Von Neumann akitekicha: Nhoroondo panowanikwa izwi

Mavakirwo pamusoro of Neumann, anozivikanwawo sokuti of Neumann womuenzaniso, kana Princeton mapurani, inobva nzira anorondedzerwa muna 1945, nyanzvi yemasvomhu uye yefizikisi John of Neumann pamushumo "gwaro chokutanga" imwe kombiyuta EDVAC.

The redunhu akitekicha

Mushumo rakarondedzera of Neumann mapurani dhayagiramu pamusoro yemagetsi digitaalinen kombiyuta ine zvikamu zvinosanganisira kubudiswa zviyero kuitika:

• chinhu svomhu pfungwa chikwata;
• zvenhoroondo processor;
• kudzorwa chikwata dzine zana kudzidziswa remazita uye chirongwa yemabhuku;
• ndangariro kuchengeta mashoko;
• chinhu kunze chengetedzo mudziyo;
• chiyamuro uye goho zvigadziriswe.

Zvinoreva chiitiko kwaisanganisira kuti chero ruzivo zvakachengetwa pamusoro mashoko kombiyuta inogona kushandiswa papurogiramu, umo pokuvhiyiwa, humboo vakasarudzwa haagoni kuridzwa panguva imwe chete, nokuti vane bhazi. Zvinonzi vanotaurwa "gwaro rokutanga", iro rinotsanangura musayendisiti kufunga pamusoro chii mapurani zvinofanira kuva. Von Neumann akadana izvi "Bottleneck", iro kazhinji ichikutadzisa chokupika wegadziriro.

Nezvinodzidziswa of Neumann mapurani

Digital kombiyuta - kombiyuta, kuunganidza purogiramu unotora chirongwa mirayiridzo, mashoko kuverenga, kunyora, uye kunosanganisirawo chero kuwana ndangariro (RAM). Misimboti Architecture naJohane of Neumann ataurwa basa rake "wokutanga basa." Maererano naye, makombiyuta mudura chirongwa ndangariro vaiva kuvandudzika pamusoro kudzora makombiyuta, akadai ENIAC. The yokupedzisira yakanga chiite nokuzvisarudzira kuti haizoshandisi, uye kupinza pamusoro chigamba, zvichiguma hwokutiparadza mashoko uye kuzvidzora anonongedzera pakati siyana dzichipfekeka zvinogumbura. In oruzhinji ndangariro rinoshandiswawo nokuda makombiyuta ano nenzira iyi. Nokudaro kombiyuta akitekicha of Neumann yakasiyana Somuenzaniso, kubva Harvard, saka kuti haashandisi huru uye cache ndangariro.

prehistory

The makombiyuta vokutanga vakapiwa yakamisirwa chirongwa. Vamwe makombiyuta nyore chaizvo kushandisa zvakagadzirwa ichi kana kuti nyore kana kudzidzisa zvinangwa. Somuenzaniso, imwe pakombiyuta karukureta kuri kombiyuta ine yakamisirwa chirongwa. Unogona kushanda pamwe zvinokosha masvomhu, asi haagoni kushandiswa shoko processor , kana mitambo kunyaradzana. Kuchinja ngadzirambe muchina purogiramu zvinoda rewiring, kugadzirisa kana nokubatanidzwazve kuti midziyo. The tanga makombiyuta havana kudaro yakatetepa, sezvo ivo yambokurukurwa kokutanga uye kuti zvinangwa yesayenzi. Reprogramming akazviratidza zvikuru gare gare uye raiva rakaoma kwacho, sezvo nechigumbuso chati uye Banknotes uye nekuguma hwakadzama mazano. Kunyanya kuoma kwaiva gadziriro mazuvaano rwomuviri muchina pakupora makwara. Zvingatora vhiki nhatu kugadzwa musi ENIAC uye kuedza kuti zvifambe.

A pfungwa itsva

Vane kombiyuta, kuunganidza purogiramu vanoyeukwa, zvose zvakachinja. Inochengetwa mundangariro, vari kugadzira ane mamwe mirayiridzo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti muchina anogona pakarepo kuwana mamwe nemirayiridzo kuita Masvomhu.

The namaapuro mapurogiramu akadaro anorondedzera kuti kuzvipira kunatsiridza romutemo. Mumwe wokutanga zvinomera zvakadaro chinhu kwaidiwa kuti algorithm kuwedzera kana zvimwe kuchinja kero chikamu mirayiro. Akanga akaiswa manually pakutanga mazano. Izvi zvakava zvishoma kukosha kana indekisi evoruzhinji uye zvisina kunanga Achitaura kwakakurumbira zvatariswa akadzadzwa kombiyuta mavakirwo John of Neumann michina. Other pevara - kuti pinza anowanzoshandiswa Data murukova mirayiro pakarepo mhinduro. Asi kuzvipira kunatsiridza remitemo kuti pamwero mukuru yave vakashorwa nokuti kazhinji zvakaoma kunzwisisa uye debug. Uyezve, iyewo akaratidza kuva basa panyaya kubereka uye caching pamisungo processors ano.

Kazhinji, kukwanisa kubata mirayiridzo date - izvi zvinoita assemblers, compilers, assemblers, loaders uye dzimwe nhumbi zvichiita vanovengwa zvoga zvirongwa. Saka kutaura, kunyora zvirongwa kuti anyore zvirongwa. Pamwero muduku, inodzokororwa zvikuru kwezvavakaisa goho kushandiswa, akadai BitBlt-mufananidzo manipulations chinyakare kana Pixel uye vertex shaders vemazuva 3D-Graphics, kwakawanikwa kuti basa kumhanya pasina mushandisi michina.

Development ane pfungwa mudura chirongwa ndangariro

Yemasvomhu Alan Turing, waiva kufarira dambudziko kwemasvomhu pfungwa pashure Max Newman kwakaita hurukuro kuCambridge University, akanyora imwe nyaya 1936, rakabudiswa muna reShanduro London kwemasvomhu Society. Mairi, iye akarondedzera tsvagai muchina, yaakakudanirai "yezvisikwa kadambari muchina", uye iyo yava kunzi zvakasikwa Turing muchina. Akanga magumo okuchengetera (mu mazwi ano - ndangariro), yaiva zvose mirayiridzo data, hwakasikwa uye mavakirwo. Von Neumann zvakazivikanwa kuziva Turing panguva apo aishanya purofesa Cambridge muna 1935, uye muna kosi kudzivirira kwake doctorate dissertation panguva Turing Institute for Advanced Study muna Princeton (New Jersey) muna 1936-1937.

Vakazvimiririra Ji Presper Eckert uye Dzhon Mochli, dziridza ENIAC School of Electrical Engineering paUniversity of Pennsylvania, akanyora pfungwa muchina, iro rinochengeta chirongwa mundangariro muna December 1943 pamusoro. Kana kuronga muchina mutsva, kuti EDVAC, Eckert akanyora January 1944 kuti achachengeta humboo uye mapurogiramu itsva mudziyo addressable ndangariro uchishandisa esimbi nemekiyuri kunonoka. Yaiva nguva yokutanga kuvaka imwe tsika muchina rinochengeta chirongwa mundangariro dzave dzichitaurwa. Panguva iyoyowo, iye Mauchly ukasazviziva basa Turing (aimiririra pazasi).

Computer akitekicha: Von Neumann musimboti

Von Neumann chaibatanidzwa "Manhattan Project" paNational Laboratory kuLos Alamos, izvo zvaida guru yakawanda computation. It akwezvwe chirongwa muzhizha 1944 ENIAC. Ikoko akabatana nhaurirano pamusoro pokumuka EDVAC kombiyuta. Mukati boka iri, akanyora pepa rakanzi "A wokutanga gwaro Mushumo EDVAC», kwakavakirwa basa Eckert uye Mauchly. Zvaiva konekwa apo bhururu wake Goldstein vakaparadzira purojekiti pamwe of Neumann (zviya, Eckert uye Mauchly vakanga romuromo nhau iyi). Gwaro iri raverengwa ne vakawanda navo of Neumann muna America uye Europe uye kwakakanganisa raitevera padanho kombiyuta kukura.

Mirayiridzo inokosha of Neumann mapurani, sezvo yakataurwa "wokutanga kunze," akawana paupamhi mukurumbira, apo Turing afukidza Mushumo electronic karukureta, iro rave richirondedzerwa zvizere muna engineering zvirongwa. Rave akataura uye mharidzo yemunyori motokari, iyo yainzi Automatic Computing Engine (ACE). Akauya kuna varikutonga komiti of British National Chaiko Laboratory muna 1946. Papera kanguva kunyange anobudirira Implementation-siyana ACE mazano dzakabudiswa.

Tanga zvirongwa

Zvino chirongwa of Neumann uye Turing magwaro inorondedzera kombiyuta kuchengeta mundangariro chairo chirongwa, asi nyaya Von Neumann kuitwa mukuru kuparadzirwa ari muvanhu, uye kombiyuta mapurani pakuzivikanwa se John of Neumann mapurani.

Muna 1945, Purofesa Neumann, uyo aishanda pachikoro injiniya muna Philadelphia, apo akatanga ENIAC yakavakwa, wakabudiswa achimiririra navo vanotaura pamusoro chezvaizoitika akaitwa digitaalinen makombiyuta. Mushumo inopa kumbonyanya hwakadzama panyaya nokuda pakuvaka muchina, izvo kubva ngakuzivikanwe sezvo EDVAC. Akanga achangobva yatangwa muna America, asi mashoko anenge rwakafuridzirwa pakusikwa of Neumann EDSAC.

Maniacs uye Joniacs

Muna 1947, Burks, Goldstein uye of Neumann akabudisa imwe mushumo iyo akafukidza kuvakwa rumwe rudzi motokari (nguva ino zvakafanana), iyo aifanira kuva zvakasimba zvikuru, vanokwanisa, zvichida, kutakura 20,000 mashandiro muzana wechipiri. Vakaona kuti zvisingagadziriswi dambudziko iri rokuvaka rakanga kukura yakakodzera ndangariro, zvose zviri izvo zvinofanira kuva pakarepo kuwanikwa. Chokutanga, vakasarudza kushandisa chaiwo Vacuum chubhu, anonzi Selectron, rakanga yakagadzirwa panguva Princeton murabhoritari. sepombi akadaro zvinodhura, ndivaite zvakaoma chaizvo, kunyanya kana uri kushandisa mapurani ichi. Von Neumann vakazoroorwa akasarudza kuvaka motokari dzinobva Williams vanoyeukwa. muchina uyu, yakapedzwa muna June 1952 panguva Princeton, yava kuzivikanwa the maniac (kana chete Maniacs). magadzirirwo ayo rakafuridzirwa nokuda creators pakuvaka wokuhafu dhazeni kana kupfuura zvakafanana mano, ayo zvino kuvakwa muna America uye inonzi enyambo Johniacs.

zvisikwa misimboti

Chimwe chezvinhu ano digitaalinen makombiyuta, embodying kukura uye kuvandudzika magadzirirwo pakati otomatiki yemagetsi computation Zvakaratidzwa paNational Chaiko Laboratory muna Teddington, apo yakanga yakagadzirwa uye yakavakwa boka duku mathematicians, mainjiniya uye tsvakurudzo mainjiniya, pamwe rubatsiro wandei okuwana mainjiniya kubva Chirungu Magetsi Company Ltd. The midziyo ichiri murabhoritari, asi chete somunhu kumumvuri ane muti yakakura, iro rinozivikanwa sezvo Automatic Computing Engine. Asi, pasinei duku uremu uye zviri thermionic mavharuvhu 800 chete, chinhu chaizvo kutsanya uye ichiita mabasa akawanda kuverengwa muchina.

Basic Pfungwa uye Abstract nenheyo kukarukureta kushandisa michina kunge akagadzira naDr Turing pahwaro chete London kwemasvomhu Society muna 1936, asi kushanda michina yakadaro muUK rwanonoka nehondo. Muna 1945, kuongorora matambudziko rakasikwa mano zvakadaro akaramba paNational Chaiko Laboratory Dr. Vormsli, Superintendent of weDhipatimendi Mathematics Laboratory. Akatangawo Turing uye chikwata chake chiduku nyanzvi, uye muna 1947 rokutanga kuronga akanga zvakakwana yemhando kupembedza pokugadzwa rinokosha boka.

makombiyuta yokutanga pamusoro of Neumann mapurani

Wokutanga chirongwa rinotsanangura zano kuti yave kushandiswa mumayunivhesiti zhinji uye makambani kuvaka makombiyuta dzavo. Pakati pavo, chete ILLIAC ORDVAC uye inowirirana murayiridzo unobatsira.

Classical Von Neumann mapurani akanga mudzidziso Manchester duku experimental muchina (SSEM), zita remadunhurirwa Baby paUniversity of Manchester, zvaakatadzisa ayo vabudirire kushanda mudziyo wakabata chirongwa ndangariro, 21 June 1948 yokutanga.

EDSAC University of Cambridge, wokutanga anobatsira yemagetsi kombiyuta iri mhando, kwakatangwa zvinobudirira nguva yokutanga muna May 1949.

Kukura akasika yokutevedzera

IBM SSEC aiva nomukana funga mirayiridzo sezvo mashoko uye kwakaratidzwa January 27, 1948 pachena. Mano aya anotsigirwa muna US Pat. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvishomanana electromechanical muchina, pane imwe zvakazara zvemagetsi. In tsika, mirayiridzo vakanga verenga kubva papepa tepi nokuti ayo zvishoma ndangariro.

Baby aiva wokutanga kwazvo yemagetsi kombiyuta kumhanya zvakachengetwa mapurogiramu. It factoring chirongwa akamhanya kwemaminitsi 52, 21 June 1948 pashure pokutanga uye iri nyore kuverenga kugova kukarukureta iyo inoratidza kuti nhamba mbiri vari coprime.

ENIAC akanga dzakachinjwa kushanda sechinhu chinyakare kombiyuta kuti verenga-chete, asi musi iwoyo mapurani, uye yave kwakaratidzwa September 16, 1948, uye kushanda Adele Goldstein chirongwa yakarongwa tichibatsirwa of Neumann.

BINAC akapedza dzakawanda bvunzo zvirongwa muna February, March uye April 1949, kunyange zvazvo zvakanga zvisiri yapera kusvikira September 1949. Uyezve, bvunzo Zara rwaiitwa (vamwe inobudirira) zvimwe zvigadzirwa makombiyuta, inova maitire mavakirwo. Von Neumann, nenzira, uye akaramba kushanda pazuva "Manhattan" chirongwa. Ndiyo imwe-chinja murume akadaro.

Evolution of bhazi hurongwa mapurani

Kuburikidza emakore, nechekare ari 60s uye 70s, makombiyuta vakawanda vava maduku uye dzichimhanya, zvichiguma imwe shanduka kuti kwave kuchiita kuti kombiyuta mapurani of Neumann. Somuenzaniso, kuratidza mazano uye goho ndangariro rinobvumira nhengo mano, data, uye mirayiridzo sei kuti nokusangana mugadziriro izvo zvichashandiswa kupatsanurwa, kuramba achiyeukwa. A bhazi hurongwa ringashandiswa kupa modular hurongwa pamwe zviduku. Izvi dzimwe nguva anonzi "rationalization" kuti mapurani. In Zvakazoitwa emakore, dzimwe nguva zviri nyore microcontrollers regai kushandisa zvimwe zvinhu zvaiitwa mumufananidzo muenzaniso kuti kuderedza mari uye kukura. Asi nemakombiyuta makuru kutevera isingachinji mapurani, sezvo ivo vakawedzera zvinhu kuvandudza unongotaura.