Cars, Lorries
Vanoparadza: Magadzirirwo. vaparadzi chiitiko mukirasi uye dzavo mhando
Nhoroondo vemauto fleets nemasimba makuru uye anokosha gungwa hondo pakati XIX remakore ari zvakabatana chaizvo kuvaparadzi. Nhasi ichi hachisisiri ndivo ndakawedzera nokukurumidza magwa ine misha duku, kwakakurumbira muenzaniso chiri "Zamvolt" mhando vaparadzi US, pakupera 2015 akasunungura pagungwa miedzo.
Ndezvipi vaparadzi
Nomuparadzi, uye pfupi, muparadzi - boka warships. Multi-nokukurumidza maneuverable Zvikepe pakutanga akagadzirirwa kunomisa nokuparadza ngarava muvengi pamwe atirari moto apo kudzivirira munhu dzechikwata inorema zvikepe anononoka-uchifamba. Pakazosvika mavambo First World War, chinangwa chikuru vaparadzi - Avangard kurwisa makuru ngarava muvengi. War akawedzera kuwanda mabasa vaparadzi, vari kushandiswa Anti-yepasi pemvura uye Anti-nendege kudzivirira, kurwisa. Zvakatanga kuwedzera kukosha kwavo zvikepe, yekudyidzana zvakawedzera misha uye firepower.
Nhasi, vanoshumira kuti kundorwa Ngarava dzepasi pemvura, ngarava uye ndege (zvombo ndege) muvengi.
Vanoparadza vari patrol pabasa, vanogona kushandiswa ushori, zvinopa atirari rutsigiro munguva kumhara ndokuisa minefields.
First rakasvika kirasi motokari chiedza, seaworthiness avo pasi, pasina havagoni kuita. zvombo zvavo chikuru vaiva angu. Kubata navo fleets dzakawanda akazviratidza zvinonzi vanodzima - duku mukuru-nokukurumidza midziyo, uhwo torpedoes kutanga mungozi XX remakore kumbofungidzira. Gare gare, ngarava aya anonzi nomuparadzi.
Nomuparadzi - nekuti Avangard pamberi chimurenga vakadaidzwa mumigodhi kuzvidzora propelled Russian. Dzechikwata - nekuti kurindwa pedyo dzechikwata uye akaita dzavo chikamu nepagungwa uye Oceanic mapazi.
Background of kuvaparadzi mukirasi
Torpedoes vakapakata British Navy zvakaitika mumazuva okupedzisira kota XIX remakore. Zvino vaparadzi vokutanga dzakavakwa 1877 vaparadzi "Mheni" (UK) uye "Bang" (Russia). Small mukuru-nokukurumidza uye zvakachipa kugadzira, vanogona kunyura kukuru chikepe kubva mutsetse.
Makore maviri gare gare, nokuti British rengarava yakavakwa gumi vaparadzi zvakawanda simba, France - gumi, kuAustria-Hungary uye Denmark - mumwe nomumwe.
Kunobudirira zvangu chiito magwa Russian pahondo 1877-1878 Russian-wokuTurkey. uye kukura torpedoes kwakaita kuti yokusika minonosnogo rengarava pfungwa kuti nokuda kwokudzivirira yegungwa havadi makuru armadillos zvinodhura, dambudziko iri rinogona kugadzirisa yakawanda duku mukuru-nokukurumidza magwa minonosnyh duku misha. Mune eighties zviri XIX remakore yakatanga chaiyo "minonosny" kuwedzera. Chete vaikudzwa masimba mugungwa - Britain, France, uye Russia - vakanga fleets dzavo, 325 kuvaparadzi. Kukasawedzerwa ne nematare akadaro uye US Navy, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy nedzimwe nyika dzokuEurope.
marudzi iwayo nepagungwa yakakomba nguva akatanga kusikwa zvikepe kuparadza Avangard magwa nevangu. Izvi "varwi vaparadzi" vaifanira kuva akangofanana imbwa yokuvhimisa, kunze torpedoes, vane sechikamu zvombo uye atirari zvakafanana simba kuchengeterwa, uyewo dzimwe ngarava huru huru rengarava.
Musha "murwi" kwave zvikuru kupfuura kuvaparadzi.
Prototypes vaparadzi maererano British Avangard gondohwe "Polifemus" Vakavaka muna 1892, kushaya riri simba atirari zvombo, sevatsvaki vemapuranga "Archer" uye "Scout" gunboats "Dryad" mhando ( "Halcyon") uye "Sharpshuter" "Jason" ( " aramu "), muparadzi guru" Swift "yakavakwa muna 1894 pamwe kuchinjaniswa zvombo, zvakakwana kuparadza kuvaparadzi muvengi.
The British akavakawo nokuda Japanese warrior muparadzi yomuzana kirasi "Kotak" misha guru rine simba simba chirimwa uye vakanyatsoshongedzwa, asi pamwe kusingagutsi seaworthiness, uye pashure pake ngarava kurwisa kuvaparadzi "destructor" basa ne Spain, apo yakanga semhosva yakakura Avangard gunboat .
kutanga vaparadzi
In nokusingaperi kunetsana vokuBritain uye French wengarava British kutanga avakira zvikepe matanhatu, izvo siyana zvishoma chitarisiko, asi akanga mukugadzirisa maitiro akafanana uye bvisika maoko kutendeukira kugadzirisa matambudziko Avangard vaparadzi kana murwi. misha yavo oda 270 m, nokukurumidza - 26 nokusunungura mapfundo. Vakanga nezvikepe izvi chimwe 76mm, 57mm matatu pfuti uye zvitatu Avangard sepombi. Miedzo zvakaratidza kuti kunyange mawa kugadzwa zvombo zvose vasakanganise maneuverability uye nokukurumidza. The Uta mudziyo akafukidzwa Karalas ( "hamba goko"), uyo akadzivirira conning shongwe uye yakaiswa pamusoro payo chikuva huru nomoto. Fenzi, breakwaters kumativi ose kabhini inodzivirira vasara pfuti.
French Muparadzi yokutanga yakavakwa okupedzisira pagore XIX, uye US - pakutanga inotevera remakore. Mune US, 16 vaparadzi dzakavakwa kwemakore mana.
MuRussia, pamusoro kwezana remakore dzakavakwa havana mazita, saka akadana rezinesi kuvaparadzi. Kana misha matani 90-150 vanosvika kumhanya 25 nokusunungura mapfundo, vakazvigadzirira akanga wakaiswa, vaviri chinjwa Avangard uye chiedza pfuti.
Independent vaparadzi kirasi vakatanga pashure pehondo 1904-1905 GG pamwe Japan.
Vanoparadza pakutanga XX remakore
On kwezana remakore pakuvaka simba chirimwa hwemvura turbine vaparadzi kuuya. kuchinja kwakadaro kunogona zvinoshamisa kuwedzera kumhanya muchikepe. Origin muparadzi pamwe powerplant itsva nemiedzo vakakwanisa kutanga nokumhanya 36 nokusunungura mapfundo.
Ipapo England akatanga kuvaka vaparadzi kushanda mafuta, kwete marasha. Zvichitevera kwake mvura mafuta akatanga kufamba fleets dzimwe nyika. MuRussia, raiva basa "Novik", yakavakwa muna 1910.
muhondo kudzivirira Port Arthur uye Hondo Tsushima, izvo chikaungana mapfumbamwe Russian maviri nomumwe muparadzi Japanese Russian-Japanese, akaratidza zvinokanganiswa ichi mhando ngarava neutera maoko avo.
Pakazosvika 1914, misha dzavaparadzi yakawedzera kusvika 1000 matani. Hulls avo akagadzirwa mutete simbi, wakaiswa uye pafoni chete-chubhu Avangard sepombi chikatsiviwa multi-tubular on kutenderera akavaverengera wakaiswa kwachiri Manyiminya zvinotyisa. Avangard Rukakura dzichimhanya yakawedzera yekudyidzana uye siyana.
Achinja zvinhu rokuzorora vezvikepe uye kuvaparadzi rikarira vakuru. Officers akapiwa yoga kabhini kokutanga pamusoro British muparadzi "River" muna 1902.
Munguva yehondo vaparadzi ane misha anosvika mumwe uye hafu matani chiuru, mumwe nokumhanya 37 change chiutsi boilers pamwe mokugezera mafuta, ina nekatatu chubhu Avangard launchers uye pfuti shanu caliber 88 mm kana 102 vachishingaira chikamu nzvimbo, dzinoda kukanganisa mashandiro, kuisa minefields, zvifambiswe mauto. In kupfuura hondo hondo wengarava - hondo Jutland - wakapindwa zvinopfuura 80 British uye 60 kuvaparadzi German.
Muhondo iyi, vaparadzi vakatanga kuita mumwe basa - kudzivirira zvikepe kubva pakurwiswa Ngarava dzepasi pemvura, kurwisa navo atirari moto kana gondohwe kurova. Izvi zvakaita kuti vawedzere housings vaparadzi, zvokushandisa hydrophones nokuda kuziva miedzo Ngarava dzepasi pemvura uye kudzika mhosva. nguva yokutanga yepasi pemvura yakanga dzanyura nokudzika mhosva nemuparadzi "Llewellyn" muna December 1916.
Britain akasika muhondo, kupesana itsva - "mutungamiriri kuvaparadzi," pamwe kukuru zvinhu uye nezvombo kupfuura avhareji muparadzi. Zvakanga zvakagadzirirwa kuti auye kurwisa vaparadzi ayo, kurwa nemuvengi, mapoka vaparadzi kuzvidzora uye ushori dzechikwata pa.
Vanoparadza iri interwar nguva
Zvakaitika World War First yaratidza kuti kukwana torpedoes kuvaparadzi hondo. Kuwedzera uwandu watsemuka marongerwo mano matanhatu yakaiswa pombi.
Chikuva mutsva pakuvaka ichi mhando ngarava anogona kunzi Japanese vaparadzi mhando "Fubuki". chombo ravo raiva matanhatu simba shanu-padiki pfuti zhinji pakona rimwe kwaro, iro rinogona kushandiswa Anti-ndege uye zvitatu katatu-chubhu Avangard sepombi pamwe okisijeni torpedoes kutaipa 93 "Long neLens". Zvinotevera Japanese Avangard vaparadzi wokutsiva nokukurumidza recharging mano akatanga muna uriri superstructure.
vaparadzi US, "Porter" zvirongwa "Mahan" uye "Gridley 'vakanga yakanyatsoiswa mashanu-padiki mapatya pfuti, uye ipapo zvakawedzera uwandu Avangard sepombi 12 uye 16 azvaitwa.
French vaparadzi, "Jaguar" mhando akanga atove misha zviviri namazana. M uye 130 mm kanoni.
Maererano yaHitler rearmament chirongwa kuvaka mamwe vaparadzi uye Germany, zvakadai zvikepe, 1934 taiva misha 3 zviuru. T, asi murombo basa. Vanoparadza mhando 1936 yave vakabata 150-mm inorema pfuti.
VeGermany vaparadzi kushandiswa hwemvura turbine chokugadza dzakakwirira-kuvafurira chiutsi. An itsva mhinduro, asi zvakakonzera matambudziko akakomba hurongwa.
Kusiyana neizvi, zvirongwa Japanese uye German kuvakwa guru vaparadzi, Britain kuAmerica vakatanga kusika chiedza, asi zvikepe akawanda. British nomuparadzi mhando A, B, C, D, E, F, G uye H ane misha ine 1.4 zviuru. T vane masere Avangard sepombi mana 120 mm caliber pfuti. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo vakanga vavaka akadai "Tribal" muparadzi ane misha dzinopfuura zviuru 1,8. Matani mana pfuti turrets, umo sere mapatya-geji 4.7-padiki pfuti vakatasva.
Zvino pakanga aiyangarara vaparadzi J mhando gumi Avangard sepombi uye shongwe vatatu aiwanzopiwa wokushanda zvokushandisa matanhatu, uye L, zvakanga kuisa pa nhanhatu aiwanzopiwa wokushanda pfuti itsva waifarirwa sere Avangard sepombi.
gumi US vaparadzi mhando "Benson," misha yose 1,6 zviuru. T, vakanga vakazvigadzirira Avangard sepombi uye shanu 127-mm (5 nemainji) zvokushandisa.
The Soviet Union pamberi Hondo Yenyika II vaparadzi akavaka chacho uye kupedzisa 7U 7, umo echelon urongwa simba chirimwa kwakavandudza survivability zvikepe. Vakava noushamwari nokumhanya 38 change ari misha vanenge 1.9 zviuru. T.
1/38 nokuti basa yakavakwa vatungamiriri matanhatu vaparadzi (Head - "Leningrad"). Ane misha anenge 3 zviuru matani, pane imwe kumhanya 43 change uye cruising zvakawanda 2.1 zviuru zvemakiromita ..
In Italy, nokuti Black rengarava rakavakwa mutungamiri nemuparadzi "Tashkent" matani zviuru ine misha ine 4.2, ane kunonyanyisa kumhanya 44 fundo uye cruising siyana mukuru zviuru 5. Miles pa 25 change nokukurumidza.
Zvakaitika Second World War
MuHondo Yenyika II, akatora kushingaira chikamu avhiyesheni, kusanganisira muhondo kuvhiyiwa pagungwa. On vaparadzi akatanga kukurumidza kutanga pfuti Anti-ndege uye radars. In pakurwisana kare zvikuru yepamusoro Ngarava dzepasi pemvura vakatanga kushandisa mumaturi.
Vaparadzi "consumable" fleets dzose pikisa kunyika. Ndivo zvikepe zvikuru hombe, muchirongwa zvose hondo mune dzemitambo zvose remapazi nemauto pagungwa. vaparadzi German kuti nguva yakanga chete kurutivi kamuri.
Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore XX, vamwe vaparadzi muhondo, kwete kuvaka ngarava itsva zvinodhura, vave upgraded zvakananga Anti-yepasi pemvura hondo.
Uyewo zvakanga akavaka nhamba kurei, vakabata otomatiki pfuti huru moto, mumaturi, radar, Akash zvikepe: - ". Forrest Sherman" vaparadzi Soviet Project 30-bis uye 56, Chirungu "vachiva" uye American
Era chombo vaparadzi
Sezvo sixties wekupedzisira remakore veMubatanidzwa zvombo "pasi-pasi," uye "pasi-kuti-mhepo" zvikuru masimba nepagungwa akatanga kuvaka vaparadzi pamwe kutungamirirwa zvombo (Russian chidimbu - URO, Chirungu - DDG). Rakanga zvikepe Soviet chirongwa 61, Chirungu - akadai "County" American - ". Charles F. Adams" mhando
By kuguma Blurred miganhu XX remakore pakati chokwadi vaparadzi, frigates akapakata zvombo uye sevatsvaki vemapuranga.
Mune Soviet Union muna 1981 akatanga kuvaka munoparadza chirongwa 956 (mhando "gora" kana "ano"). Ndivo chete ngarava Soviet kuti pakutanga semhosva kuvaparadzi. Vakanga chinangwa kukurira pemvura mauto uye kutsigirwa kumhara, uye ipapo nokuda Anti-yepasi pemvura uye Anti-nendege kuzvidavirira.
956 nokuti chirongwa uye akavaka muparadzi "Persistent", magetsi flagship pakati kuBaltic Fleet. It kwakatangwa muna January 1991.
Nomuparadzi zvombo launchers Anti-chikepe rwendo zvombo "mosquito" (mbiri Quad), Anti-ndege zvinoita zvokukandwa yakaoma "Akadzikama" (2 anokwana zviyero), sextuple mumaturi RBU-1000 (2 anokwana zviyero), vaviri aiwanzopiwa wokushanda pfuti Kunowedzera 130 neMM, sextuple AK-630 (4 kugadzwa), vaviri mapatya Avangard sepombi caliber 533 mm. Mungarava ndiye Ka-27.
Of nechekare kuvakwa pamwe azvino vaiva kuvaparadzi of Indian Navy kusvikira ichangopfuura. Zvikepe se "Delhi" vari vakabata Anti-chikepe zvombo pamwe zvakawanda lesion 130 km SAM "Akadzikama" (Russia) uye mavhidhiyo Bharaki (Israeri) nokuda kwokudzivirira, kuRussia Anti-yepasi pemvura chitundumuseremusere bombometnye kuisa RBU-6000 ASW uye shanu Avangard anotungamirira torpedoes caliber 533 mm. Helipad rakagadzirirwa helicopters maviri Sea King. Zvinotarisirwa munguva yemberi iri pedyo kuti kutsiva izvi ngarava vaparadzi ari "Kolkata".
Nhasi nomuparadzi DDG-1000 Zumwalt US Navy intercepted muchanza.
Vanoparadza ari XXI remakore
All mikuru fleets achidonongodza mukuru dzinoitwa pakuvaka kuvaparadzi matsva. The chikuru ndiye kushandisa murayiro uye kuzvidzora hurongwa akafanana US "Aegis» (AEGIS), iro rinotarisirwa kuparadza kwete chete ndege, asi zvombo "chikepe-to-chikepe" uye "mhepo-kuti-chikepe."
Paaisika ngarava itsva inofanira kuiswa namano zvemichina: kushandisa nemwaranzi-absorbent zvinhu, anokosha akagadzirirwa geometric chimiro, zvisinei, Somuenzaniso, zvakasiyana mhando nomuparadzi USS Zumwalt.
Vaparadzi itsva zviwedzerwe uye nokukurumidza, nokudaro kuwedzera habitability uye seaworthiness.
Pazvikepe ano mukuru pamwero kushandisa michina, asi zvinofanira hwakawedzera, uye, naizvozvo, anofanira kukura mugove webetsero simba dzakabatana.
Zviri pachena kuti vose azvaiitwa kutungamirira kuwedzera mari kuvaka ngarava, naizvozvo Qualitative kuvandudzika yavo kugona kunge nokuda uwandu.
Vaparadzi remakore itsva inofanira nokure kukura uye misha zvose kuwanikwa musi zvikepe ichi mhando. Muparadzi itsva DDG-1000 Zumwalt vaiona chinyorwa nokuda misha, ndiko 14 zviuru. Matani. Zvikepe yakadaro aronga kupinda US Navy kare 2016, yokutanga vavo akatotanga nemiedzo gungwa.
Zviya, vaparadzi Russian Project 23560, izvo, sezvakavimbiswa, ichavakwa nokuda 2020, achava misha 18 zviuru. Matani.
The Russian nekubatwa muparadzi itsva
Maererano neprojekti 23560, iyo, maererano nevhepfenyuro, iri mubhuku rekugadzirisa shanho, zvikepe 12 zvakarongeka kuvaka. Muparadzi "Mutungamiri" ane urefu hwemamita mazana maviri uye upamhi mamita makumi maviri nemaviri anofanirwa kunge ane ruzivo rwakakwana rwekufamba, mukufamba kwezvokuchengetedza, gara mazuva makumi mapfumbamwe, uwedzere huwandu hwemashoko makumi maviri nemaviri. Inofanirwa kuve iyo yekushandiswa kwechikepe chekushandisa kushandisa Stealth technologies.
Mupiki anopikira we "Muongorori" purojekiti (nzvimbo yepamhenderekedzo yegungwa regungwa) ingangodaro yakavakwa neine simba reatomu uye inofanira kutakura zvombo makumi matanhatu kana makumi manomwe zvekudzika zvakadzika. Yakarongwa kuvanza mumigodhi uye anti-ndege yakarongedzwa misoro, iyo inofanira kunge iine 128 chete, kusanganisira Polimen-Redut SAM. Zvombo zveAlexisubmarine zvinofanira kunge zvine mapepa 16-24 akatungamirirwa (PLRM). Vaparidzi vachagamuchira pfuti yepasi rose yakasvika 130 mm caliber A-192 "Armat" uye pad padhi yepamusoro yezvinyorwa zviviri zvepamusoro helicopter.
Dhawuni yose inenge ichiri chekufungidzira uye inogona kucheneswa gare gare.
Vamiririri veNavy vanotenda kuti vaparidzi ve "Mutungamiri" rudzi ruchava zvikepe zvepasi rose, vachiita mabasa evanoparadza, anti-submarine ships uye, zvichida, vafambisi vezvikepe zve "Orlan" rudzi.
Muparadzi "Zamvolt"
Vanoparadza veZumwalt rudzi rwechinhu chinonyanya kukosha purogiramu yeUnited States Navy yezvikepe zvepasi remakore rechi21 (Surface Combatant SC-21).
Mumwe muparadzi weRussia we "Mutungamiri" mhando ndeye mubvunzo, zvichida, wepfupi, asi yemberi.
Asi muparadzi wekutanga wekutanga DDG-1000 Zumwalt atotangwa, uye pakutanga kweDecember 2015, shanduro yechipfine yakatanga. Kuonekwa kunoshamisa kwemuparadzi uyu kunonzi futuristic, imba yake uye superstructure yakafukidzirwa nemavhidhiyo ekugadzirisa zvinhu nehupamhi hwemasentimita matatu (1,1 inch), nhamba yeantenna inoputika inoderedzwa kusvika zvishoma.
Vaparadzi ve "Zamvolt" mhando, 183 m mirefu, vachifambisa kusvika 15 000 mamatani uye kubatana kwechigadziro chikuru chemasimba emamiriyoni zviuru makumi matanhatu. With. Inogona kukura nekukurumidza kusvika kusvika makumi matatu. Vane radar rine simba uye vanogona kuona pamakungwa marefu kwete kwete zvishoma-zvombo zvinokambaira, asiwo zvikepe zvegandanga.
Hondo yevaparadzi inosanganisira 20 MK 57 VLS yakatsvaira yakagadzirirwa 80 Tomahawk, ASROC kana ESSM, mairi maviri anokurumidza-moto Mk 110 mabhuti e 57 mm caliber akavharwa, aina 155 mm AGS zvombo zvine marefu 370 km, mabhiri maviri 324-mm torpedo tubes.
Pazvikepe zvinogona kuveka 2 helicopters SH-60 Sea Hawk kana zvitatu zvisingabvumirwi nemotokari MQ-8 Fire Scout.
"Zamvolt" rudzi rwevaparadzi, iro basa guru rinofanira kuparadza vavengi vemahombekombe. Uyewo, zvikepe zvemufananidzo uyu zvinokwanisa kugadzirisa zvakanakisisa nepamusoro pepamusoro pemvura, pasi pemvura uye mumhepo zvinokonzera muvengi uye kutsigira mauto avo emoto.
"Zamvolt" ndiyo inofanirwa nekambani yekombiyuta, uyu ndiye muparadzi wekupedzisira kuparadza muparadzi. Mishonga yeIndia neRussia haisati yashandiswa, uye iyo yezvikepe, zvinoratidzika, haisati yasvika.
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