Kupatsanura uye typology zvenyika

Nyika yemazuva ano ndiyo huru kwazvo uye zvakasiyana-siyana. Kana kutarira enyika map yedu, tinogona kuverenga nyika 230 zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva mumwe. Vamwe vavo vane nzvimbo huru kwazvo, uye kana musingadi kugara rose, vanenge hafu yacho, kune dzimwe nzvimbo zvingava zvishoma pane maguta mukuru munyika. Mune dzimwe nyika, vanhu vakawanda riri nemakambani, vamwe vose vane midzi vemo. Dzimwe nzvimbo akapfuma pfuma, vamwe kuita pasina zviwanikwa. Mumwe nemumwe wavo kunoshamisa uye ine maitiro ayo, asi masayendisiti akakwanisa kuziva zvakafanana zvinhu vaizokwanisa wokubatanidza mamiriro iri boka. Saka typology kunyika zvenyika ano akasikwa.

Pfungwa Mhando

Sezvazvakanyorwa anozivikanwa, kukura - zviri zvakawanda chaizvo chichiitwa, izvo zvinogona kuitika chaizvo zvakasiyana, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu anokanganisa nayo. Izvi nokuda typology uye nyika. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akadzokera kuburikidza zvimwe zviitiko munhoroondo kuti zvakananga kukanganiswa shanduka kwayo. Asi panguva imwe chete pane boka zviratidzi kuti kazhinji munogona anenge chete yakatarwa mune dzimwe emunharaunda neshamwari. Pahwaro kufanana izvi uye avake typology kunyika mazuva ano.

Asi kupatsanura kwakadaro usingagoni inobva chete pane imwe kana mbiri nzira, saka masayendisiti ari kuita basa guru date muunganidzwa. Pahwaro ongororo iyi boka kufanana kuti batanidza yakafanana mumwe nyika.

A-siyana typologies

Zviratidzi kuti vari vaongorori, haagoni kubatanidzwa mune rimwe boka, vakati ndezvaJehovha akasiyana nharaunda zvoupenyu. Naizvozvo, typology nyika inobva nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvakazoita kuti kwaita classifications zhinji, iyo kuvimba yasarudzwa chinhu. Vamwe vavo nezvemabatiro zvoupfumi, apo vamwe - enyika uye nhoroondo zvinhu. Kune avo vari kwakavakirwa mararamire vomuUmambo kana kuti nzvimbo yomugariro mundima. Time kunogona kuchinja, uye inokosha typology kwenyika kunogona kuchinja. Vamwe vavo vane zvisingachashandi, apo vamwe - chete dzumbunuka.

Somuenzaniso, kwemakore anopfuura zana yave zvikuru kukamura uchishandisa weboka zvoupfumi mamiriro pamusoro capitalist nyika (musika ukama) uye mugovanisi (vakaronga upfumi) nyika. A vakaparadzana boka panguva vaimbova dzaitongwa yawana rwawo uye akamira pamavambo kukura. Asi zviitiko vakatora nzvimbo mumakore mashoma adarika, iyo yakaratidza kuti mugovanisi zvoupfumi kwava zvisingachashandi, kunyange zvazvo yasara huru munyika dzinoverengeka. Naizvozvo, typology ichi kwave padivi.

ukoshi

Zvinonzi kunzwisisa kukosha kugovera mamiriro kubva nemaonero sayenzi. Sezvo runoita masayendisiti kuvaka tsvakurudzo yavo, iyo kungaratidza chikanganiso kukura uye nzira kudzivisa vamwe. Asi typology kunyika munyika uye ane mazano rinokosha. Somuenzaniso, United Nations - mumwe masangano dzepamusorosoro muEurope uye pose - pahwaro ari kupatsanura pakati kuva nzira rutsigiro rwemari kuti dukusa uye pangozi zvikuru kunyika.

Uyewo, weboka rinoitwa nechinangwa pakuverenga ngozi zvingangokanganisa kukura upfumi rose. Izvi zvinobatsira kuti zvakarurama kuona mari kukura uye kudyidzana yose mapato mumusika. Naizvozvo, hakusi chete hunonzi kukosha, asiwo chikumbiro basa kuti inokoshesa chaizvo paakaziva munyika yose.

Typology Nyika maererano zvoupfumi munyika. mhando I

Rakajairika uye anowanzoshandiswa ndiye kupatsanura kunyika maererano socio-upfumi pamwero kukura. Pahwaro chokuratidza ichi mhando mbiri. Wokutanga wavo - ndiko kuti dzakabudirira. Izvi 60 vakaparadzana munzvimbo dzine refu azvipire upenyu vemo, mikana mari zvikuru uye yakawanda simba munyika yakabudirira nyika. Asi ichi kwakadai heterogeneous chaizvo uye ari zvakare akakamurwa subgroups akawanda:

• Vanonzi "Group of Zvinomwe" (France, USA, Japan, UK, Canada, Italy, uye Germany). Utungamiriri nyika idzi hazvirambiki. Ndivo vaRefaimu ari pose upfumi, vane rakakura chakakomba mumhuri chigadzirwa paminiti capita (10-20 zviuru zvemadhora). Kukura zvesainzi munyika idzi pokutanga-. History inoratidza kuti kare kuti "Big Zvinomwe" iri zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe mapoka, wakavabudisa huru zvemari inivhesitimendi. Chimwe zvakafanana unhu - the chindingindingi vemasangano pamusika dzakawanda.
• Nyika duku kuti havana simba rakadai, sezvo pamusoro apa, asi basa ravo dzakawanda munhandare hazvirambiki uye kukura gore negore. GDP por capita haana kumbosiyana kubva kwenhamba kumusoro. Pano anogona kunzi zvinenge zvose kunyika dzokuMadokero European, izvo havana kunzi ambotaurwa. Kazhinji rinobatanidza "guru nomwe" uye kuumba ukama ayo.
• States 'Resettlement pamusoro capitalism, "riri zvichiitika kubva yaitonga rokurwa Chirungu (Australia, South Africa, New Zealand). ushe ava anenge yakabonderana feudalism, saka avo enyika uye zvoupfumi iwayo akasiyana. Kazhinji ichi zvinosanganisira vaIsiraeri. budiriro pamwero kumusoro zvakakwana.
• Kishi nyika - iri rinokosha boka yakaumbwa mushure Soviet Union yakaparara muna 1991. Asi neakawanda emamwe in Eastern Europe achapindamo pano.

Nokudaro, typology nyika tichitarisa kusimudzira nyika unongova yakadaro rokutanga boka. vatungamiriri ava akaenzana vamwe nyika, uye ivo kutsanangura kwemasayendisiti mune dzakawanda munhandare.

chechipiri mhando

Asi typology kunyika maererano pachiyero zvoupfumi munyika uye ane subgroup rechipiri - iri kukura States. Vazhinji nyika redu inogarwa peshamwari miganhu kwakadaro, uye runenge hafu yevagari vemo anogara pano. nyika idzi dziri rakakamurwa marudzi akawanda:

• Nyika Key (Mexico, Argentina, India, Brazil). Sectoral indasitiri pano hunovapo pane yakakwirira yakati sandara, kunze kwenyika uyewo haisi wekupedzisira. Market nomukadzi vane yakawanda dhigirii kukura. Asi GDP achiri pasi, iyo kunotadzisa munyika kutamira yakasiyana mhando.
• Newly dzakabudirira (South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, uye vamwe). Nhoroondo idzi dzinoratidza kuti 80-ies wekupedzisira remakore, upfumi hwavo yakanga simba, vanhu vari kunyanya kuita zvokurima kana extractive maindasitiri. Izvi zvakakonzera kuti undeveloped hurongwa pamisika ukama uye mari nyaya. Asi gumi apfuura zvinoratidza kuti nyika idzi dzakatanga kupinda kutungamirira international munhandare, asi GDP yawedzera zvikuru, uye dzimwe basa mberi salable chigadzirwa mukugadzira.
• Kwekurasira nyika mafuta (Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Kuwait nevamwe). Vakawanda rinoti ava vakabatana remarudzi sangano weOPEC. Gross Domestic Product paminiti capita chaizvo, asi huwandu evanhu ukama akaramba ari kumbonyanya yakaderera chechetere. Upfumi riri kukura tichiregeredza kunze kwenyika kuti oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo uye zvigadzirwa zvinobva mariri.
• States zvokukura sokunonoka. Idzi dzinosanganisira dzichiri kusimukira.
• Muduku dzakabudirira - ndiye Asia (Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Nepal, Yemen), Africa (Somalia, Niger, Mali uye Chad), Latin America (Haiti). Izvi zvinosanganisira zvose 42 inotaura.

Nokuti chechipiri mhando zvinhu zviri urombo, ichitongwa kare, kakawanda kurwisana enyika, murombo kukura kwesayenzi, mushonga uye indasitiri.

Zveupfumi typology munyika inoratidza sei zvakasiyana mararamiro evanhu vanogara kunyanya munharaunda. Mumwe yairwirwa zvinhu kukura munhau vava somunhu aigona kubatsirwa kubva mapoka, uye mumwe panguva ino chose nezvinhu zvavo zvose kune vakundi. Zvakafanana rinokosha nemafungiro vanhu pachavo, nokuti dzimwe nyika, vakasvika simba vachitsvaka kuvandudza mamiriro avo, vamwe - chete hanya kwavo zvakanaka.

The kupatsanura vokuparidzira

Chimwe chezvinhu unoshamisa mienzaniso weboka ndiwo typology kunyika munyika tichitarisa vemo. chokuratidza Izvi zvinokosha zvikuru nokuti vanhu vaiona kuti anokosha zvekuvaka, izvo zvinogona chete vane nyika. Zvechokwadi, kana vanhu gore negore ipfupi, Zvingatoita kuti kutsakatika rwacho. Naizvozvo, typology nyika maererano nokuwanda nyika kuri dzakakurumbira chaizvo. Rating pamusoro nemhaka iyi sezvinotevera:

• Wokutanga Nzvimbo ndowenyika undisputed mutungamiri - the People Republic Of China ne 1,357 bhiriyoni vanhu .. Kubva 1960 kusvika 2015 nhamba Chinese vanhu yakawedzera kusvika bhiriyoni, izvo zvakaita kuti simba nenyika chokuita rokubereka vana. Nepo munyika dzakawanda, vana vakawanda havasi chete nomufaro, asi nemari, muna China asingatenderwi kuva mwana kupfuura mumwe mumhuri. Chete muna 2014 zvakanzi akaberekwa pano vacheche vanopfuura mamiriyoni 16. Saka, mumakumi emakore anotevera, China parohwa kurasa kuvamumwe kwayo.
• nzvimbo yechipiri muna India (1.301 bhiriyoni. People). Kubva 1960 kusvika 2015 yevagari venyika rave yakawedzera anenge bhiriyoni. Mumakore gore tiri vana mamiriyoni 26.6 vakaberekwa, saka kubva pakuzvarwa iyi pehurumende uye zvose zvakanaka kwazvo.
• nzvimbo yechitatu iri US, asi kusiyana kwevanhu pakati yokutanga kunyika mbiri, uye ichi ndicho guru chaizvo - nhasi vanhu mamiriyoni 325 vanogara muUnited States, izvo kukasawedzerwa kwete chete nokuda mukuru yokuberekwa mwero (muna 2014 - mamiriyoni 4.4) asi pachishandiswa kutama (mugore iroro rakasvika mamiriyoni 1,4 pano).
• Indonesia zvinogona musafunganya pamusoro wako Gene dziva, sezvo vanhu mamiriyoni 257 vanogara pano. Natural kwouwandu hwevanhu yakakwirira - 2,9 miriyoni (2014), asi vakawanda vanoedza abve pamba vachitsvaka upenyu huri nani (vakatama 254,7 zviuru muna 2014).
• The pamusoro shanu vatungamiri kuBrazil. Vagari - mamiriyoni 207,4. Natural kuwedzera - mamiriyoni 2,3.

Pazvinhu izvi, Russia iri rechi9 nzvimbo ine vemo - 146,3 miriyoni. Natural kwouwandu hwevanhu vari Russian Federation vakasvika vanhu 25 zviuru muna 2014. Zviduku nhamba yevanhu vanogara Vatican - 836, uye zviri nyore kutsanangurwa miganhu ezvinhu.

Kupatsanura ne nharaunda

The typology zvenyika kuburikidza munzvimbo Zvinoshamisawo chaizvo. It anokamura hurumende muzvikwata 7:

• Hofori, ane nzvimbo kwazvo 3 Mill. Square makiromita. Uyu Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India uye Russia, ndiro rakakura kupfuura mamwe ose mundima ine zvachose nzvimbo mamiriyoni 17.1. Km ^2.
• Large - kubva kune mamiriyoni matatu km ^{2 ..} Ichi munyika 21, kusanganisira Mexico, South Africa, Chad, Iran, Ethiopia, Argentina nevamwe.
• Rinokosha - 500 zviuru mamiriyoni 1 km ^{2 ..} Uyewo nyika 21: Pakistan, Chile, Turkey, Yemen, Egypt, Afghanistan, Mozambique, Ukraine nevamwe.
• Avhareji - kubva 100 kusvika 500 000 km ^2. 56 inoti: Belarus, Morocco, Japan, New Zealand, Paraguay, Cameroon, UK, Spain, Uruguay nevamwe.
• Small - kubva 10 kusvika 100 zviuru ^km2. Izvi 56 Nyika: South Korea, Czech Republic, Serbia, Georgia, Netherlands, Costa Rica, Latvia, Togo, Kuwait, Azerbaijan uye vamwe.
• Small - kubva 1 kusvika 10 000 km ^2. Izvi 8 Nyika: Trinidad Zimbabwe, Samoa, Cyprus, Brunei, Luxembourg, Comoros, Mauritius uye Cape Verde.
• Micro - kusvika 1 000 km ^2. 24 Rinoti: Singapore, Liechtenstein, Marita, Nauru, Tonga, Barbados, Andorra, Kiribati, Dominica nevamwe. Izvi zvakare zviduku nyika munyika - kuVatican. It ndokwenguva nzvimbo 44 hectares, riri guta guru Italy - Rome.

Saka, hwaro typology kunyika maererano kukura nyika - nenharaunda ingabva mamiriyoni 17 mativi makiromita (Russia) kusvika 44 hectares (Vatican). Izvi huwandu inozviisa kuchinja nokuda kurwisana kwemauto kana nokuzvidira chido munyika kuti patsanura nokusika yavo mamiriro. Saka, kuera aya yoku- dzose.

Kupatsanura ne nzvimbo

Zvizhinji kukura ehurumende anogadziriswa nzvimbo yaro. Kana riri mharadzano chegungwa migwagwa, ipapo hupfumi pamwero anomuka yekudyidzana nokuda mari aibuda vakapoteredza gang. Kana pasina kuenda kugungwa, mari yokuti ndima haagoni kuona. Saka, maererano nenzvimbo nzvimbo munyika rakakamurwa:

• Archipelagos - mamiriro, izvo akaisa pamusoro boka zvitsuwa, yaiva chinhambwe kubva mumwe (Bahamas, Japan, Tonga, Palau, Philippines nevamwe).
• Island - iri mukati miganhu mumwe kana kupfuura Zvitsuwa dzisina chokuita huru (Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Fiji, United Kingdom, etc.).
• Peninsular - avo vari iri peninsulas (Italy, Norway, India, Laos, Turkey, Brazil, Oman nevamwe).
• Maritimes - avo nyika kuwana kugungwa (Ukraine, USA, Brazil, Germany, China, Russia, Ijipiti nevamwe).
• Kure negungwa - kwete yakapoteredzwa (Armenia, Nepal, Zambia, Austria, Moldova, Czech Republic, Paraguay, uye vamwe).

Typology Nyika nzvimbo munyika Zvinoshamisawo chaizvo uye siyana. Asi ane kunze, ndiro Australia, nokuti ndiyo nyika chete munyika, achitora nharaunda yacho yose. saka Chine marudzi akawanda.

Kupatsanura pakati GDP

Gross epamba chigadzirwa - zvose zvinhu anogona kubereka kusaroora nokuti gore mundima yayo. chokuratidza rino rakashandiswa apa, asi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa oga, sezvo masayendisiti kuti kwoupfumi typology hwenyika GDP ndiyo nzvimbo kuti kuroorwa. Sezvaunoziva, musi June 1 neimwe gore, zuva update neWorld Bank mazita nyika pamusoro Zvinofungidzirwa pamwero GDP. Revenue Categories akakamurwa 4 mhando:

• mari shoma zvazvingava (kusvika 1035 US madhora por capita);
• mari pazasi avhareji (kusvika 4085 madhora pamunhu);
• mari kupfuura avhareji (kusvika 12615 US madhora);
• yakakwirira yakati sandara (12616 madhora).

Muna 2013, Russian Federation, pamwe Chile, Uruguay uye Lithuania hwakatamisirwa boka munyika dzine refu azvipire mari. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa pane neizvi kuitika mune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai Hungary. Akadzokera zvakare kune rechitatu kupatsanura rwakazara. Saka, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti upfumi typology kunyika maererano zvakakomba National chigadzirwa chiri kusagadzikana chaizvo uye yoku- ose gore.

The Kuparadzana mwero urbanization

On redu zvishoma uye muduku chinoramba nzvimbo kuti aizorega vapfuwi guta. Pfungwa Kugadzirwa mhandara nyika isina kumbobatwa uye inonzi urbanization. The UN areverera tsvakurudzo munzvimbo iyi, zvichiguma ndokukweverwazve kumusoro rimwe kupatsanura uye typology nyika mugove mumadhorobha vanogara munzvimbo zvachose vanhu imwe yoga mamiriro. Nyika yemazuva ano zvakagadzirirwa kuti guta rakava nzvimbo avakuru kuwanda vanhu. Pasinei kukurumidza kukura remaguta aya, urbanization munyika dzakasiyana ane zvakasiyana chechetere. Somuenzaniso, Latin America uye Europe iri chaizvo dzine Dziine nemisha izvi, asi South uye East Asia ine guru vokumaruwa. Izvi indekisi yatovapo Updated kamwe ose 3 years. Muna 2013, chinonyanya kuitika chepamusoro yakabudiswa:

• Countries vane 100% urbanization - Hong Kong, Nauru, Singapore uye Monaco.
• States kuti dzinopfuura 90% - kweSan Marino, Uruguay, Venezuela, Iceland, Argentina, Marita, Kuwait, Belgium uye Kuwait.
• Over 50% vane 107 marudzi (Japan, Greece, Siriya, Gambia, Poland, Ireland, Morocco, uye vamwe).
• Kubva 18 kusvika 50% kuti urbanization kuonekwa munyika 65 (Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Afghanistan, Tonga nevamwe).
• Below 18% munyika 10 - Ethiopia, Trinidad Zimbabwe, Malawi, Nepal, Uganda, Liechtenstein, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, St. Lucia, uye Burundi, iro rine 11.5% urbanization.

Russian Federation pazvinhu izvi zvigaro 51 ne 74,2% kuti urbanization. Nhamba Izvi zvinokosha zvikuru nokuti chezvinonhuwira pakati zvoupfumi munyika. Zvinonzi pfungwa mumaguta zhinji kugadzirwa. Kana vanacho kunyanya aidaro zvokurima, izvozvo anotaura mari shoma vagari. Kana kutarira nhamba, tinogona nyore kuona kuti mupfumi kupfuura nyika vane refu kwazvo inorwara urbanization, asi naivowo maindasitiri.

Saka, nyika yedu yakazadzwa siyana munyika. Kuwanda uye vose akafanana nomumwe. Mumwe ane pachake tsika dzayo uye tsika, mutauro wavo uye mafungiro. Asi pane zvinoita kuti Vabatane zhinji inotaura. Naizvozvo, nokuti mukuru zvivanakire ivo dzikarongwa. Nzira dzekuziva kuti typology kwenyika zvive chaizvo dzakasiyana (zvoupfumi, GDP kukura, husingatsigirwi, nharaunda, population, nzvimbo yomugariro, urbanization). Asi ivo vose muUnited States, achivaita Kunyatsoziva uye dzinonyatsozikanwa nomumwe.