The US President James Madison yechina Biography, political maonero

In US kare, kwakanga vakuru vakawanda vakanga rebei simba pamusoro pokumuka nyika pamusoro anotevera emakore. Muenzaniso wakanaka - Dzheyms Medison. Aiva mutongi wechina United States.

Basic oupenyu mashoko

Akaberekwa muna 1751, akafa muna 1836. mutungamiri chechina kuchiri yakakurumbira muUnited States nokuti aiva mumwe havaoni reMitemo of State. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chiedza akaoneka mutaundi Port Conway (Virginia). Zvino musi March 16 1751. Education Dzheyms Medison pakutanga akagamuchira private (kufanana vakawanda nguva yake). Muna 1769, iye nyore anouya Princeton University.

Panguva chikoro ichi chainzi College of New Jersey. College chikoro - 1771. Panguva iyoyowo anova nhengo Whig Discussion Club, iyo zvichaitwa ake political basa ramangwana uye zvaunotenda. With nhoroondo yake kuUnited States iri kusvika kubvira muvare, sezvo Madison akaita zvakawanda kusika yakazara dzaishandiswa uye yakagozha simba marongerwo.

Kutanga kwake rezvematongerwe

Nokuti kokutanga US ramangwana mutungamiri Akakwezva pakati kuipandukira muna 1775. Akagadzwa sachigaro Revolutionary Komiti Safety muna Orange County. Panguva iyoyowo, Madison akava zvakanaka kuvazivisa sezvo munyori siyana mapepa uye kutaura, umo anoshora zvakasimba hurumende yeBritain.

Hazvishamisi kuti muna 1776 akagadzwa sachigaro Revolutionary Komiti Virginia. Ndiye anogadzira ubate nokugadziriswa kodzero, uyewo kuita zvakawanda mune basa iri sangano netsvimbo. Nenzira kutaura, Dzheyms Medison ari chaizvo zvinozivikanwa muchechi madenderedzwa sezvo murume uyu akaramba kuparadzana nechechi uye hurumende kudzora pakutanga, uye zvino - hurumende.

Uyewo akasika hurumende Virginia wokutanga uye aiva akakurumbira nhengo gungano rokutanga. Kunyange zvakadaro, nokuti yechipiri izwi haana kusarudzwa, asi muna 1777 purezidhendi ramangwana rutivi naGavhuna kuti Council. The zvakawanda chinozikamwa Dzheyms Medison? Democracy kumeso awana enyika mufananidzo, uyo akaita zvakawanda kuti paumbwe socio-zvematongerwe enyika aripo ari muchimiro kuti tinoziva nhasi.

Continental Congress

makore matatu chete gare gare akasarudza Permanent Mumiririri we musha mamiriro Continental Congress. Munguva kubva 1780 kusvika 1783 makore ari chaizvo nhengo, akaita mugove yose sangano. Yaiva Dzheyms Medison ndiye muvambi dzakawanda yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita, yaakapa Congress simba mitero kubva zvose rinoti, uyewo pakugoverwa mubereko National chikwereti kwavari, maererano neuwandu vagari. Uyezve, James waitsigira zvakasimba zvizere norusununguko wekushandisa pamusoro Mississippi River.

Other political kubudirira

Nokuti kuita izvi iye akasarudzwa sachigaro Chamber of vevatariri yose Virginia. Muna 1786 akawana mutemo pamusoro zvizere norusununguko rwokunamata, uye yakawana rusununguko izere chechi uye mamiriro. The yokupedzisira haana akawedzera Madison mafeni, asi yekudyidzana kuderedze British pesvedzero vechiduku mamiriro.

Mugore iroro anopa "honzeri" of Constitutional Congress muPhiladelphia, uye vakaenda ikoko somumiririri kwavo mamiriro. Kukonzerwa nebasa Madison akasikwa uye chagamuchirwa US Constitution muna 1787, sezvo vokuAmerica rangarira ose gore.

mubumbiro mabasa

Sezvo Madison akanga akadzikama chaizvo nechivimbo uye munhu, akakwanisa nokukurumidza uremekedzwe uye kuvimba dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende zhinji. Airidza vangareverera pakati kuzvikudza uye vatsigiri hurumende itsva yeUnited, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti nyika chakasimba. The Chamber of vevatariri vachibvumirana anokurudzirwa Virginia James Paramende confederal, asi nekuda mumakore 1787-88 akashanda New York. Akanyora dzakatevedzana mapepa, zvaida kusikwa remitemo idzva.

Nokudaro, US Constitution hwakagadzwa muna 1787 pamwe zvakananga kubatanidzwa pamusoro vakangwara uye akasimba murume uyo aiziva nzira kutaurirana uye "punching" pfungwa dzake pachake kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu kuti havana kugamuchirwa.

maonero akasiyana pamusoro ezvinhu hurumende

zvinhu zvose izvi, yakasainwa ne rekunyepedzera "vaPubhirio," dzakabudiswa mubhuku vanoda "The Federalist", rakabudiswa chete pamberi nzira pakati ratification reMitemo. Nhasi, chinyorwa ichi chinozivikanwa "Dzheyms Medison, Federalist manotsi." Iri basa iri Madison kokutanga kuzoumba pamusoro postulates kuti zvino kuonekwa nheyo pluralism ano.

Uyewo, purezidhendi ramangwana waitsigira Republican chehurumende, nharo kuti simba rakadai aizosika huru uye dynamically kusimukira mamiriro. Tinogona kutaura kuti munhu uyu ndiye US akatanga nyaya nhasi anodzidziswa muzvikoro American. Kana zvakanga kusvika Madison, asi, kwete yakazvimirira ehurumende, uye nenzanga kuipandukira, mabasa ake amanikidzwa kuzobvunza wechidiki nyika vamwe vatambi vari dzakawanda munhandare (kusanganisira UK).

Nzira yapurezidhendi

Muna 1788, Madison akasarudzwa kuti Committee kuti ratification kubudikidza Virginia. Vatsigiri ake kunzwisisa kuti nyika nokukurumidza inoda munhu akadaro: Kudzikama uye kupfuurira kuti purezidhendi ramangwana rakanga kudiwa kuti tsigira bumbiro. An chinokosha unhu Madison aikwanisa kutaurirana. Akakwanisa vabvume kunyange zamu vavengi munhu yepamutemo mamiriro kuti yabudirira unyorwe gumi pfungwa Gwaro, ikozvino kuzivikanwa Bill of Rights.

Pamwe chete Jefferson, anosika wokutanga Republican Party, kuzadzisa basa nokushorwa bloc. Jefferson, uyo ava mutungamiri, usakanganwa nezvebasa Madison. Iye ibasa ndoku of State Secretary, mumhanyi raakanga aakapedza ari nguva kubva 1801 kusvika 1809. Vezvenhau regai kupokana kuti James uye panguva ino tine yakawanda kukanganisa kukura nyika, sezvo Jefferson kunoramba akarangana naye.

Saka, Dzheyms Medison akadzivirira pfungwa pakusikwa US chehurumende inonzi yepamutemo zvokuvhoterwa.

Akava purezidhendi?

Iye akasarudzwa US mutungamiri muna 1808. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, mukati Republican Party yakaitwa kuti "makwikwi" mutsa, yakagadzirirwa kubatsira mberi vaizotibata kupfuura mumiriri. Sezvineiwo, Madison kumbobvira aita pre-sarudzo matauriro, uye ayo kusimudzirwa nevatsigiri ari mubato. Sezvo kakawanda, James akakwanisa kutaurirana nevamwe vavengi nomination yake, achiita Mutevedzeri President-makore 60 George Clinton.

Izvi zvakaitwa sekamwana mutero, nekuti kuzadzisa mabasa avo yakananga munhu panyama vakasagona. Nechekare muna 1812, zviri kuchatsiviwa Elbridge Gerry, uyo akaratidza sezvo mutevedzeri wenyika ave anokwanisa nyanzvi.

The chikuru pahwaro mutungamiri mutsva

Muna 1808, vanhu vokuAmerica vaiva imwe nyaya yenhaurirano - wehurukuro pamusoro kukuvara zvakunokonzera basa zvirango kubva 1807, rakatorwa United Kingdom uye ayo satellites. Akawira zvikuru kunze kwenyika zhinji zvinhu zvakanga chitsotsi nei mutengo wavo yekudyidzana ipfupi. Varidzi vezvikepe vanosungirwa nokukurumidza kutangazve chokufambisa, sezvo zvimwe yose nezvifambiso zvinosvika angadai wasvava mukufamba chete vaviri makore. Dzheyms Medison (dzakawanda mitemo yayo akasiyana weighted) zvaaita zvikuru kurerutsa zvakakanganiswa nokugadzira mudzimba zvokutengeserana uye zvishoma nezvishoma vanobudirira zvirango.

Munzira dzakawanda, purogiramu Madison wehurumende akavimba vanonzi "upfumi utungamiriri". Zvikurukuru, aidavira kuti kune imwe zvichibvira uto kurwisana bumbiro haafaniri kupindira yakazvimirira basa mamiriro, asi ndokunge mabasa avo usakanganisa nechepakati rine hurumende yeUnited. Very kunoshamisa aiva mafungiro Madison kuti maIndia, waakanga tsitsi uye akabayira kupa rubatsiro, kusanganisira muripo wemari! Nokuti nguva here aiva budiriro, asi kufadza ruzhinji webato, pfungwa iyi haisi kugamuchira.

The kumikidzo zvokurima uye mumaindasitiri kugadzirwa

Madison Jefferson zvakazara vaiita zvinotendwa pamusoro soro kukosha zvokurima, asi akabvuma kuti mamwe kuwedzera uye nokusimbaradza muUnited States hazvigoni pasina simba maindasitiri nechimwe. Kureva kukura zvokurima uye mumaindasitiri kugadzirwa kunoratidzwa zvinenge zvose nguva yake muhofisi.

Kaienda hondo Britain?

The chido haisi nguva dzose kuenda kubvumirana ichi abatsire purezidhendi. Saka, pova hurumende itsva, akanga zvikurukuru akasungwa ake contractual sungiro, uye naizvozvo mumuviri uyu zvikuru akapinda mediocre mamaneja. Kunze zvichida chaiva kuti Albert Gallatin, chasara yakare nemamiriro hurumende. The State Department akakwanisa kuwana kunyange Robert Smith pamusoro Maryland, iyo muna 1811 iri kudiwa kuti atsive James Monroe nokuda kupedza kukundikana, uye zvichida dementia.

Asi Dzheyms Medison (political maonero zvakasiyana Latitude) akaratidza kuva nesimba zvikuru uye mutongi zvechigarire. Ndiye muna 1810 vakazivisa pachena kuwedzera West Florida, izvo vasati raiva korona Spanish. Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, vapanduki vakabata unceremoniously Spanish ndima uye akadanidzira pokugadzwa zvokuvhoterwa. Nechekare muna 1811 purezidhendi akazivisa kuti United States ine vanoti East Florida. Pakupedzisira, akakwanisa kutaurirana vokuSpain ... asi kwete vokuBritain, uyo nenzira dzose kuvhiringidza izvi. Nokuda kwavo kusindimara hondo yakatanga.

Asi panguva purezidhendi akanga zvakasimba ichingoshora kuwedzera ikoko. Dzheyms Medison, uyo inoti nhasi anodzidziswa muzvikoro American, pachiitiko ichi vakati zvinotevera: "Of zvose vavengi paruzhinji rusununguko, zvinofanira kuva zvakarema kutya hondo, nekuti rine utachiona uye ruva vamwe vose." Zvisinei, vachiri kurwa.

Kwehondo

Pakati 1812 kuwana shoko British gurukota Foreign Policy muUnited States kuti nyika yake hakuzofadzi unilaterally kukanzura nemugwagwa zvirango. Pfungwa, ndiye akanga asina kuwanikwa, uye Napoleon, asi nekuti vekuAmerica aigona kuzivisa hondo nemasimba mbiri dzokuEurope. Asi ungwaru zvakadaro akunda.

Kubva nokutyisidzirwa yeBritain akauya zvakajeka, uye hondo fronts mbiri, wechiduku mamiriro kuti kuitwa pachena. Mukutanga kwezhizha, Dzheyms Medison (vane Biography hatina muchidimbu kuona) inoti Parliament, zvichataurirana kuzivisa hondo Britain, iyo ... kuparadza kubatana uye kuvapo pakati American rudzi. Zvakanga vakaziva kuti kupambwa American midziyo, kupambwa uye kupondwa US vemo, uyewo incitement namarudzi Indian ndivo mhosva pasi nokudenga mhosva. Pasinei kuitwa Chirevo hondo chisarudzo chakapiwa hazvisi nyore.

Congress chechikamu rakaitirwa vakavharirana masuo, vatori venhau uye vatori vaisabvumirwa, sezvo akakurukura nyaya yakanga yakanyanya chakakomba. Pakati nhengo dzeparamende uye hurumende vari vavengi vakawanda hondo aitaura pamusoro "kushaya mari, varwi basa, mitero hondo." Pasinei neizvi, pakapera June 1812 President wenyika Madison pamutemo kuzivisa kutanga ruvengo pamusoro Great Britain.

munhu akatadza chibvumirano

Oddly zvakakwana, nokukurumidza Britain yakazivisa kuturika kuti kutengesa ari blockade, pashure iyo hurumende US anga aronga kuti ataure chibvumirano. Madison pachake akabvunza mirawo chiregai vaimbopota mugungwa, vafambisi regai vaiswa parumananzombe uye kumisa Kumanikidza mumhenderekedzo yegungwa maguta. Asi pakupera 1812, United Kingdom, zvose izvi ezvinhu vanorambwa, ipapo hondo mberi.

Central inoti vaisagutsikana chaizvo pamwe kunopfuurira kurwa. Uye nokuti chando pamusoro Commission wacho apiwa sarudzo Madison akasikwa chete gore. Asi zvakanga zvisingaiti, kunyange zvazvo ari nechepakati inoti ari mutungamiri haana kupiwa chete vhoti. Muna 1814, pashure pemakore maviri hondo, nzvimbo vokuAmerica hwaipa mberi, sezvo iri Europe, Napoleon mapfumo. The British vakakwanisa uchatamisa kusunungurwa mumapoka, ipapo Capitol uye White House vakapiswa kusvikira pasi, uye Madison uye hurumende kudzidzinga vakatiza.

Zvisinei, The chinzvimbo, nokukurumidza vakakwanisa kugadzirisa, uye rugare chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa muna 1815. Nokukurumidza purezidhendi resigns, asi zvinotora Zvinoshingaira mukuvaka muduku nyika. Chiizve zvinozivikanwa Dzheyms Medison? Politics kuti nhoroondo nguva timuzive nomukurumbira, uyo apfuura mutemo pamusoro vakasununguka yokuzvitonga ari Negro uye kodzero kudzoka zvose vanoshuva Africa. Kunoratidzwa: paiva muzvikamu zvakadai.