Zvinoumba absolutism. Zvinoumba vakambovhenekerwa absolutism. Nezvekugadzirwa absolutism muRussia

Kwenguva refu pane hurukuro pamusoro ezvinhu uye nenguva kuwanika West, nemhedziso umambo, ukama wayo munzanga, kunyanya bourgeoisie, musi siyana nzendo dzacho kukura, kufanana uye kusiyana pakati Russian autocracy uye absolutism Western, uyewo yaro dzakaitika kukosha.

Absolutism (kubva rechiLatin rokuti "absolutus" - "parinogumira", "yakazvimirira"), kana nemhedziso umambo - yokupedzisira zvakatanga munguva kuwedzera capitalism uye disintegration pakati feudal ukama vanoumba feudal mamiriro.

Absolutism zvimwe ndiwo zvinotevera. Musoro wehurumende ichaongororwa kuva huru kunobva zvemitemo uye anemasimba masimba (ekupedzisira zvakataurwa Unit, omurume). Key Rinotarisira hurumende chezvipo, anoteya mitero.

Other kiyi zviri mutemo absolutism - soro mwero centralization pamusoro mamiriro tichitarisa feudalism yakatanga bureaucratic midziyo (mutero, litigation, etc.). Okupedzisira kunosanganisirawo mapurisa uye hondo yakawanda chiito. A maitiro chinoratidza absolutism riri sezvinotevera: mabasa yokusafa kuchamuka umambo mumiririri mitumbi ayo ezvinhu anorasikirwa kukosha kwayo uye kwamira.

Mhedziso umambo zvinopesana feudal varidzi sezvo wayo vatsigirane chikuru kwainzi kushumira kwamachinda. Zvisinei, kuti tibu- rusununguko mukirasi iyi rose, havana hanya rutsigiro achiri anouya panguva yacho bourgeoisie, haritauri simba, asi zvemari simba uye anogona kushora zvinodiwa feudal madzishe avo.

zvichireva absolutism

Basa absolutism munhau zvisiri nyore kuongorora. Pane imwe nguva, madzimambo vakatanga kurwisana separatism yacho feudal kwamachinda, vakaparadza vakasara aimbova kusabatana enyika, akaisa kuchechi wehurumende, akatsigira pave capitalist ukama uye kubatana munyika upfumi bhora, chirongwa inotungamirwa National inoti uye marudzi. Kushandisa mutemo mercantilism, vaiva kutengeserana hondo, vachitsigirwa ne boka idzva - the bourgeoisie.

Zvisinei, maererano neimwe vatsvakurudzi, ari absolutism kuita kuti ibatsirwe bourgeoisie bedzi yakanga iri nezvido kwamachinda, iyo vakagamuchira kubva zvoupfumi cheHurumende mari mitero (feudal rendi), kwazvo, uyewo kumutsidzirwa upenyu zvavo zvoupfumi . Asi kuwedzera mari uye mikana kwoupfumi Anonyanyowanika kushandiswa kusimbisa simba uto kunyika. Zvakanga zvakafanira kudzvinyirira chakakonzerwa namaneja panguva iyoyo pamwero mukuru dzakakurumbira kufamba, uyewo dzimwe kuwedzera muchiuto.

Zvinoumba absolutism muFrance

Common kunyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope (pamwe okunatsiridza siyana) zvinoitwa absolutism zviri zvikuru mudzidziso France. Pano pakupera XV - pakutanga XVI remakore. vaiva vokutanga zvinhu chimiro ichi hurumende. Mumazuva Richelieu (munguva kubvira 1624 kusvika 1642 gg.), The aichimbova gurukota yaMambo rokutanga Louis XIII, uye kunyanya Louis XIV (1643-1715 gg.), Dzinofanira umambo yakasvika Parainge. Korol Lyudovik XIV akaratidza musimboti chimiro ichi hurumende inotevera nyore tsananguro: "Hurumende - ndizvozvo ini!".

Absolutism mune dzimwe nyika

Dzinenge zviri absolutism muEngland (zvayo dzekare nguva, kureva panguva yaitonga Elizabeth Tudor, 1558-1603 gg.) - Mahwendefa muparamende pari, kusavapo yakamira mauto uye kusava nesimba muboka revatungamiriri mumunda.

In Spain, apo aisagona dzakabudirira zvinhu Bourgeois ukama muzana remakore rechi16, chikuru zviri mutemo chinoziva absolutism zvishoma nezvishoma yazova despotism.

MuGermany, iyo panguva iyoyo yakakamurwa, haasi ari pamwero wenyika, uye mukati dzakananga nzvimbo dzakasiyana zvemisoro (kwomuchinda absolutism).

The chikuru zviri chinoziva absolutism cho dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18, zvinokurukurwa pazasi. chimiro ichi hurumende rose asina yunifomu. Unhu unhu absolutism mu Europe kuvimba zvikuru pamusoro nhamba hondo bourgeoisie uye kwamachinda, ukuru simba pamusoro mutemo pamusoro Bourgeois zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, muna Russia, ari yeAustria umambo, nzvimbo German Bourgeois zvinhu zvakanga yekudyidzana kuvatumwa muFrance uye England.

Absolutism muRussia

Nezvekugadzirwa absolutism muRussia kwakaitika anonakidza zvikuru. Vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti vakagamuchirwa 1993 Constitution akapa purezidhendi simba, iyo inogona kuenzaniswa mhedziso simba namambo, uye magetsi chehurumende inonzi hweruzhinji autocracy. Ndezvipi chikuru zvinhu absolutism, uye uchaona kuti ndangariro idzi hadzisi padzakavakirwa. Kunyange zvichida pane dzimwe kuwedzeredza.

Russian absolutism haana kuuya pasocial hwaro, sapamazuva Western Europe. Sezvo kwezana 17-18 emakore (apo pakupedzisira yasimbiswa zviratidzo kwakakwana umambo) ari Russian Bourgeois ukama havana yakatanga, kwakanga kusina mwero pakati kwamachinda uye bourgeoisie.

Nezvekugadzirwa absolutism muRussia akatanga kunonyanya kukonzerwa zvokunze enyika zvinhu, uye kutsigira saka ndiko chete kwamachinda chete. Ichi chinhu chinokosha absolutism munyika yedu. External kutyisidzira nguva chakarembera pamusoro Russia, waida kuti nechepakati hurumende simba uye kukurumidza kuitwa zvisarudzo zvinokosha. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo zvakanga ikashanda uye zvinoomesera muitiro. Kwamachinda (aburuka vakakwirira), kuva simba ezvoupfumi chinzvimbo, anotsvaka richiva simba ravo kuitwa zvimwe zvisarudzo gwara, uyewo mukana kuitawo izvi.

Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa zvimwe absolutism muRussia. The nyika yave vakaramba ishande ukakunda veche tsika (kureva gutsaruzhinji), midzi izvo zvinogona kuwanikwa kunyange panguva yakararama of Novgorod Republic uye Old Russian mamiriro. Vakawana mashoko ari pabasa Zemsky Sobor (kubvira 1549 kusvika 1653 years).

Kubva yechipiri yezana rechi16 uye kutanga yezana remakore rechi17 pakataurwa hondo pakati izvi zviviri zvaiitika yedu nyika kuitika. A refu nguva, nemhaka yokurwisana uyu asina kujeka, sezvo mukukunda rakatumbuka vakakunda rimwe divi, ipapo mumwe. Paitonga Ivan anotyisa, uyewo panguva yaitonga Boris Godunov, zvingaita sokuti, izvozvo akakunda absolutist katsika iyo mumaoko namambo zvinopa kunonyanyisa simba ropafadzo. Asi pamazuva Troubles uye ushe Mikhail Romanov (1613-1645 gg.) Zvinhu kuitika vakakunda, kwakasimbisa zvinoitwa Zemsky Sobor uye Boyar Duma, pasina avo rutsigiro Mikhail Romanov haana kutaura mutemo chete.

Serfdom uye absolutism

Pokugadzwa serfdom, kuti kupedzisa muna 1649, aiva pakachinja, kuburikidza iyo yakahwina absolutist yokuda. Pashure pakupedzisira rwakanga rwakakura zviri pamutemo, kwamachinda akatendeuka zvachose novimba hurumende nechepakati, hunomiririrwa namambo. Akanga mumwe vehondo kuitira kuti kutonga pakati nevaitonga vanhuwo zvavo, kuti varambe vachiteerera chechipiri.

Asi dzokera, kwamachinda akamanikidzwa kusiya dzinofunga kuti private kuita hurumende uye akaziva pachake sezvo muranda namambo. Iri raiva basa kubhadhara kubva kuhurumende. Vanokudzwa mari zvachose uye simba pamusoro vanhuwo zvavo mukutsinhana waiver kutenda pachena yaitonga. Hazvishamisi kuti anenge pakarepo mushure kunyoreswa zviri pamutemo kuti serfdom vakadzivira iungano Zemsky Sobor. At simba rizere okupedzisira rakaitwa 1653.

Nokudaro, chisarudzo chakaitwa, uye nokuda zvoupfumi zvido avakuru vachibayira enyika. Akakunda absolutist yokuda. Kuita serfdom kwakatungamirira mumwe mugumisiro inokosha: sezvo mamiriro ezvinhu kukura ndisipo (somuenzaniso, akanyangarika vewakasununguka basa musika), paumbwe Bourgeois ukama payakakurudzirwa nemhuru. The bourgeoisie munyika kwenguva refu nguva saka haana kukura kuva muNaziri munzanga, uye, naizvozvo, magariro nehwaro absolutism aigona chete kuva vanokudzwa.

Mafungiro murayiro uye kururamisira muRussia

Chimwe unoshamisa chinoratidza Mhedziso umambo ari State chokuita nemitemo uye mirayiro. Kusarudza nhamba zvisiri pamutemo uye zviri pamutemo nzira chakaziviswa achitsigira yaimbova. Personal nehanya of mambo uye ake denderedzwa yomukati vakava nzira chikuru kuzvidzora. Zvakatangira panguva yaitonga Ivan vanotyisa muzana remakore rechi17, kwakaitika pashure yokupedzisira kuchinja kumhedziso umambo, zvishoma zvachinja.

Unogona Zvechokwadi nharo kuti paiva mitemo - Conciliar romutemo. Zvisinei, pamaitiro, namambo (Peter I, Alexis nevamwe) uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vave akatungamirira nezviito zvavo zvinodiwa mutemo, haana kufunga pachavo kusungwa nazvo.

The nzira chikuru vedare nyika - rehondo uye duress. Mumwe anogona kuzviramba kuti paitonga Peter I rakaitwa yakawanda mitemo chokuita zvinenge nharaunda yose Hurumende (Zviri mumapoka, Military Product, mirayiro mapuranga, General Regulation). Asi ivo vave akagadzirirwa chete vachiri vaanotonga, mambo haana kufunga pachayo kusungwa nemitemo iyoyo. Kutaura zvazviri, tsika sarudzo muna mambo ichi hachisi akasiyana zvikuru kubva panguva yaitonga Ivana Groznogo. The chete tsime simba ichiri kuda namambo.

Mafungiro murayiro uye kururamisira mune dzimwe nyika

Hatigoni kutaura kuti Russian zvikuru rakasiyana Western nyika (kudanwa zvinoitwa absolutism, uye iwe uchaona woga). Louis XIV wokuFrance (zviri sechinhu chaiwo Mhedziso mambo) Akashandisawo voluntarism uye nehanya.

Asi zvose kupokanidzana absolutism muna Western Europe achiri vakatevera nzira aanoita yokupira nzira iri mutemo dzakasiyana-siyana paruzhinji ukama. Pakati mutemo uye pachake nehanya zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga achinakurira reshiyo achitsigira yaimbova. Rakanga anosimudzirwa zvinhu zvinoverengeka, inokosha iyo yaiva kuzivikanwa zvamadzimambo kutonga nyika kuri nyore zvikuru kana mitemo mutemo inodzorwa napo munzvimbo.

Uyezve, kushandisa iri basa wehurumende voluntarism zvinoreva kuvapo namambo mukuru unhu: rezvedzidzo sandara, simba, nechido, kutsunga. Zvisinei, vakawanda vatongi nguva haisi zvikuru unhu nowenyika Peter I, Frederick II uye Louis XIV. Ndiko, vakasagona zvinobudirira kushandisa muchivadzvinyirira muhurumende.

Mushure kupfuura nenzira kuwedzera kushanda mutemo sechinhu chikuru chishandiso hurumende, absolutism muWestern Europe akatanga kuramba tichishanda dambudziko, uye ipapo kurega zvachose kuvapo. Pashure pezvose, chaizvoizvo, akanga vakafunga nomutemo parinogumira simba changamire, uye kushandiswa yepamutemo Kudzorwa kwakaita kuti pfungwa (izvo zvaitwa nemutoo mifananidzo Kujekerwa), kwemitemo uye nomurayiro, kwete kuda namambo.

vakambovhenekerwa absolutism

Zvinoumba chinoziva absolutism munyika yedu dziri mutemo Catherine II. Munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope panguva yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18 rakava akakurumbira pfungwa "mubatanidzwa machinda uye vazivi", zvakataurwa mune French Kujekerwa muzivi. Panguva ino, chaihwoihwo Mapato vari zvaitambidzwa kutsanangurwa imwe nehurumende. Vakafunga kuti vakwire "ari somuzivi pachigaro choumambo", semunhu aida kubatsira rudzi, vaichengetedza of hwemashiripiti. In basa chinoziva madzimambo kwakaita Prussian Korol Fridrih II uye Gustav III wokuSweden, ari yeAustria Emperor Joseph II, uyewo Russian Empress Catherine II.

The chikuru zviri vakambovhenekerwa absolutism

The chikuru zviri chinoziva absolutism mune zvematongerwo enyika vatongi izvi zvainyanya Implementation pakati shanduko mune mweya pfungwa dzakasiyana Kujekerwa. The musoro wehurumende, namambo anofanira kuva anogona kufunga mazano, itsva kuchinja upenyu ruzhinji munyika.

The chikuru zviri chinoziva absolutism siyana inoti zvaishandiswa. Panguva zvinhu nguva kuti vaite zvinhu zvisingakwanisi kuchinja nheyo raivapo feudal-absolutist hurongwa, yakanga iri nguva apo hurumende sunungukei flirted pamwe vanyori uye vazivi. The Bourgeois chimurenga muFrance akaparadza chimiro ichi mamiriro uye zvechadenga absolutism French, izvozvo agumisa payo yose Europe.

Hard nzira kwakakwana umambo

Siyana aiva njodzi absolutism. Sezvo huru chinangwa chimiro ichi ehurumende - kuchengetedza huripo nheyo feudal ezvinhu, kunotozongoita nayo zvishoma mberi zviri absolutism uye aiva akaputsa pamusoro pokumuka capitalist ukama.

Mumwedzi wokutanga Bourgeois nokumukirana vemazera 17-18 yakabviswa kubudikidza Mhedziso umambo muFrance uye England. Munyika ine nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva capitalist kukura, Kushandurwa feudal-absolutist ari Bourgeois-muridzi umambo. Poluabsolyutistsky kuvhiyiwa muGermany Somuenzaniso, chakavapo kusvikira November of Bourgeois-democratic chimurenga pakati 1918 absolutism kuRussia hwogumisa kuti February Revolution pakati 1917