Zvinetso zvemhoteredzo of West Siberian Plain. Dambudziko murume hunhu muWestern kweSiberia

Nhasi, vanenge kumubvunzo kwezvakatipoteredza kuchengeteka kunonyanya chakasimba munyika dzese munyika. Hapana chinoshamisa ichi: zvisina uye kupambwa kwokukara zviwanikwa kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti panguva iyoyo hapana ngozi kwete chete kune kunyangarika dzakawanda mhuka, asi rudzi rwevanhu pacharo. Pane akawandisa zvezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedza epaTV hunonzi aigona kubatsira ngaakuitirei nezvinetso zvose. Asi sezvazvakanyorwa zvinowanzoitika, zvose zvakanaka chete papepa.

Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya munyika yedu. Zvinosuruvarisa, isu kusava nechokwadi zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza mamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda iri panoperera kukosha nguva dzose. Kamwe haina kukonzera chero matambudziko, asi nguva kushandura, uye kusvibiswa kwemhepo kusimba kunyika yedu iri kuwedzera pamwero unotyisa. Chokwadi, budiriro ano haagoni kurarama pasina zvose kubatsira kunoita kwake dzakabudirira indasitiri. Zvinosuruvarisa vagadziri kazhinji nemaune kunzvenga zvinhu zvaidiwa mitemo zvemhoteredzo, zvichiguma ezvinhu kwezvakatipoteredza kusvibiswa zvava dzakawanda ndakasuruvara.

Hatimbokanganwi kuti pasina zvisikwa haasi munhu. On sei zvakanaka isu kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza, izvozvo zvinoenderana zvakanaka vana vedu pachedu mune ramangwana, saka kuti madiro mafungiro kumubvunzo uyu zvisiri zviripo.

Nokukurumidza mumakore achangopfuura, asi maindasitiri kukura munyika kunobatsirawo pamusoro upfumi, asi zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza of West Siberian Plain nokuda kwokuwedzera uku pamwe roga gore.

Yeuka kuti dukusa link yose zvezvakatipoteredza mabasa kunobatsirei zvoupfumi. Kunyange nyore kugadzwa kurapa zvivako zvinodhura zvikuru, uye nekuti nekambani utariri kazhinji "anokanganwa" pamusoro pavo, vachisarudza havo kubhadhara hakusi chakazvibata fines.

Hatigoni kutaura kuti pasina kutsigira chaiye mamiriro, izvo zvingadai mari kutenga michina yakadaro, pasina subsidizing ari nekutumirwa kwemauto kunzwisisa zvezvakatipoteredza mabasa havafaniri kunyange vanorota kuvandudza zvakatipoteredza mamiriro ezvinhu munyika yedu.

Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya mu Western Siberia. nzvimbo Izvi zvokuti inoitika kuti kupedzera imwe nyaya yose.

ziviso

Panzira, apo ari West Siberian Plain? Riri zvose munharaunda kubva Urals kusvikira Central Siberian Plateau, achitora nzvimbo yakakura.

Western Siberia - rakasiyana nemamwe nzvimbo. Anotarisa semhare mbiya, mu rinotonga zvakaoma ekunze. Age of West Siberian Plain - makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 25. Uyezve, zviri nemamwe yaro Geological kukura nokuti zvemakore, nzvimbo iyi nguva ndichifumira akawa, ndokusaka pane yakabuda isina kujairika zvechokwadi uye chakaoma nomunzvimbo dzine. Zvisinei, avhareji kureba West Siberian Plain zvidiki: yose, ivo Kashoma kupfuura chiratidzo 50-150 metres pamusoro pegungwa.

Huru ruyamuro zvinhu zviri pachena uye riverbeds. Mostly bani anova raidudzwa zvinhu nemumakomo mamiriro enzvimbo akapeta. In kumaodzanyemba Western kweSiberia ndiye nemamiriro Nzvimbo ndicho. A yakawanda rwizi mapani, kuumbwa vazhinji makuru nzizi anonoke uno, pedzisa mufananidzo. Ndipo apo West Siberian Plain.

The chikuru zvechadenga mamiriro enzvimbo

Sezvatakamboreva kare akati, okunze pano chaizvo zvakananga. Saka, kumaodzanyemba kundima dziri dzinoratidzwa anzi Continental ekunze. Nokuti kuti chimiro kusunungurwa West Siberian bani rinomirira mukombe yepakutanga (ona pamusoro), zvinokosha kufamba dzedenga gobvu mukati zvinoitika. Naizvozvo, kuchinja kungoerekana kupisa yose chando zvikasaitika. Izvi zvinonyanya kushamisa kuti urefu West Siberian Plain ndiye anenge 2500 zviuru makiromita!

Saka, kunyange Barnaul kazhinji tembiricha inodonha kusvika -45 Celsius, asi chete tembiricha kuchengetwa nechekuchamhembe romubani, kunyange zvazvo makiromita anopfuura zviuru zviviri. Spring rakanyatsojeka zvakasimba, nekaupenyu akaoma. April mu zvizere pfungwa yeshoko hausi chitubu mwedzi.

Muna May, tembiricha inokwira hasha, asi nokuda kufamba mhepo makore kubva penyanza shure kazhinji chando, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinokwanisika rakanaya chando. Muna July, avhareji tembiricha inogona kusvika 22 Celsius (asi kwete kupfuura 5 madhigirii kuchamhembe). Sezvo avhareji kukwirira West Siberian Plain duku, kuti kazhinji pane simba mhepo dzichiruma.

The kukonzera mamiriro yakanyanya zvezvakatipoteredza munharaunda

Chekutanga, mamiriro ano imhaka yokuti mumakore achangopfuura, imwe aval kunowedzera kusimba dzokubudisa kuti zviwanikwa. In Western kweSiberia, ane maindasitiri zvinoverengeka kuti kukuvadza kuti hunhu kupfuura akazivisa: pulp nebepa, chikafu kubudiswa, oiri uye foresitiri. Usakanganwa pamusoro putika vachiwedzera pachake imotokari, izvo kunoitawo kuti pakusvibiswa muitiro kwezvakatipoteredza.

Zvinosuruvarisa Fani iyi nokukurumidza kunyange mune zvokurima: mumakore achangopfuura muWestern Siberia rinoshandiswa zvikuru zvakawanda fetiraiza, mishonga inouraya zvipembenene uye sora. Uyezve, zviremera zvomunzvimbo havasi kufarira kunyange dzimwe maitiro pamusoro landfills.

Vakawanda vavo refu avharwa, asi ramba kugara kupisa ose zhizha, kazhinji kuunza vagari nemisha pedyo kuti nokumutswa. Nokuti kuti chimiro zvakazorodza kuWest Siberian Plain zvakafanana mukombe, kukwanisa kwemwedzi mishomanana zviri pamusoro maguta. Simple nokuongorora muzvipatara kunoratidza kuti munguva ino zvinhu zviri zvinoshamisa kuoma pamwe zvirwere zvokufema.

Pakupedzisira, tiri chaizvo safunga kushandiswa irreplaceable pfuma kuWest Siberian Plain. Zvikonzero zvinofanira kutsvaka kunyange youmambo nguva. Zvadaro, sezvo muSoviet nguva, akatanga hwokushandisa kupfuura nyore uye akapfuma deposits, kupfuura vachimunetsa mudzi dondo zvose pedyo. Kana unoziva kurondedzera muchidimbu kuWest Siberian Plain, ipapo iwe zvimwe kuziva kuti ndima yayo haisi zvikuru dondo. Kamwe korona dzavo rustled panenge munharaunda, asi nokuda nokukurumidza kwemaindasitiri nyika zvinenge vose vakaparadzwa zvachose.

Uye chete vobva vaita pave minda kure, izvo zvinokonzerwa kusakwana ari muzvigadzirwa pangoro nokukurumidza aneta.

Uyezve, vakawanda yakatsvuka zvinhu zviri deposits izvi, uye akagara ikoko. Chikonzero - ndiro shure rwokugadzira. Zvino kusvika mumatanda izvi zvinogona kuva, asi zvichaita kubhadhara basa-ndichibvunza basa uye akawandisa nenzvimbo dzokurasira. Nhasi, sezvo vakawanda vauye. Results vakashatirwa: incredible yakawanda gang kungotaura clogging pasi, uye ayo vakawanda kunoita kuti achideredza pasi pemvura. Somugumisiro, akava kudzika uye kumisa zvachose pevhu rwizi, karst Kunetsana kuoneka, pedo iri ngozi zvikuru, chero maindasitiri basa.

Sezvo makore ari West Siberian Plain makore anenge mamiriyoni 25-30, pfuma yayo mukati yakawanda. Asi usafungidzira kuti padanda ravo hazviperi.

Chimwe chikonzero - the inertia mafungiro uye kutevera technocratic nevanhu. Vanhu vazhinji vachiri kudavira rudzi "superpower" womunhu, izvo zvinoita kuti kusateerera hunhu. Vanokanganwa kuti biosphere - kwete chete zvakaoma, asi kusimba chaizvo mashandiro, kusagona uye pfachura kupindira izvo hwakazara muchinetso chakakura vanhu.

Zvisinei, isu kare kuona ichi: dzose okunze "freaks" kana pasina chando January uye chando June chinhu chitsva, rinooneka Participation chitarisiko Tsunami uye washington, akawandisa kufa hove somugumisiro choutsi ose zvine chepfu murwizi. Against ichi nakwo, hunhu kuWest Siberian Plain senzvimbo "yakasviba" regai kutarira saka mwoyo, kunyange zvazvo mananara aya zvose - the Links mumwe chete cheni.

Human Impact

A nhamba mumaguta munzvimbo iyi chaizvoizvo riri mune mapazi ose zvechigarire zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza dambudziko. Chikuru Chikonzero ichi mamiriro ezvinhu ndiwo pachena mismatch mabhuku akanzi zviwanikwa uye zvakatipoteredza kuchengetedzwa matanho. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kuti oiri iyoyo zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera, asi musi kwezvakatipoteredza zvakawanda zvinoitwa ezvinhu kubva Kweoiri anenge hapana.

Mukuwedzera, nharaunda ine yakawanda bhora zvenyukireya, mamiriro ayo zhinji dzacho kwazvo kumbonaka. Sezvo kukwirira West Siberian Plain yakaderera (zvishoma mukana wokuti kukurumidza kupararira chirwere), chaizvoizvo nharaunda iyi wakasarudzwa Soviet utungamiriri kuti zvombo zvenyukireya bvunzo. Migumisiro ichi vagari dunhu vakafunga nanhasi.

Hatidi wotaura zvakawanda aitaura okunze zviri munharaunda iri pakutanga nyaya (akadai kukwirira West Siberian Plain): zvakafanana permafrost, zvikuru rinowanika nechekuchamhembe romubani ndizvo kuita chokufunga kuwedzera kwezvakatipoteredza mupfungwa. Uyezve, kusavapo kuchikosha kufambira mhepo panguva yechando kunoguma nokukurumidza kuunganidza vakawanda smog pamusoro makuru maguta maindasitiri, izvo munzvimbo iyi zvikuru.

Ongororo dzinoratidza zvakajeka kuti chinonyanya kukosha zvinetso zvemhoteredzo of West Siberian Plain vari chakanangana Altai Territory, Tomsk Region, uye Omsk Region uye Khanty-Mansiysk. Munzvimbo idzi pakaoma kuti utano hwevanhu huri kupfuura ne 80-85%! Kazhinji, izvi dambudziko nzvimbo kufukidza vanenge 15% yose kuWestern kweSiberia.

Zvinoitwa ngozi choutsi

In Kemerovo Novokuznetsk Prokopyevsk uye Tomsk, Omsk Barnaul Tyumen uye (kune muduku kumwero) zvinhu hunowedzera anotambudza ose gore. Mudenga, pane yakapinza kuwedzera zviri formaldehyde, phenol uye benzopyrene. Zvose izvi zvinhu zviri carcinogenic kutyisa. Wedzera izvi vazhinji chaibwinya kabhoni dema uye ferrous oxide. Uye haukwanisi kuva kushamiswa kuramba vachiwedzera zvirwere zvokufema vanhu vanogara mumaguta aya. Usakanganwa pamusoro choutsi ose senitrogen dioxide, inova simba muchetura.

mafuta achinatsa bhora

Pagore mafuta anopisa anenge mabhiriyoni manomwe cubic kubatsira gasi kuti haasi asingasviki 75-80% yayo zvachose vhoriyamu. Uye ichi pasinei nokuti ayo kwesayenzi nezvinhu varege kupfuudza 5%. Mwenje unopfuta gasi muWestern Siberia vari kuoneka zvakajeka kunyange kubva muchadenga. Zvinofanira akawedzera kuti ukuru achine rokudzora mafuta nokunatswa indasitiri munzvimbo idukusa 0,015%. Saka, zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza of West Siberian Plain dzinongoita kunokonzerwa nokutenda zvakaipa pamusoro chikamu makambani mafuta makuru.

Radiation kusvibiswa nenyika

Izvi hazvisi izvo kazhinji kutaura, asi vakawanda munharaunda Western kweSiberia iri mune mapazi ose pfupi nzvimbo huru radioactive pakusvibiswa. Mukuru "munorumbidzirweiko" rwevharanda kambani "inonyanya" uye "Siberian Chemical Combine." In Tomsk, apo wokupedzisira chirimwa iri chirwere mukati nharaunda vanenge 100 makiromita guta wongoramba.

Usakanganwa kuti mundima Totskii, Novaya Zemlya uye Semipalatinsk bvunzo nzvimbo zvenyukireya Kuputika kure vakaparadzirwa radioactive pakusvibiswa. It rinoburitsa Tomsk, Kemerovo uye Novosibirsk nharaunda. Uyezve, pasi kurwiswa pamwe akaratidza uye kutambura Altai Territory, riri kare utachiona heptyl nguva kuwira pamusoro penyika yake pakugumburwa chitundumuseremusere nzendo kubva Baikonur. Munguva kubva 1953 kusvika 1961 neeSultan izvi zvakaitwa Kuputika zhinji, zvakaipira ichiripo akanzwa.

Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose. Izvi hazvisi zvokutaura, asi West Siberian Plain iri mune mapazi ose radioactive kusvibiswa iri ndakasimba, sezvo yakanga yakabereka mukati chaizvo pachivande zvenyukireya kuputika, zvinokonzerwa ayo akanzwa chete Nefteyugansk. Omsk chose ndashandisa kwakasvibiswa nemwaranzi, nechepakati cheguta, apo nzvimbo yaro peripheral vakaramba zvachose yakachena.

kusvibiswa mvura

Zvinenge nharaunda yose West Siberian Plain, mune imwe dhigirii kana mumwe yakasviba vane Ammonium nedare munyu, phenols uye nitrates. Zvinosuruvarisa kunyange ichi haisi nyaya inokosha: yose hydrographic richikurukura nharaunda ine dambudziko guru nokuda dzokubudisa namafuta mudunhu. Zvisinei, pane kwave nekaupenyu akabudirira mune iyi mamiriro ezvinhu kumaodzanyemba chikamu West Siberian Plain.

Haiwa, asi mune dzimwe nzvimbo MPC (kunonyanyisa bvumidzwa pfungwa) chemafuta mvura kupfuura muna shanu kana kunyange 50 (!) Times. Izvi zvinoshandawo zvikurukuru Novosibirsk, Tomsk uye Omsk kumatunhu. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti zvose (!!!), kuchamhembe chikamu Western kweSiberia kutambura utachiwana kuti nekumwisa 50-100 nguva ndozvakajairwa MPC kushamisika munhu. Zvino - chakaipa. Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira kuti inenge 40% nharaunda nharaunda iri zvechigarire ezvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza njodzi, sezvo dzemunharaunda mafuta tigutsikane mumvura vakapfuura nguva 100 kana kupfuura.

Ndivo zvinetso zvemhoteredzo kuWest Siberian Plain. Muchidimbu nokupfupikisa, tinogona kutaura kuti kwete kuti zvose zvakaipa. Izvi yaityisa Nhamba aya anonyanya munzvimbo pedyo kumaguta makuru, uye anopa "paavhareji tembiricha muchipatara." Zvinhu zvinogona kunge zviri nani zvikuru, asi basa makambani mazhinji haasi kuda upgrading miti tsvina kurapwa (kana kunyange gadza navo). Asi mvura - mumwe pfuma avo, izvo zviri kunyanya kupfuma kuWest Siberian Plain! nzizi rakaisvonaka Photo vane munyaya, saka kuti iwe pachako kuona izvi.

Masayendisiti, hydrologists vanoti kuti anotyisidzira zvikuru mamiriro ezvinhu ari chidimbu Biysk - Novosibirsk, Ob apo vazhinji utachiona. Just pazasi netaundi Kolpashevo dhigirii zvokutapukirwa yorwizi ndiyewo yakakwirira, asi panguva confluence ari mufananidzo iri nani zvikuru. Zvinenge zvose diki nzizi nedunhu ezvinhu zirokwazvo zvakafanana. Zvisinei, zvose zvakafanana: a Qualitative uye quantitative kusvibiswa mvura iri zvikuru kuderedzwa nenzira kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba (kuchamhembe yakabereka kupfuura zvicherwa).

dondo pfuma

Oddly zvakakwana, asi kushandiswa (maererano pamutemo nenhamba, Chokwadi) kwesango pfuma kweSiberia panzvimbo aizvininipisa. Avhareji Vhoriyamu kuchekwa kukohwa hakuiti kupfuudza 8%, ukuwo nhamba yakanga 18% of National paavhareji, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko kunyange zvakawanda. Kushaya vakaronga rive dete kunotungamirira kuti huni anotanga vofa.

Saka, overripe arrays zvevakomana nechekare vanoumba kanenge 70% mhiri nharaunda. izvi zvose zvishoma nezvishoma zvinotungamirira kuti munharaunda Western kweSiberia tichingotarisira kubuda chaiye "muti dambudziko" anokonzerwa yaingopambwa huni borers nezvimwe zvipukanana. Uyezve, nokuda pakusvibiswa patafura mvura pamusoro varipo kakawanda nyaya desiccation kwemasango yose.

Chimwe chinetso - mumoto, izvo mumakore achangopfuura kuti "akakurumbira" Russian uye West Siberian Plain. Inenge 65% kubva kuzvironga nezvinhu huni sezvo nguva inowira pamusoro pavo. Usakanganwa kuti inenge 25% of taiga iri rinoita mapazi okuwana mafuta, iyo zvakare inowedzera ndingangokuvara kuvesa nzvimbo huru. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti uwandu moto hunoenderana sangano zviremera zvemo. Somuenzaniso, muna Kemerovo mudunhu izere masango, izvo zvakanyanya kukanganiswa tupembenene asi Kurasikirwa kubva moto vari kunyora nezvavo (asingasviki 0.2%). Heano mazano "dondo" mafungiro chakaitika West Siberian Plain. Photo yakanaka taiga anowanika munyaya ino.

Biotopes musimbwa En

Chokwadi, mamiriro ezvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza nzvimbo muna Western Siberia, uyewo mimwe munharaunda, hunoenderana yavo kuenderera. Chinonyanya kukosha zvinhu kuti nzira imwe kana mumwe sei ukuru pakusvibiswa, muri waterlogged, permafrost, kuti arambe achirema ari hydrographic network. Saka, muduku yakatsiga achinaya mvura uye masango anogara achinaya mvura, mugwenga Nzvimbo asi anokwanisa refu kudzivisa zvezvakatipoteredza. Zvinogona vakagumisa kuti Geological nemamiriro West Siberian Plain chinowedzera kwakaomarara dzezvakatipoteredza zvokudya.

Mamiriro yakaomesesa ari kuchengetwa muna Kemerovo mudunhu uye Altai. Muchiitiko chokutanga kwakabatana zvikuru kugadzirwa negasi uye mafuta, uye yechipiri - basa Baikonur, sezvo Anowira Altai akapedza wokutanga Danho zvitundumuseremusere. Dzezvakatipoteredza vanonyevera kuti nzvimbo idzi dzinofanira vanonyatsoteerera dzezvakatipoteredza matanho.

Sezvaunogona kuona, zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza of West Siberian Plain vari siyana uye dzakakomba zvikuru. Kana musingadi kutora chero chinhu izvozvi, akagadzirisa vazhinji hazvichanyanyi kushanda.