusununguko venhau. Asi mari kuenderera yezvidzidzo haana kuwanikwa, uye chikwata akaenda kunoshanda Die Foto photos sangano. Energy uye sociability jaya harina rwakaonekwa, uye pasina nguva akatanga kuchaja ongororo dzinokosha zviitiko enyika, izvo panguva iyoyo vakanga vasina kufambira Europe yose.

Kubudirira rokutanga

Vachitaura December 1932 muCopenhagen, Leon Trotsky, vakatapwa nokuda Stalin kubva nyika kutya kupondwa, akarambidza chero mifananidzo. Asi wechiduku mifananidzo André Friedmann akakwanisa kutora mapikicha, iyo inobudiswa mabhuku akawanda kutungamirira European. Zvakanga wokutanga kubudirira chaiye kunotanga photojournalist. Anotanga kutsunga pamwe dzinokosha wokupupura wavo, mukuru yaakanga achazivisa gare gare, sezvo Robert Capa: "! Kana mifananidzo yenyu hadzina kunaka chaizvo - zvinoreva hauna kuvhara zvakakwana"

Akanga ari 1933 iri mumwoyo chiito nechepakati bhaira, iyo brews nyika guru remangwana dambudziko hondo: kuti simba muGermany vaNazi akauya. photojournalist Jewish pamwe leftist maonero muBerlin akava upenyu pangozi, uye akatamira France muParis. Ikoko, muna 1935, sezvo zvakanga ipapo vaitoseka, "nemakore 22 anozvarwa" ramangwana muvambi reuto photojournalist Robert Capa. "Baba" rinogona kunzi André Friedmann, asi akanga Sezvaitarisirwa, "mai".

Gerda Taro

musangano wavo yakanga yakachena mukana. Apo Andre akakoka muenzaniso mumwe musikana akanaka, sezvaakanga akatiza vaNazi, uyo ane mwenga uye nokuziva mukurumbira wakanaka mifananidzo, akatora shamwari yake. Iye aiva muJudha German Polish midzi, uye zita rake raiva Gerda Anna Pogorilaya. Centerfolds rukudzo haana kukuvaradzwa, asi Gerda ari nemazango pamusoro Don Juan vasingagoni kukunda. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti vaiva navo, uye Gerda, kufanana Andre, ari kuedza kuti photojournalism mupenyu. Career Andre kudzivirira ruzivo varombo French uye kuvapo kuParis imwe photojournalist mhuri Friedman. Nokukurumidza pamwe chete vari kukura chic yokutengesa nzira.

Musimboti unyengeri hwavo kwakanga, sezvo kuva nyore uye tsanzira. Asi kujeka Photographers Jewish, izvo haadi kubata pasina chakasimba shanduro kuoneka akakurumbira uye inofadza mifananidzo kubva kure America, uko mufananidzo wake akadambura mumapepanhau zvikuru uye magazini, uye zvinoshanda nenzira unokosha mumiririri yakasanganiswa - zvakare mifananidzo, musikana leftist. Nokukurumidza Paris wokudhinda akatanga kuonekwa zvinoshamisa kukamura uchishandisa uye rikwanise, scandalous kazhinji Photo nemishumo, yakasainwa nezita mavara Robert Capa (Robert Capa). Kwakadzama pamwe vapepeti akatungamirira maneja wake - Gerda Taro, uyewo dzimwe nguva kutumira basa ravo. The vechidiki yakawanikwa Photo sangano, akunda mukurumbira mukuru, uko ngano American akanga co-muridzi uye vachishandisa - munyori wake uye maneja.

Hondo kuSpain

Semadzangaradzimu rwakaziviswa, pavakatamira New York uye akaedza kupa muridzi wake Photo Dzepasi yakakurumbira wokuFrance. Asi akanga akakurumbira chaizvo, uye kubva Robert Capa akaita nyama neropa uye anotarisa zvikuru chaizvo. Lighting yakatanga chiSpanish Civil War , Robert uye Gerda akaenda ari inonyatsozivikanwa Photographers, mazita hamutsvaki okushambadza uye hoaxes. Mukuwedzera nyanzvi kufarira mumunda vanotanga kurwa fascism, uye vakatumidza kwenguva vamwe tsitsi kuruboshwe, mugovanisi pfungwa kuti akasiyanisa apo vakawanda vanofunga vanhu munyika yose.

hondo yokutanga, iyo nyeredzi Robert Capa, akanga ake zvakaitika wokutanga, panguva yaakanga vaiita nzira nokutora mifananidzo, vhidhiyo haana chete zvakarurama asiwo yakakwirira murangariro uye simba guru kukanganisa vateereri. mifananidzo yake nguva dzose aibudisa undisguised oga nemafungiro kuitika - the tsitsi uye kuremekedza mumwe hunhu, kushora uye ukozoro vamwe. ushingi Personal uye simba kunoita Cape kutora mifananidzo, hwema pamusoro gunpowder uye kuputika anoshongwa inorira, uye rombo rakanaka uye unyanzvi pfungwa - kuti vave asingakanganwiki uye anoyevedza nhoroondo magwaro.

The yakakurumbira mufananidzo

September 5, 1936 Capa aiva pemigero pakati Republicans munharaunda kwegomo-siyana Sierra Morena. The kufara varwi vaishora Frankists akanga vasingakoshi. Zvinokatyamadza ndezvokuti vanotsigira, vatsigiri kureva Republic, kudzivirira chiremera chepamutemo kwomupanduki General Franco, aiziva wavanorwisana aiva idzva michina German, ambotirega vaipfura kumboitika zvokutamba.

Gare gare Capa akayeuka kuti apo chikwata loyalist wavarwi kurwisa akatevera, uye varume vakatanga kukwira richibva kuvanda, akanzwa ruzha ruzha. Photographer akaziva ake "Leica" pamusoro mugoronga uye tinongoita kudhonzwa chikungiso. Kana akaipa, inoshandiswa akatuma Capa, zvakaratidzwa mumabhuku akawanda anobudiswa mufananidzo, ainzi pashure yakakurumbira mufananidzo munyika, akaita panguva yokurwisana. Paiva siyana Zvipupuriro uye tsvakurudzo, kutaura pamusoro kufanorongwa yezvakaita mufananidzo, paunzenza inoshandiswa pakutsigira, kuchaitwa Capa. Kusawirirana Havamboregi kusvikira ikozvino, asi musimboti mufananidzo wakaita mifananidzo Robert Capa, hazvina haachinji: asi ordinariness nguva rufu, chisimbiso mukamuri, inoratidza zvakaipisisa - Anti-munhu - sokurwarirwa hondo.

kurasikirwa

Muzhizha 1937 ari kuenda mbiru Republicans, pedyo Madrid weChicago Brunete, rimwe tangi rori netsaona vakadzvinyirirwa vakakuvadzwa. Waiva shamwari uye kushamwaridzana Capa - Gerda Taro. Zuva rakatevera - July 26 - iye akafa kubva mukukuvara ake. Kurasikirwa kufurira Robert. Shamwari dzake akayeuka kuti zvechokwadi akanga asingakwanisi wokugadzirisa kusvikira pakuguma. Zvino aifanira kushanda mune imwe risingaoneki, kuberekwa kwavo kwemajoini plan, asi chinonyanya kukosha - akarasikirwa nemusikana wake anodiwa, uyo, maererano nedzimwe manyuko, akanga achawana vakaroorana vafare.

Fume hondo achienda oga. Photos akatorwa Capa muna China, akatanga vokuEurope uye vokuAmerica havasi chete zvekumwe kumatunhu akawanda Earth, asi vaishandawo inotyisa semhanza kuti marimi Hondo Yenyika II apo nechisimba mauto eJapan akatanga muna 1938 kwakatanga idzva simba, uye kuramba vasiri divi mumwe uchabudirira.

nyika

The peculiarity mutemo American citizenship muna 1940 kwakaita kuti gangaidzo mamiriro ezvinhu chete kare nomukurumbira photojournalist. Capa pamutemo akaramba mugari Hungary - mutsigiri Nazi Germany uye Anti-Hitler mubatanidzwa yomuvengi. Zvisinei, zviri munguva yehondo aiva mukuru mushandi ari vane American magazini UPENYU. Vanokwanisa ichi, iye muchirongwa kunokonzera kuteurwa kweropa rakawanda kushanda American expeditionary mauto mu Europe - iri kumhara pamusoro omubatanidzwa mauto Normandy.

Zvadaro, muna yake yakakurumbira rinonzi "Yakavigwa Perspective" Robert Capa rakatorwa neDare wechokwadi uye zvinotyisa rakajeka kurondedzerwa June 6, 1944, iye aiitisa munzvimbo nemauto of Norman pamhenderekedzo, kwakaratidzwa pamepu iri US muchiuto sezvo Omaha Beach zvekutepfenyura. Aiva chete wenhau panzvimbo kumhara pamusoro American mauto zvikuru ngozi. Akanga pasi dhuma ngozi ose wechipiri, kutamira pamwe vakaderera varwi pasi anotyisa moto kuti vokuGermany vakanga overhanging pamahombekombe dzakakwirira.

Capa mifananidzo akawanda makaseti firimu, vachitadza achengetedze kubva mabara, shrapnel uye kuwira mumvura. Zvino akanga akamirira ndisingafungiri nokuti rokutarisira mukoti kunoratidzwa mumagazini "Upenyu" muLondon akatuma Capa zvokuvakisa Normandy, dzinenge dzose filming yave akarasika. Vakapona kurira kwepfuti 11 chete, akanga siyana rwokugadzira kuremara. Pakarepo zviri mukati damerau, blurry, makwapa kupa mapikicha zvokuti kuratidza kuti vakafamba kutungamirira nhau zvose zvenyika uye vakava Classics kwemifananidzo.

Inoshandiswa "Magnum"

The post-hondo kubwinya yakakurumbira US fotohronikera havana kuchinja nzira youpenyu Robert Capa. Akanga shamwari vemifananidzo nevanyori, ndine apwanye pamusoro vomumafirimu. The yakakurumbira Diva nguva - dzinokatyamadza Ingrid Bergman - akanga agadzirira kuroorwa naye, kana iye anomira kupinda pavakaenda muuto kurwisana dzinodengenyeka. Somugumisiro, havana vakarambana.

Muna 1947 rayakavambwa Photo sangano "Magnum", iyo inotungamirwa Robert Capa. Classics kwemifananidzo - Henri Cartier-Beresson, David Seymour, Dzhordzh Rodzher - uyo akabatana naye, akanga achida kuumba aitungamirira sangano muvhidhiyo Photographers anogona kutsanangura zviitiko pose pamwe anodiwa yepamusoro uye nokukurumidza. chinangwa ichi kwave kubudirira, pasinei inoshandiswa kukurira dzakaoma.

War pashure hondo

Robert Capa, Biography, mapikicha, mabhuku izvo muzere anotyisa zvinhu kubva kuminda hondo mauto, aida kuzoposhera uye murunyararo upenyu, kuwana nyaya vava Classics. Muna 1949, akaenda kuna Soviet Union, paiva kuedza kuvhura kunze dzinosiya kuti "keteni simbi".

Asi akaramba chikuru basa rechiuto photojournalism. Capa akapfuurira kuenda uko kwepfuti kwave. Muna 1948, akafukidza zviitiko hondo yakataurwa reArab States itsva State yaIsraeri.

Last photos wenhau Robert Capa yakaitwa May 25, 1954 mu Indochina. Zvinoratidza kuti varwi American vachidzungaira nokungwarira, tichidzivisa kutsvaira mugwagwa chikamu. Munguva muchanzwa pakaputika chimbambaira, akagumisa upenyu yakakurumbira photojournalist.