Zvazvingava Marginal kuti kuzvitsinhanisa - chii? zvazvingava Marginal pamusoro kuzvitsinhanisa kuti guta wokubata

Zvose muupenyu anofanira kusarudza. Buda kutamba kana kuti yokurovedza muviri, kupfeka siketi kana netirauzi (varume, Chokwadi, zviri nyore), kutenga yogati kana koteji chizi dhizeti? For azvaiitwa ose refu vakacherechedzawo vanachiremba dzakasiyana minda: evanhu, zvepfungwa, yokutengesa uye chete nezvoupfumi.

In microeconomics, pane dzidziso pamusoro shoma mwero kuzvitsinhanisa. By tsanangudzo, ndiwo akawanda kwenhumbi zvakafanana mhando, iro mutengi anobvuma kusiya muchifarira kutenga chimwe chigadzirwa. Isu kutaura kwete chinobatsira pamusoro chiitiko ichi.

Sei microeconomics?

Rinoshandurwa kubva pane rechiGiriki "microeconomics" - mitemo kurima "dzimba diki". matambudziko okuwana, zvinodyiwa uye kusarudza zvinhu emakambani dzakasiyana muridzi siyana uye nyore mhuri - kuti ndiyo nyaya kufarira microeconomics.

sainzi Izvi yokungotaura, asi anobvumira kuti kutsanangura anenge zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa yose kuitika munharaunda.

The chikuru nzvimbo mubereko vanonzi microeconomics:
• The dambudziko mutengi.
• dambudziko mugadziri wacho.
• Mibvunzo pamusoro musika zvakanyatsoenzana.
• Dzidziso paruzhinji zvinhu.
• Mibvunzo pamusoro pokudzora kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza.

Pfungwa yokuti 'shoma mwero kuzvitsinhanisa pfuma "rinoreva chete nokure microeconomics matambudziko uye inoita zvikuru nyore kupindura mibvunzo.

utility dzidziso

Pfungwa kwenhumbi utility rinoti kutenga nechimwe chikwata chimwe chigadzirwa, mutengi asangana nezvavanoda. Saka, inova shoma hunofadza. Zvinotarisirwa Nyanzvi zvose munyika pakupedzisira zvainanga kuita vanhu kufara.

Pari, apo pane vakadaro utility dzidziso: mufundisi uye ordinal. Yokutanga inopa pfungwa yokuti utility kuti kudyiwa zvinhu zvinogona chaizvoizvo kudziverenga. Dzidziso iyi dzimwe nguva inonzi uwandu dzidziso utility. Vanotsigira vanoti kushanda chigadzirwa kuparadzwa kunoyerwa muzvikamu - utilities.

Chechipiri, ordinal kana hama utility dzidziso, iye anoti mutengi rinofananidza kubatsira (utility) kudyiwa zvinhu pamwe chete vanobatsirwa mumwe rinodyiwa. Nehasha kutaura, mumwe nguva kusarudza pakati kofi uye muffinssi uye cola ane hampurilainen, isu kusarudza chii chichava zvikuru panguva iyoyo. Mugadziriro yechinangwa dzidziso relativity uye utility akazviratidza mwero shoma pamusoro kuzvitsinhanisa.

tsananguro

Munyika anoedza kuva nomwero. Range kwedu mishonga - hakuna anosara. Kutenga chimwe chinhu, tinofanira nokungwaririra tipei mamwe. Panguva iyoyo tine chivimbo chokuti watengwa zvichava zvikuru pane kuruboshwe pasherefu. zvazvingava Marginal pamusoro kuzvitsinhanisa mishonga unotipa kunzwisisa sei vamwe "zvinhu" kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura vamwe. Chokwadi, mumwe nomumwe wedu ane dzavo zvatinoda uye zvaanokoshesa. Asi ichi kuzviitira maonero hakusi yakakodzera upfumi. Kunoda generalized kusvika.

zvazvingava Marginal pamusoro kuzvitsinhanisa akaenzana hama shanduko kwenhamba nenhumbi kuparadzwa. Formula zvakanyorwa sezvinotevera: MRS = (Y ₂ - and ₁₎ / (x ₂ - x _1).

Kuchinja kunwa (kushandiswa) nhumbi X uye Y anotibvumira vafunga pamusoro Zvinosarudzwa mutengi, uyewo kutaura kwakakura kukosha zvinhu. The chete zvinogona kuyerwa ari chigadzirwa kusarudzwa dzidziso, iri mutengo wayo. zvimwe zvose zvechadenga chigadzirwa uye zvikonzero zvayo sarudzo vari kuzviitira chaizvo. Achiedza kutsiva mumwe chinhu neimwe User anoedza kuchengetedza mari mari nenguva chechetere. A nani - uye kuderedza kudya mari.

vasingakendengi munyonga

Kusava nehanya makakombama zvinoratidza nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira kuti wedzera kusvika mutengi. Panguva iyoyo tiri kutaura kuti vatengi havana hanya chii chigadzirwa kusarudza. Somuenzaniso, kusarudza pakati maapuro nemaorenji, mabhazi kana zvokutengeserana pakutengeserana. On uwandu zvokubatisa of akaenzanisa nenhumbi (X-akabatana Somuenzaniso, kapu yetii, uye and-akabatana - Cookies) akaratidza ndege.

In kuguma munyonga, tinoona chaizvo kubva maapuro vangani akagadzirira kupa mutengi kubatsira kutenga imwe imwe orenji. NdiEzekieri. Kana iri imwe mari iri zvakafanana kubatsira kana kutenga akafanana zvinhu, kutaura pamusoro utility maximization uye pfungwa kuparadzira mutengi bhajeti, t. E. Kakafadza mwero shoma pamusoro kuzvitsinhanisa. Humwe zvaanorumbidza pakati mutengi sarudzo basa kutenga anoratidza kuti, kana mutengo idukusa mari 1 apuro 1 orenji, mutengi anosarudza apuro.

The vakawanda Dzidziso kodzera rakawanda

Vasingakendengi makakombama kazhinji zvinoratidza wakaenzana shoma utility. Asi cherechedza kuti panyaya umo shoma utility kuti chinokosha X iri kaviri mutengo, asi nhumbi vane - katatu. Mutengi anoenda kutenga nhumbi kubva, kunyange pasina chokuita chokwadi kuti anodhura.

Izvi zvichaita kuti redistribution yose inowanwa bhajeti, t. To. Mari nhumbi kusimuka. zvazvingava Marginal pamusoro utility munyika iyi kunoitwa ne "mugumisiro rationalism" vatengi vanoda kuti kufadza tinobatsirwa kuritenga. A zviine musoro mutengi nguva anoyera kuitika pamisika uye redistributes nhungamiro mari.

Kunyanya zviitiko shoma utility

In dzezvoupfumi kusiyanisa vanonzi vanhuwo zvinhu, chinotsiva zvinhu uye mukwanisi zvinhu. Chokutanga - pamwe substitutable zvigadzirwa (mvura uye muchero compote), wechipiri - zvachose kutsiva mumwe ( "Coca-cola" uye "Pepsi-cola") uye vamwe - zvinogadzirwa kuti mukwanisi mumwe (ballpoint chinyoreso kubayirira it).

Nokuti vose zvinorondedzerwa kacho shoma kubatsira mwero kuzvitsinhanisa ndiyo private (oga) nyaya. Saka, vakawanda, iri munyonga nezvisingafadzi materu uye kutanga convex kurutivi namatemo, ipapo anoitsivanisa girafu anova achirurama mutsetse intersecting namasanhu. Nemikwidza ichi yakarurama mutsetse ichitovimbawo mutengo nhumbi, apo ukuru concavity pamusoro munyonga iri pakutsvaga mukana kuzvitsinhanisa vamwe chinhu chimwe.

Zvinhu kugadzirwa uye mwero kuzvitsinhanisa

Sezvaiitwa private nemauto, mabhizimisi, nezvoupfumi vari kuedza chamber zviri utility yakatengwa ukapisa kupfuma. Panyaya iyi, kuti vakaverenga vakaomerwa mwero unyanzvi kuzvitsinhanisa. Kusiyana nhumbi dziri mutengi pamusika, mabhizimisi chamber kuchinja chimwe chinhu okuwana kuwedzera (kuderera) mune imwe. Chengeto anoita Vhoriyamu goho - inofanira kuramba kuchinja.

The inonyanya chakarurama - nhamba shoma pamusoro kuzvitsinhanisa kuti guta wokubata. Unogona vanopedzisira pagadzirwe dzimwe mari, pasina Kuteerera basa kuchinja. Asi muchiitiko chino rinotaura kuti pane imwe nguva yasvika akaderedza kugadzirwa, t. K. To kuramba chete munyonga hanya, mumwe chinhu anofanira kuwedzera kuripa kuti kuderera mamwe. ezvinhu akadaro anopesana kugadzirwa ari shoma chigadzirwa. Naizvozvo, makambani kuwana pakati nepakati zvinokonzera okuwana.

zvazvingava Marginal pakati kuzvitsinhanisa zvinhu okuwana - huru paakati nokuda kukarukureta hupfumi kunyatsoshanda akaitwa.

Sei shoma utility uye mwero kuzvitsinhanisa?

Chokwadi, mumwe nomumwe chigadzirwa vanobatsirwa. Kusvikira pamwero mumwe anotevedzana chairema nhumbi kunounzawo zvimwe zvikomborero. Asi pane imwe nguva zviri inokwana kudyiwa chinhu chimwe haasisina anobatsira. Zvadaro pezvatinotaura kusvika shoma utility kwenhumbi.

Kana ukaramba uri chete hanya munyonga uye kuibvisa chero mirayiridzo, ipapo tinogona kutaura nekuripira utility zvigadzirwa: nechepazasi kunwa mumwe zvinoisa nokuwedzera kudyiwa zvomumwe; zvachose utility hakuna kushanduka. Zvimwe utility anoonekwa somunhu shoma utility mumwe chigadzirwa. The yemaitiro zvakanyorwa sezvinotevera: MRS = PY / px.

Properties zvazvingava shoma pamusoro kuzvitsinhanisa

• chokukomborerwa shoma mwero kuzvitsinhanisa - nhamba yacho shoma utilities vezvinhu zviviri.

• Pfungwa kukosha shoma mwero kuzvitsinhanisa zvinoreva kuti vasanyanye kudyiwa chigadzirwa rwoga kunokonzera kuwedzera kushandisa imwe.

• Reserve yevanhu kuzvitsinhanisa anonzi chete kana uchifamba kukwira nokudzika munyonga hanya.

• Zvose pamusoro riri "kushanda" chete kungopa nyaya (ubatanidzwewo kuchinjaniswa zvigadzirwa); nokuti zvose private zvokusarudza, zvinoita ichi hakunganzi.