Utsotso achitandadza nemekiyuri. The eremendi nemekiyuri

All zvine maatomu akafanana periodic table conditionally akaparadzanisa diagonal B - At pamusoro simbi uye nonmetals. With yokupedzisira vashoma, dziri kumusoro uye kusvikira kumuganhu kurudyi. Nesimbi iri yakajeka quantitative chete zvakanakira ari anozivikanwa zvinhu 118 mukuru 80.

Vose vane utano ehupfumi akafanana kukabatanidzwa uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro. Zvisinei, pane zvagara - the nemekiyuri maatomu akafanana. About naye uye kutaura zvakawanda.

Mercury: nezvenzvimbo periodic ino

chaikosha ichi anopindura Sero yaro tafura pasi nhamba 80. Ndiwo boka rechipiri kwemasanga subgroup wechitanhatu makuru ichikosha. It ane mabhomba kurema 200,59. Pane akatsiga isotopes nomwe: 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204.

Rinoreva d-mhuri zvokuvamba asi kwete kuchinja, sezvo yokupedzisira Valence maerekitironi vazadze s-orbital. Mercury rwuripowo subgroup nesimbi zingi, cadmium uye pamwe Copernicium.

General zvechadenga chinhu

The zvine maatomu akafanana periodic table Have zvakasimba akavarayira urongwa, uye mumwe nomumwe une Erekitironi configuration of atomu, kutaura kwayo zvivako. Mercury hakuna anosara. Chimiro uye rayo Erekitironi goko predvneshney kunotevera: 5s 5p ^{2 6 10} 5d 6s ^2.

Possible oxidation rinoti: +1, +2. Mercury oxide uye hydroxide - zvakaneta zvinokosha, amphoteric dzimwe nguva hunhu papi. Makemikari chiratidzo nokuda chinhu №80 - HG, Latin emashoko "gidrargirum". zita Russian rinobva mutauro Proto-necheSalvic umo zvakanzi rakashandurwa se "tikaisa". Chimwe marudzi, madudzirwo uye zita akasiyana. Kazhinji chinhu pacharo uye kuumbwa navo nyore uye kunzwisisa zvinhu anonzi merkuratami Mercury. zita iri rinobva dzekare, kana akaenzanisa HG (chinhu) nesirivha, akamupa yechipiri ukoshi pashure ndarama. Sun - chiratidzo aurum Au, Mercury - chiratidzo gidrargirum HG.

The vekare vanhu vaiva nokutenda kuti pane zvikuru nesimbi nomwe, kusanganisira nemekiyuri. Boka vavo vari mumashoko mitumbi yokudenga. Kureva, goridhe aishamwaridzana zuva, simbi - Mars, Mercury - Mercury uye zvichingodaro.

History yakawanikwa

Mercury yave kuzivikanwa anenge 1500 makore BC. Kunyange ipapo, zvakanzi akarondedzerwa se "mvura sirivha", kubvongodzwa, kujairika uye zvisinganzwisisiki simbi. Kusvina izvozvowo vakadzidza kare.

Chokwadi, kudzidza nzvimbo yaro zvakanga zvisingaiti, nekuti haina kuumbwa sezvo kemisitiri kwakadaro. Mercury yakafukidzwa chidzitiro chakavanzika nemashiripiti, zvaionekwa kujairika fuma pedyo sirivha, uye anokwanisa kurichinja goridhe, kana iwe kuti zvakaoma. Zvisinei, nzira vawane yakachena nemekiyuri mu yakasimba ezvinhu haana, uye alchemical researches havana kubudirira.

nyika Major, apo kupfuura kare yaishandiswa uye zvikaramba nemekiyuri ndiko:

• China;
• Mesopotamia;
• India;
• Egypt.

Zvisinei, kuti vawane simbi iyi iri kwayo yakaisvonaka muchimiro rakanga chete XVIII remakore, vakaita Swedish kemisiti Brandt. Zvisinei, kana ivo kana kusvika panguva ino hamuna kwaratidzwa umboo metallicity zvinhu. nyaya iyi yakajekeswa M. V. Lomonosov uye Brown. Zviri masayendisiti ava kutanga vakakwanisa gwamba iri nemekiyuri uye nokudaro achisimbisa kuti kunoratidzwa ose ehupfumi ose nesimbi - kubwinya, conductivity, kusimba uye ductility, chicherwa sekristaro napamahwindo.

Today akapiwa siyana mekuri yeimwe, rinoshandiswa dzakasiyana dzine unyanzvi kugadzirwa.

The fuma nemekiyuri

Somunhu fuma nyore imvura (panguva dzekudya ezvinhu) dzesirivha-chena, mobile, kugadzikana. Muenzaniso apo mvura nemekiyuri inoshandiswa yakachena chimiro, - a lämpömittari, thermometers kuti kuyera tembiricha.

Kana isu kutendeutsa nemekiyuri mu yakasimba mamiriro, richava translucent crystals, odorless. Vapor vari Hauoneki, muchetura kwazvo.

mumuviri ehupfumi

The ehupfumi zvokunyama simbi - mumiriri chete iyo pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu anogona kuvapo ari mvura. Nokuti dzimwe nzvimbo dzose, kwezvatiri chose mukuru zvechadenga dzimwe nhengo muchikwata.

Key zvinhu ndeinotevera.

1. Chitarisiko: Muzvarirwo ezvinhu - mvura, zvakasimba crystals - hapana kupfuura 352 ^{° C,} vaviri - anopfuura 79 K.
2. Zvazvichanyungudutswa benzene, dioxane, kuti crystals mumvura. It anokwanisa kwete inonyorovesa girazi.
3. It ane diamagnetic ehupfumi.
4. Thermal conductivity.

Mercury utsotso kunoitika panguva kunaka tembiricha -38,83 ° ^C. Naizvozvo, chokwadi chinowanikwa muna boka putika apo kupopotedzana. Internal simba zvitengeswa kwokubatana achapiwa yakawedzera kakawanda.

Achibika nemekiyuri kunotangira panguva ^inenge 356,73 C. Panguva iyi, rwunotanga zvakaitika muimba mhute wehurumende, inova asingaoneki zvachose Ziso Morekuru, zvakabatanidzwa ne imwe covalent chisungo nonpolar.

nemekiyuri utsotso tembiricha inoratidza kuti zvivako zviri simbi sezvinooneka kujairika. Izvi zvinhu anotanga sasana kufamba Morekuru asingaoneki gaseous ezvinhu panguva zvavo kamuri tembiricha, izvo zvinoita kuti kunyanya nengozi vanhu uye mhuka utano,.

mushonga ehupfumi

Dzinozivikanwa boka yeimwe kwakavakirwa nemekiyuri panguva yakasiyana oxidation mumatunhu:

• sulfates, sulfides;
• chlorides;
• nitrates;
• hydroxides;
• oxides;
• dzakaoma yeimwe;
• organometallic yeimwe,
• intermetallic;
• alloys pamwe nedzimwe simbi - amalgam.

nemekiyuri utsotso pfungwa kunoita kuti kuumba zvose mvura uye rakasimba amalgam. In simbi kwakadaro alloys vanorasikirwa basa ravo, kuva inert.

Zvaakazoita nemekiyuri kudyidzana pamwe okisijeni zvinobvira chete panguva imwe zvakakwana yakakwirira tembiricha, pasinei yakasimba oxidizing simba nonmetal. Pasi ezvinhu pamusoro 380 ^{° C} pamusana kubatana kwetunhu zvesimbi oxide aumbwa kuva mwero oxidation wevakabhuroka maviri.

simbi hazvirevi kupinda nemakemikari kukurukurirana, akasara ane mvura ezvinhu pamwe acids, alkalis, vasiri nesimbi iri vakasununguka chimiro.

With halogens zvaanoita nani zvishoma nezvishoma uye chete kuchitonhora, uye zvinopupurira kuti utsotso achitandadza nemekiyuri. oxidant Good nokuti potassium permanganate.

Kuva zvakasikwa

Zvinonzi huri pasi nechepasi, nyanza, ores uye zvicherwa. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro zvachose chikamu nemekiyuri norudo dzenyika, zviri maererano 0.000001%. Vakawanda tinogona kutaura kuti izvi chero maatomu akafanana. zvicherwa Major uye ores, izvo zvinosanganisira simbi, zvinotevera:

• cinnabar;
• Goldstone;
• chalcedony;
• Mica;
• carbonates;
• vatungamirire-zingi ores.

Zvakasikwa, nemekiyuri anogara anoita kutenderera uye rinobatanidzwa muviri vose akaturikidzana Pasi.

kuwana nemekiyuri

Huru nzira kuwana - ndiko kubudiswa zvicherwa cinnabar. Zvinogonekawo metallurgia nzira vachishandisa achidzikisa zvaanoda. Kana uchishandisa nzira yokutanga, zvicherwa kaviri inoomesera dzakakangiwa oxygen. Izvi kunobereka peya nesimbi. Sezvo nemekiyuri yakaderera chaizvo utsotso pfungwa, uye Kubika pfungwa, kusiyana, ari kumusoro, nokuchengeta uye condensation kuti mhute mukugadzirwa haakonzeri vachiridzira matambudziko. Nzira iyi yokusaruramisira nemekiyuri sulfide yaishandiswa kare kuti kubudisa simbi yakachena chimiro.

The Nzira yechipiri inobva dzokubudisa kuti nemekiyuri sezvo sulphide pachishandiswa simba achidzikisa zvaanoda. Akadai simbi. chigadzirwa aunganidzwa saizvozvo sezvinoitwa yapfuura nyaya.

Biological zvinosuruvarisa zvipenyu

Mercury tembiricha vanoda yakaderera zvakakwana kupfuura kupinda mhute wehurumende. Izvi kunotangira 25 ° ^C, kureva panguva dzekudya kamuri tembiricha. Panyaya iyi, kuwana zvipenyu mukamuri inova youtano.

Nokudaro, simbi anokwanisa munhumbi mukati venyama kuburikidza:

• ganda, yakabatana, chose integers;
• mucosa;
• kufema turakiti;
• zvomudumbu nhengo.

Kamwe mukati, kuti nemekiyuri nemhute kunobatanidzwa muropa, uye ipapo vanopinda kwetunhu mapuroteni uye mamwe mamorekuru, zvichiumba yeimwe navo. Saka pane kuunganidza kunokuvadza simbi iri chiropa uye mapfupa. Nekuti okuchengetera nzvimbo simbi anogona zvakare ubatanidzwe muviri, kwetunhu nokuparadzwa, zvichikonzera anonoke kudhaka, achiperekedzwa wakakura zvikuru nemigumisiro.

Rinobva mapazi nani zvishoma nezvishoma uye nokupesvedzera catalysts, adsorbents. Somuenzaniso, mukaka. Main mvura kuburikidza iyo simbi goho iri zvakatipoteredza:

• mate;
• bile;
• weti;
• Products of nemudumbu.

Pane nzira huru mbiri siyana ichi fuma chepfu: chakasimba uye refu. Mumwe ane pachake zvachiri uye zviratidzo.

Zviratidzo uye kurapwa

The chenjera chimiro ndizvo tubhokisi apo nemekiyuri teura rikaitika pakuburitswa, kureva, panguva apo pane kusunungurwa akakura zvinhu mumhepo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kuzvidzivirira vanhu anotanga rakapinza Kuipa utano, kuti ari nomuchetura. Zviratidzo zvinosanganisira:

1. Zvomoto kufema hurongwa, mapapu, ivo mucous membranes mumuromo nepahuro.
2. Inosimudzira muviri tembiricha.
3. Akaumba maronda pamusoro matadza, ivo ropa, kuzvimba uye kuva nehanya. Dzimwe nguva nemekiyuri aumbwa pomukombero.
4. Atrophy chiropa uye neitsvo.
5. Chills, kuda kurutsa uye kurutsa, dzungu.
6. Tsinga zvinovhiringidzika zvikuru - nokushushikana matauriro uye kufambisa nemafambiro, tremor wamativi ravapo akaona.
7. Chepfu ari achiperekedzwa nomusoro uye manyoka neropa inclusions.

Kana lesion mekuri pamwando yakaitika zvishoma, hosha achatora chirwere mutambi. Panyaya iyi, asi vanoratidza harizoiti sezvaraiva unopinza, asi Kuipa utano kuchaita -bereka zuva nezuva, kutora ose makuru tichimhanya.

1. richiripo tremor.
2. zvokuudzwa chirwere (gingivitis, stomatitis, etc.).
3. BP uye tachycardia.
4. Vangadikitira.
5. Jitters.
6. Nomusoro.
7. In Muzviitiko zvakaipisisa, zvakakomba chirwere chepfungwa, kusvikira schizophrenia anogona kukonzerwa.

Vose migumisiro izvi zvinogona kuitika kunyange nokuda zvishoma kusunungurwa nemekiyuri mumhepo. Kana nguva asinganyimi demercurization kwakavakirwa, unogona kukuvadza zvikuru utano hwako.

Treatment Muzviitiko izvi Kazhinji inoitwa zvinotevera mishonga:

• mavhitaminzi;
• antihistamines;
• barbiturates;
• "Chlorpromazine".

kushandiswa kwevanhu

Vakawanda nzvimbo kushandiswa uye kuchengetera esimbi nemekiyuri - nayo thermometers uye thermometers. Mune imwe midziyo yakadaro kungava kusvika 3 g zvesimbi. Uyezve, unogona kusarudza nzvimbo dzinoverengeka mabasa evanhu, umo nemekiyuri inoshandiswa nevakawanda:

• Medicine (calomel, merkuzal, chlormerodrin, antiseptics zhinji);
• hwokugadzira basa - kuitika manyuko, incandescent nemwenje, pombi, barometers, detonator, uye zvichingodaro;
• Simbi - spraying nezvionioni, kushongedzwa goridhe nesirivha amalgams, kuwana simbi alloys, vakachena zvinhu;
• makemikari indasitiri;
• kurima.

Parizvino, nokuda yakachengeteka zvikuru uye zvakakunakira fuma nemekiyuri kushanda kumanikidzwa kubva zvokurapa.