Nesilicon chacho yeimwe. Nesilicon zvakasikwa. Kushandiswa nesilicon

Chimwe rakakurumbira unyanzvi uye indasitiri kuti zvinhu zviri nesilicon. Kuti chikwereti chacho kujairika ehupfumi. Nhasi kune siyana yeimwe pamusoro maatomu akafanana izvi, izvo basa rinokosha muna kwetunhu uye pakusika michina zvigadzirwa, glassware, girazi, midziyo, zvokuvakisa, zvishongo nezvimwewo maindasitiri.

General unhu nesilicon

Kana tikafunga chinzvimbo nesilicon munyika periodic mugadziriro, zvinokwanisika kuti:

1. IV iri munzvimbo huru subgroups veboka.
2. Kutevedzana nhamba 14.
3. Mabhomba guru 28,086.
4. Makemikari chiratidzo Si.
5. Name - nesilicon, kana mu Latin - silicium.
6. Electronic configuration rokunze rukoko 4e: 2e: 8e.

The sekristaro rekamuri reimba nesilicon zvakafanana nedhaimani napamahwindo. The nodes vari vakaronga maatomu, ayo mhando - chiso zvakatinakira cubic. Zvisinei, nokuda mukuru urefu kukurukurirana zvivako zviri nesilicon mumuviri akasiyana zvakasimba kubva ehupfumi kuti kabhoni allotropic nadzurudzo.

Mumuviri makemikari zvivako

Pane vaviri allotropic nadzurudzo ari chinhu: amorphous uye sekristaro. Ivo akafanana chaizvo. Zvisinei, sezvakaita vamwe zvinhu, kusiyana chikuru pakati pavo - the crystalline nesilicon napamahwindo.

Muchiitiko chino, vose shanduro - upfu mavara akasiyana.

1. Crystalline nesilicon chinhu kupenyerera rima pfumbu upfu-kufanana simbi. mamiriro ayo rinoenderana nedhaimani, asi nzvimbo yakasiyana. It ane:

• fragility;
• pasi pokuoma;
• semiconductor ehupfumi;
• Utsotso tembiricha kuti 1415 ⁰ C;
• arambe achirema 2.33 g / masendimita ^3;
• ari achibika tembiricha kuti 2700 ⁰ C.

makemikari basa Its yakaderera zvichienzaniswa nemamwe allotropic chimiro.

2. Amorphous nesilicon - mashava shava upfu, ane mamiriro silnorazuporyadochennogo nedhaimani. Reactivity kumusoro zvakakwana.

Kazhinji, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti sei nesilicon nezvaasingadi. Kuti sei, zvakafanira tembiricha haana asingasviki 400-500 ⁰ C. Various makemikari zviri aumba kubva nesilicon pasi izvi ezvinhu. Akadai se:

• oxides;
• halides;
• kuzviuraya;
• nitrides;
• borides;
• carbides.

Zvichida nesungano pakati nesilicon pamwe nitric asidhi kana alkali, unonzi ane etching rikurumidze. Kwakapararira silicones, iyo zvino kuramba vachiwanda.

Kuva zvakasikwa

Nesilicon wagara kuwanikwa chaizvo zvinonyatsooneka chitsama. Zviri panzvimbo yechipiri pashure yakachena hwakapararira. Its uremu chakapatsanurwa anenge 30%. Yomugungwa chinewo chinoshingaira chinhu wevasungwa 3 MG / L. Naizvozvo, hatigoni kutaura kuti nesilicon zvakasikwa - ndiko isingawanzowanikwi maatomu akafanana.

Mukupesana, kune vazhinji siyana matombo uye zvicherwa, sechikamu icho kunoitika uye kubva iyo inogona zvikaramba. Rakajairika dzinongoitika nesilicon yeimwe ndiwo:

1. Silica. Makemikari fomura Sio _2. Pane chaizvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvicherwa uye mabwe hwayo: jecha, mapanga, feldspar, Goldstone, dombo rekristaro, ametesti, chalcedony, mune ibwe rerubhi, hiakindi, jaspa, uye vamwe.
2. Silicates uye aruminiyamu silicates. Kaolin, feldspar, Mika, silicic asidhi munyu, asbestos, talc.

Saka, kupararira nevakawanda zvakasikwa nesilicon aro yeimwe dzakakurumbira uye kudiwa vanhu kushandisa kuti michina zvinangwa.

Nesilicon chacho yeimwe

Sezvo wakachena seva iripo chaikosha havagoni, saka, dzakasiyana kukosha kwayo yeimwe. Kubva makemikari nemaonero zvingava matatu oxidation mamiriro +2, +4, -4. Unobva ichi, uye nokuda inertia dzavo, asi kunyanya panguva crystalline yekamuri mamiriro, zvinowanisa marudzi anotevera chikuru zvinhu:

• binary yeimwe nevasiri nesimbi (silane, carbide, nitride, phosphide, nezvakadaro;
• oxides;
• silicic asidhi;
• silicates zvesimbi.

Ngatikurukurei kuti zvakakosha kuti nesilicon dzaro yeimwe, ndiyo inonyanya uye yakakurumbira vanhu.

nesilicon oxides

Kune mhando mbiri zvinhu yakaratidzwa fomura:

• Sio;
• Sio _2.

Zvisinei, kushandiswa yainyanya ane dioxide. It iripo zvakasikwa muchimiro yakanaka kwazvo nematombo Semi-anokosha:

• neagati;
• chalcedony;
• hiakindi;
• mune ibwe rerubhi;
• nejaspa;
• neametisi;
• rhinestone.

Kushandiswa nesilicon chimiro ichi awana chikumbiro yayo kugadzirwa zvishongo. Kusimba yakanaka goridhe nesirivha zvishongo yakaitwa semiprecious izvi uye matombo semiprecious.

A zvakasiyana mashomanana silica:

• Goldstone;
• rwizi uye Goldstone jecha ;
• romusarasara;
• feldspars.

Kushandiswa nesilicon mune mhando yakadaro rakatangwa muna kuvaka, engineering, zvemagetsi, kemikari bhizimisi, simbi. Pamwechete, dzakanyorwa oxides anotaura rimwe fuma - silica.

Karbid Kremniya uye kushandiswa kwayo

Nesilicon aro yeimwe - zvokunyama ramangwana uye chipo. Mumwe zvinhu zvakadaro nesilicon carbide kana carbide yacho chinhu. Makemikari yokuita SiC. It kunoitika zvakasikwa sezvo zvicherwa moissanite.

In yakaisvonaka chimiro kabhoni nesilicon remubatanidzwa - rakanaka, segirazi crystals, nedhaimani-kufanana marongerwo. Zvisinei, nokuti michina zvinangwa akashandisa kupendwa rwegirini uye dema ruvara zvinhu.

Unhu Zvikuru nefuma, vachibvumira kushandiswa kwayo muna indasitiri, ruzivo, makemikari maindasitiri, zvinotevera:

• yakafara gwanza semiconductor;
• yakakwirira kwazvo simba (7 Mohs pakafunuka) ;
• husingakwanisi yakakwirira tembiricha;
• chakanakisisa elektroustoychivost uye chafariz conductivity.

Zvose izvi zvinobvumira kushandiswa nesilicon carbide sechinhu hasha mashoko simbi uye mushonga usage. LEDs Uyewo, zvakavakirwa zvakabudisa navanopinda chakarondedzera chiito, zvikamu kuti girazi chamatare, mokugezera, mwenje, zvishongo (moissanite vakaonga FIANITE pamusoro).

Silane uye kukosha

Rehydrogen nesilicon remubatanidzwa ndiye silane uye zita hazvigoni kuwanwa nevanhu zvakananga kwetunhu kubva kutanga zvinhu. Kuti tiwane siyana simbi silicides anoshandiswa, izvo pasi asidhi kurapwa. Somugumisiro, mashoko silane gasi asunungurwa nokuumba chakaumbwa munyu.

Zvinofadza kuti mukomboni iri mubvunzo kumbobvira yakabereka oga. Muchigara zvakaitwa musanganiswa mono-, va- uye Trisilane umo nesilicon maatomu zvinesungano pamwe nengetani.

On the ehupfumi pamusoro yeimwe izvi - simba yokuderedza nevamiririri. Pachavo saka nyore oxidized nokuda okisijeni, dzimwe nguva nokunganduma kune simba. Chisimba maitiro ane halogens nguva dzose ane yakawanda simba kusunungurwa.

Pokushandisa zvinotevera silanes:

1. Zvinoitwa Organic kwetunhu, somugumisiro izvo zvakakosha silicones - silicone, rabha, sealants, lubricants, emulsions nevamwe.
2. Microelectronics (LCD monitors, Integrated zvekushandisa diagrams, etc.).
3. High kuchena polysilicon.
4. Dental prosthetics.

Saka, zviri silanes munyika yemazuva zvakakwirira.

Silicic asidhi uye silicates

Hydroxide of chinhu - vari silicas akasiyana. anokudzwa:

• Meta;
• imwi;
• polysilicon nezvimwe acids.

Vose vane zvakafanana zvinhu - zvakanyanyisa kusaenzana mune akasununguka mamiriro. Vari nyore yaora ne nokupisa. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, pane ndevenguva, akatendeuka kutanga kupinda Sol uye ipapo munhu gel. Kana dzaomeswa, ari silica gels, zvivako dzakadaro dzinonzi. Kushandiswa sezvo adsorbents mu filters.

Inokosha kubva pfungwa nemaonero maindasitiri, ndivo munyu wenyika silicic acids - silicates. Ndivo hwaro kugadzirira kwakadaro zvinhu, zvakadai:

• girazi;
• kongiri;
• simende;
• zeolite;
• kaolin;
• porcelain;
• wevhu;
• rekristaro;
• Ceramics.

Alkali simbi silicates - soluble, vamwe - kwete. Naizvozvo, yavaibvisa uye potassium silicate inonzi mvura girazi. Normal Stationery namira - ndiro yavaibvisa munyu silicic acid.

Asi zvinofadza zvikuru yeimwe vose zvakafanana girazi. Izvo chete nzira iyi fuma pasina pfungwa! Nhasi, vakapiwa yechitema, Manyiminya, matte zvokusarudza. Glassware ari chinoshamisa iine runako rwayo uye siyana. Kana achiwedzera zvimwe simbi uye nonmetal oxides kuti musanganiswa anogona kuwana siyana mhando girazi. Dzimwe nguva kunyange chete nziyo, asi pauwandu hweavo zvakasiyana yenhengo kunotungamirira musiyano ehupfumi yacho fuma. Miyenzaniso porcelain neyevhu, izvo payakavakirwa Sio ₂ * AL ₂ O ₃ * K ₂ O.

Goldstone girazi - inzira dzakakwirira kutsvinda chigadzirwa, ane akafanana chinorondedzerwa se silica.

ari nesilicon yeimwe Discovery

Mumakore mashoma apfuura, netsvakurudzo kuti nesilicon wayo yeimwe - anokosha vechikamu kunowanzoitika mamiriro zvipenyu. C kukanganisika kana kupfuura munhu akapiwa Kufananidzira chokuita nezvirwere zvakadai:

• kenza;
• tiibhii;
• chearthritis;
• tsanga;
• maperembudzi;
• manyoka;
• rheumatism;
• kuzvimba chiropa uye nevamwe.

Kuchembera pezvakaitwa pachavo vari zvakare chokuita quantitative zviri nesilicon. Pane zvakawanda kwakaita mhuka zvakaratidza kuti kushaya ane ichocho ane mwoyo kurwiswa, sitiroko, kenza uye hepatitis C utachiona iri kusashanda.