The United States mukutanga remakore rechi20: zvematongerwo enyika, upfumi uye nzanga

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, America akanga asisiri zvokuvhoterwa, kushingaira vachirwira rusununguko rwavo uye kupukunyuka. Inogona inozivikanwa se rimwe remasangano uye dzakabudirira zvikuru marudzi munyika. External uye munyika mutemo wenyika USA mukutanga remakore rechi20 kwaibva chido uye chido kutora mamwe vane chinzvimbo munyika munhandare. Hurumende akagadzirira kwakakomba uye kusarudza zviito kuti aitungamirira basa kwete chete dzezvoupfumi asiwo zvematongerwo enyika.

Mhiko muna 1901 akauya mumwe unelected uye gotwe mutungamiri - 43- makore Teodor Ruzvelt. Kusvika yake White House rakaenderana pakutanga kwenguva itsva, kwete chete muna US asiwo munhoroondo yenyika, vapfumi nematambudziko uye hondo.

Munyaya ino tichashandisa nezvoUmambo peculiarities okukura of USA mukuvamba remakore rechi20, chikuru mirayiridzo zvezvipfuwo uye vatorwa mutemo, upfumi uye zvemagariro kukura.

Kwokubatsira Theodore Roosevelt: mudzimba zvematongerwo enyika

Roosevelt, panguva mhiko yapurezidhendi, akapa vanhu vake chipikirwa chokuti acharamba ari mudzimba uye vatorwa mutemo maererano mutemo nowakautangira ake, McKinley, uyo akanga zvinosuruvarisa akaurayiwa nemaoko radicals. Aifungidzira kuti achikura munzanga kufunganya pamusoro unomutenda uye nevhu rakawandisa kusina uye zvikurukuru musoro, uye akaratidza kusava nechokwadi pamusoro kudiwa chero pezvaunorambidzwa neHurumende. Zvichida ichi imhaka yokuti dzepedyo shamwari President waiva musoro Makambani simba.

Kukurumidza kukura kwoupfumi of US mukuvamba remakore rechi20, vakatevera nzira zvakasikwa zvokukwegura musika makwikwi, izvo zvakazoita kuti Kushatiswa vaduku svikiro kadikidiki bhizimisi. The Kusagutsikana pakati vakawanda anomeresa uori uye kuwandisa nevhu rakawandisa mune zvematongerwo enyika uye upfumi ehurumende. Theodore Roosevelt kuita zvayo zvose zvatinogona kuti neutralize kuwedzera kufunganya. Akaita izvi nokuda vakawanda kurwisa uori mune mabhizimisi makuru uye vakabatsira kuuya kururamisira munhu anovimba uye nevhu rakawandisa, rakatanga kumatare inobva akagamuchira muna 1890 ari Sherman Act. The kuongorora zvakaitirwa kuti kambani akasimuka akaenda fines uye chakamukazve chava Sangano pasi mazita matsva. Paiva vakanyorerana kakawanda mazuvaano muUnited States. Nechekwokutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, inoti akatowana zvaidiwa yemakambani capitalism kwayo ainakidza chimiro.

President Theodore Roosevelt akapinda nhoroondo USA sendarama sunungukei. Mutemo wake haana kukwanisa kubvisa chero zvisiri chindingindingi uye kuwedzera simba ravo uye simba, kana vashandi 'kufamba. Asi munyika kwokunze mabasa kwakaratidza kutanga rakafara kuwedzera mune zvematongerwe pose nhandare.

basa hurumende iri upfumi uye magariro ukama

The US upfumi mukupera rechi19 uye kwezana remakore rechi20, vakatora zvinhu munhu chaiwo yemakambani capitalism, umo pasina kurambidzwa vakatanga mabasa avo hofori anovimba, nevhu rakawandisa. Ivo kurambidza zvepanyama kumusika makwikwi uye anenge yaparadzwa vaduku uye svikiro mabhizimisi. Chakagamuchirwa muna 1890, ari Sherman Act akanga akaiswa se "bumbiro kuti maindasitiri rusununguko" Zvisinei, yakanga zvishoma kushanda uye kazhinji zvichishandurwa zvisina kunaka. Miedzo mibatanidzwa kuenzaniswa nevhu rakawandisa, uye vanhuwo vashandi muuraye akanga anoonekwa somunhu "vakarangana kuti dzisanyanya vakasununguka kutengeserana."

Somugumisiro evanhu kuvandudzika US mukuvamba remakore rechi20, iri kutungamirirwa kudzamisa kusaruramisira (Kuparadzana) wekambani, nzvimbo zvavo vokuAmerica vakava nenjodzi. Zvinonzi kuwedzera Kusagutsikana pamusoro yemakambani guru pakati varimi, vashandi, mberi vakadzidza. Ivo mhosva chindingindingi uye kuvaona somunhu kutyisidzira zvakanaka zvavo. izvi zvose zvinoita kuti antitrust sangano, achiperekedzwa ane rakawedzerwa wezvokutengeserana mibatanidzwa vagare nokuda chinzvimbo kudzivirira vemo.

Zvinodiwa "updating" evanhu uye zvoupfumi policies vari kutanga kuridza kwete chete mumigwagwa asiwo ezvematongerwo enyika (Democratic uye Republican). Akabuda sezvo nokushorwa, zvishoma nezvishoma vakabata pfungwa mutongo vepamusoro, izvo pakupedzisira inotungamirira nokuchinja mumhuri negwaro.

zvemitemo mabasa

US kukura pakutanga remakore rechi20 zvoupfumi, zvaida kuitwa zvimwe zvisarudzo musoro wehurumende. Hwaro vanonzi urudzi itsva yava kuda Theodore Roosevelt richikura nemasimba purezidhendi, hurumende akatora pamusoro kudzora anovimba, mabasa nechinangwa murau kudzvinyirira kuti "zvakavanzika."

Implementation purogiramu iyi muUnited States mukutanga remakore rechi20 chaiva chokusimudzira mutemo wokutanga akapfuura muna 1903 - ". Unoita kuti paitwe enyaya uye nemvumo mudare akanaka" Akatanga zviyero nokuda expediting miedzo Anti-kuvimba nyaya, izvo sechinoitika nokuva "guru yavose kukosha" uye "kukosha pamusoro mumwe."

Next aiva mutemo pamusoro pokugadzwa US Department of Labor uye Commerce, vari denderedzwa ane basa iri kusanganisira kuunganidzwa mashoko nokuchengetesa vavo hanya "kutendeseka basa." zvavanoda kuti "wakanaka kutamba" Theodore Roosevelt, uye yakagoverwa hukama pakati Entrepreneurs kumajaya vanhuwo, achitaura kuti rugare kugarwa kusanzwisisana pavo, asi anoda yakafanana kukamurwa US wesangano rinomirira basa pakutanga remakore rechi20.

Kazhinji Unogona kunzwa pfungwa kuti muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri hurumende American kwasvika razero "mukwende" nyika dzakawanda ukama. Ichi ndicho chokwadi, nekuti kusvikira 1900 US ave achishingaira anga vakaomerera pachavo. The nyika asingagari mumasangano akaoma ukama masimba European, asi kuti kushingaira aite kuwedzera muPhilippines, Hawaii.

Ukama zvizvarwa maIndia

History of zvemo vagere kondinendi yose ukama "chena" vekuAmerica pachena tichitarisa kuti United States co-aripo pamwe nemamwe marudzi. Yakanga zvose kubva pakushandisa akazaruka simba kune nemanomano nenharo tuzvikonzero nayo. Njodzi zvemo vanhu vairarama zvakananga pamusoro chena vokuAmerica. Zvakakwana kuyeuka kuti muna 1830 ose nemadzinza kumabvazuva vakakurudzirwa kumavirira kumahombekombe Mississippi, asi kare navanhu mumapani maIndia akachekwa, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Sioux, Blackfoot uye Kiowa. US Hurumende Policy mukupera rechi19 uye kwezana remakore rechi20 yakanga zvainanga wevasungwa ravaIndia vanhu mukati dzimwe nzvimbo akasarudzwa. It chikatsiviwa pfungwa "domestication" maIndia uye avo kusangana mukati American vanhu. Pfuurei rimwe remakore (1830-1930 gg.), Vave kuedza hurumende. Vanhu vokutanga vakapfekenurwa yaakaberekerwa, uye ipapo marudzi kuziva.

US kukura kwezana remakore rechi20: The Panama Canal

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kuti United States pakataurwa kumutsidzirwa Washington anofarira pfungwa iri Inter-Oceanic Canal. Izvi Ichibatsirwa kukunda mune Spanish-American Hondo uye haizopereri pakagadzwa kudzora paGungwa Caribbean vose Pacific nharaunda, yakabatana Latin America pamhenderekedzo. Theodore Roosevelt akapa pfungwa kuvaka mugero kukosha. Chete gore asati ava mutungamiriri, akataura pachena nezvokuti "iri kutamburira kuti ukuru mugungwa uye US pakutengeserana kunofanira kusimbisa simba rayo mhiri nemiganhu yayo, uye vanoti vari kuona njodzi West uye East nyanza."

Vamiririri Panama (achigere pamutemo kuvapo senyika yakazvimirira state) uye United States mukuvamba remakore rechi20, kana pane, kuti gwaro chibvumirano muna November 1903. Under ayo mashoko, America wakagamuchira nokusingaperi risi 6 mamaira Isthmus of Panama. Mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, kuti weColombia museneti akaramba tsigira chibvumirano, dzichishandisa chokwadi chokuti French ndapa nani. mazwi. Izvi zvakakonzera kushatirwa Roosevelt, uye nokukurumidza munyika, pasina kutsigira vokuAmerica, sangano kuti rusununguko Panama. Panguva iyoyo nemhenderekedzo nyika kwakaratidza chaizvo warship kubva kuUnited States - kuongorora zviitiko. Mushure maawa mashomanana pashure kuzivisa rusununguko Panama America akaziva hurumende itsva uye kudzokera akapiwa refu-akamirirwa chibvumirano, nguva ino yeupenyu rendi. Official Panovhurwa Panama Canal kwakaitika musi June 12, 1920.

The US upfumi huri kwezana remakore rechi20, William Taft uye ainzi Woodrow Wilson

Republican Uilyam Taft kwenguva refu nguva rwaigara matare uye vemauto mbiru, aiva shamwari yapedyo Roosevelt. The yokupedzisira, zvikurukuru, kwakamutsigira somunhu aizomutsiva. Taft purezidhendi kubva 1909 kusvika 1913. basa rake rakanga dzinoratidzwa mberi nokusimbaradza basa rehurumende iri upfumi.

Relations kunge neshungu pakati mapurezidhendi maviri, uye muna 1912 vose vakaedza vazotsvaga kuuya musarudzo. Spraying of Republican nevanovhota mapoka maviri kwakatungamirira mukukunda Democrat ainzi Woodrow Wilson (yaifananidzira), izvo akasiya rupawo guru pamusoro kukura US mukuvamba remakore rechi20.

Aionekwa yakakura wezvematongerwe enyika, matauriro ake inaugural, akatanga mashoko okuti "musimba pakava neshanduko." The "mutsva kusununguka" Wilson kwaibva zvitatu: nomumwe rusununguko, rusununguko makwikwi uye individualism. Akazivisa anozviita muvengi pamusoro anovimba uye nevhu rakawandisa, asi haina kunodiwa kuvabvisa, uye kutendeuka uye kubviswa kurambidzwa zvose pamusoro pokumuka dzebhizimisi, kunyanya diki uye unosvikirwa kuburikidza kurwisa "tsvete makwikwi."

zvemitemo mabasa

Kuti pave nepurogiramu rakagamuchirwa kubva mutero Act kubva 1913, nemhaka iyo ivo odhita yakazara akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze. Trade mitero kutura uye akamutsa mitero iri mari, kudzora nemabhengi kuwedzera imupota nezvaanogona.

Pakuzadzisa enyika muUnited States mukutanga remakore rechi20 aizivikanwa anoverengeka mitemo mitsva. Uyewo 1913 Federal Reserve System akasikwa. Chinangwa chacho chaiva kudzora kusunungurwa pamahombekombe manotsi, bhengi manotsi, uye kugadzwa akakodzera zvikwereti mubereko kubhengi. The sangano zvinosanganisira 12 National Reserve Bank of nhengo nyika.

Pasina nzeve uye vakasiya zvoupenyu nemagakava evanhu. Chakagamuchirwa muna 1914, Clayton Act wainyatsotaura kuti gakava akasiyana mitemo Sherman, uyewo kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwayo maringe kuchinjanisa mibatanidzwa.

Progressive okuchinja nguva vaiva chete nhanho anonyara akananga US kwadzakabva okutanga remakore rechi20 kusvika mamiriro ezvinhu matsva kuti wamuka nezvichaitika nyika kushanduka kuva simba idzva chepamusoro capitalist mamiriro. The kuwedzera kuitika kwakaitika pashure kupinda America kuti kupinda World War. Muna 1917, Mutemo riri kudzorwa kugadzirwa, mafuta uye pakugadzira zvinhu. Iye akawedzera kodzero purezidhendi uye akamutendera kupa zvikepe uye hondo zvose zvakafanira, kusanganisira kuitira kudzivirira zvokufungidzira.

The First World War: US nzvimbo

Europe uye United States mukuvamba remakore rechi20, uye nyika akamira pamahombekombe pose nyika cataclysms. Revolution uye hondo, pakaparara umambo, nematambudziko emari - izvi zvose vasingagoni asi kukanganisa dzomunyika mamiriro ezvinhu munyika. nyika dzokuEurope akasimuka mauto makuru, vakabatana munguva dzinopikisana uye shamwari musoro kudzivirira kumiganhu yavo. Mubayiro zvinhu akava akaoma nokutambudzika World War First.

Wilson pakutanga ruvengo akaita mashoko kune rudzi America anofanira "kuchengetedza mweya zvematongerwo enyika wechokwadi" uye kubata zvakanaka zvose hondo yerusununguko. Aiziva kuti dzinza kurwisana anogona kuparadza Republic nyore kubva mukati. Billed zvematongerwo enyika yaiva nezvayaireva uye musoro nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Europe uye United States mukutanga remakore rechi20 paiva vari mibatanidzwa, uye ichi akabvumira nyika kugara kure rechiuto nyonganyonga. Mukuwedzera, mukova kuhondo waizosimbisa enyika kumusasa Republicans uye kuvapa mukana musarudzo. Zvakanaka, zvaiva zvakaoma zvikuru kutsanangurira vanhu nei United States vakatsigira Entente, iyo wakapindwa wamambo hurumende Nicholas II.

US kupinda muhondo

Pfungwa nokwawakarerekera yakanga zvinogutsa chaizvo uye kunzwisisa, asi tsika akaratidza kuti zvakaoma. Chaishanda kwakaitika pashure United States akaziva wengarava blockade muGermany. Kubvira 1915, hondo yakatanga kuwedzera usingabereki runosanganisirawo kusashandisa American kubatanidzwa muhondo. nguva iyi vakauya chiito muGermany pamusoro pegungwa uye kufa vagari America mungarava ngarava England uye France. Mushure nokutyisidzira President Wilson vakauya mumwe takanga tisisanakidzwi urwo rwakatora kusvikira January 1917 akabva atanga yakazara-pamwero hondo Matare German vamwe vose.

History of USA mukutanga remakore rechi20 angadai kutora nzira yakasiyana, asi zviitiko zviviri zvakaitika izvo akasunda munyika tibatane World Vokutanga. Chekutanga, mumaoko yenjere akanzwisisa teregiramu, apo vanhu vokuGermany akavhura Mexico aida kutora kwavari parutivi uye varwise America. Ndizvo hondo yakadaro kure, mhiri kwemakungwa aiva pedyo chaizvo, kutyisidzira rakachengeteka vemo. Chechipiri, paiva yechimurenga Russia, uye kubva mune zvematongerwe enyika rabva Nicholas II, uyo akaita kuti zvikwanisike nehana hwaiva pachena kuti abatane dzairwisa. Nzvimbo vatsigiri akanga asiri zvakanakisisa, vakatambura zvikuru nezvinhu pa gungwa Ngarava dzepasi pemvura German. US kupinda muhondo uye akabatsira kushandura nzira zviitiko. Warships kwakaderedza nhamba Ngarava dzepasi pemvura German. Muna November 1918, mubatanidzwa muvengi mapfumo.

US nyuchi

Active kuwedzera munyika rakatanga mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 uye akafukidza muCaribbean Atlantic Ocean bheseni. Saka, US dzaidzorwa kumavambo remakore rechi20 yaisanganisira Guanovye Island, Hawaii. The yokupedzisira, zvikurukuru, vakanga yakatora muna 1898, uye makore maviri gare gare vakagamuchira mamiriro nharaunda kuzvipira vedare. Pakupedzisira Hawaii vakava mamita 50 Nhoroondo US mamiriro.

Uyewo muna 1898 akanga akabatwa Cuba, izvo pamutemo vatamira America mushure kusaina of Treaty kweParis pamwe Spain. The chitsuwa chaiva pasi basa, akapiwa yakarongwa rusununguko muna 1902,

Mukuwedzera, nhamba mapoka nyika inogona zvakanaka kunzi Puerto Rico (chitsuwa akavhotera muna 2012 kuti abatane States), Philippines (yawana rusununguko muna 1946), Panama Canal Zone, Corn uye Virgin Islands.

Ichi pfupi karwendo kupinda nhoroondo USA chete. The yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20, kutanga 21th remakore, rondedzero hwakazotevera inogona inozivikanwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Nyika haisi akamira, nguva dzose chinhu zvichiitika mairi. The Second World War akasiya yakadzika chiratidzo munhoroondo yepasi, haizopereri nematambudziko emari uye Hondo Yemashoko akapa nzira nyungudika. Over yose yakabudirira nyika akarembedza mutsva kutyisidzira - ugandanga, usina miganhu uye nyika zveupfumi.