The nzvimbo chinhu. The pamutemo nzvimbo zvinhu

Tinoziva kuti budiriro yevanhu-siyana kuita uye zvaainazvo. All vari akarayira, uye kuchinja pachavo kana dzavo pamutemo inozviisa zvimwe mitemo. Asi kana tiri kutaura pamusoro chinhu, hatisi iri Nyika? Mitemo ipi vanounzwa simba uye zvichisiyana panyika? Zvinoita here munhu kutenga nyika chitundumusere-musere pamusoro vambotaurwa, kana kunyange nyeredzi yose? Details uye kutsunga, uchadzidza kubva ino.

Chii nzvimbo chinhu

Kana kutarira kudenga usiku kuburikidza teresikopu kana chete akashama ziso, unogona kuona zvakawanda kwemiviri yokudenga. Stars, nebulae, mapuraneti vavo satellites, comets, asteroids, etc. - .. All inopfurwa uye anoramba kuumbika zvoga. Pane zvakawanda zvinhu kuti zvakasikwa murume, uye yakatanga kufamba muchadenga kuti zvinangwa yesayenzi. nzvimbo iyi pazviteshi, zvikepe, zvinomera, nzvimbo shuttles, satellites, Yatanga Kuongorora, zvitundumuseremusere nezvimwewo.

All izvi dzinongoitika uye chakagadzirwa miviri yokudenga vari muchadenga kunze pasi muchadenga. Saka, mumwe nomumwe wavo unogona kushandisa pfungwa "nzvimbo chinhu". Uye zvinhu zvose zvine chokuita zvidzidzo zvavo, vari nokudzorwa mutemo dzakawanda.

nzvimbo kwezvivako

Pasi kwezvivako izvi nyaya kunoreva kutaridza dyidzana midziyo kuona chinobudirira kushanda muchadenga ubanguranyika enyika.

Sezvinogona kuoneka kubva RF Mutemo "On muchadenga basa", zvinhu kwezvivako nzvimbo pasi-kwakavakirwa ari yakatarwa pezvivako uye namano kuti aite zvakasiyana-siyana mabasa.

Pakati pavo vane avo zvinoshandiswa mune regadziriro chokutambudzika;

• Database okuchengetera nzvimbo michina;
• kushandiswa motokari, zvinhu, zvinoriumba, zvikapera zvinhu, uye zvichingodaro nezvimwewo..
• akashongedzerwa Cosmonaut Training Center;
• experimental zvivako kunovhenekwa run uri kutiza, kumhara uye kuita mamwe mabasa.

Other zvinhu muchadenga kwezvivako rava zvakakodzera kuti zvakananga voos acho ari sangano:

• spaceports;
• launchers, kanda zvivako uye ancillary midziyo;
• polygons uye kumhara runways kuti muchadenga zvinhu;
• Mission Control Centers;
• nzvimbo vachiwa jettisoned zvikamu nzvimbo zvinhu.

Yoga dzinounzwa zvinhu kuti zvinoshandiswa kuunganidza, chitoro uye ongorora mashoko anokosha:

• kugamuchirwa pfungwa, kuchengetwa uye kubudiswa ruzivo pamusoro ndege;
• murayiro uye tambo enyika.

Space mutemo

Kune vakawanda munyika yose uye National Mitemo Yemashandiro wedare kushandisa muchadenga. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• The muchadenga Treaty (1967).
• Agreement pamusoro kuzonunura muchadenga kunoongorora uye Kudzoka Objects (kana zvikamu zvayo), yakatanga kufamba muchadenga (1968).
• Space kuita Convention (1972).
• The Convention on Registration zvinhu raparurwa muchadenga (1975).

Muridzi michina uye mitumbi yokudenga?

Kuwedzera mitemo pezvakasikwa dzakawanda, mune dzakawanda inoti kushandisa yavo. State kunyoresa nzvimbo zvinhu munyika yedu rinoitwa munzira vakatsunga nehurumende. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, pane Yakabatana State Register, rine mashoko ose pamusoro kodzero vemarudzi ose michina uye zvikamu zvayo. The yokunyoresa rine ruzivo pamusoro sei kumhanya muchadenga, uye pamusoro haana kushandisa michina.

Kubva nemaonero wemurairo kuburikidza nzvimbo chinhu chinhu kuti ariko kunze redu mhepo, uye zvose zvakanga tabva Earth in yomuchadenga nzvimbo. Natural zvinhu (mapuraneti, asteroids uye zvichingodaro. D.) Zviri Pamutemo kuva vanhu vose, uye nevanhu (satellites, ndege) ndiwo pfuma iyi kana kuti nyika. Mutoro nzira bhatani kana zvimwe nzvimbo chinhu chikawira pamusoro mamiriro, iyo muridzi izvozvo.

Ndiani muridzi pezvakasikwa?

Beyond nomuganhu 110? Km pamusoro pegungwa pokutangira vematunhu, izvo vaiona kuti muchadenga uye hamuzi chinhu hurumende panyika. It legislated kuti mumwe nyika ine kodzero yakaenzana kuitawo kudzidza nzvimbo iyi.

Asi pane kusawirirana, kana mumwe kana mumwe nzvimbo chinhu panguva yasimuka (kumhara) anomanikidzwa apfuure airspace yomumwe State. Nemhaka iyi ine mitemo yayo. Somuenzaniso, muna Russia, mutemo "On muchadenga basa", maererano iyo chitundumusere-musere wokumwe zvinobvumirwa chete kutiza kubudikidza airspace yeRussian Federation dai akanga anyevera vehurumende.

Space raanoziva pamusoro ndima pamwe zvikepe uye ndege chinogona kutengeswa kana kutengwa nevanhu uye zviri pamutemo masangano. Panguva iyoyowo, kuitwa akanyorwa mazita enyika, kuti chikwata inogona vaiva ne yokumwe hurumende, kambani kana munhu.

Zvinoita kupa zita muviri chokudenga?

The muchadenga ine kuwanda kwenyeredzi, uye chikamu chiduku bedzi vane mazita. It Naizvozvo hazvishamisi chidzoke mabasa akadai kuti muripo, unogona kupa nezita zvomuchadenga muviri upi aida zita uye kuwana zvinosimbisa chitupa.

Asi avo vanoda mari yavo saizvozvo, unofanira kuziva kuti hapana chinhu chiri nzira iyi hapana pamutemo simba. Pashure pezvose, Chokwadi ndiyo International Astronomical Union - asiri ehurumende yesayenzi sangano, vane mabasa anosanganisira asunga miganhu yose anozivikanwa zvinyamutanhatu uye kunyoresa nzvimbo zvinhu. katarogu chete kunotangira sangano anganzi mukuru uye chipo.

Chokwadi, pane vamwe: somuenzaniso, nenyeredzi katarogu mumaguta makuru Observatories, uyewo mamwe sangano kana akazvimirira ega. Kuunza mazita matsva enyeredzi kana asteroids zvaunogona, asi kuti mhosva mari nokuti - a nokupi. dzakawanda nesayenzi chete anogona kuchinja mazita nzvimbo zvinhu.

Ndinogona kutenga munda mumwe nyika?

Somuenzaniso, ari Moon, Mars, kana kumwe mugadziriro yedu yokutenderera zuva? Pari zvino pane kunyange yemakambani pamwe mahofisi pasi pose, kupa rakatenderera Nemutengo nokuda yepakutanga kutenga pfuma yakadaro.

Asi nhema, nekuti zvakadaro kutengeserana haishandisike kubva pamutemo pfungwa maonero. Zvechokwadi, mashoko pamutemo nzvimbo zvinhu ndechokuti ndevenyu yose Vagari Nyika, asi hapana nyika oga. A sero uye kutenga zvibvumirano zvinogona akapedzisa chete maererano nomutemo National. Saka, hapana mutemo - hapana mukana kutenga chidimbu vambotaurwa kupfuura Earth.

Ndezvipi kodzero uye mabasa muchadenga kunoongorora?

On chitundumusere-musere (nhepfenyuro uye. N.) Mabasa hurumende mitemo kuti ndiro basa midziyo.

All ubanguranyika nzvimbo dziri tichitarisa dzakawanda pamwe uye rubatsiro tose.

Cosmonauts (muchadenga kunoongorora) kubva kunze Earth, tinosungirwa kupa mumwe nomwoyo zvichibvira rubatsiro.

Kana chitundumusere-musere yakadonha kana akaita kwechimbichimbi kumhara pamusoro munharaunda imwe nyika, apo zviremera zvomunzvimbo vanosungirwa kubatsira vashandi pavanoparidza kushanda nebato. Zvadaro, nekukurumidza kutakura muchadenga kunoongorora pamwe Ngarava mundima State, zviri vanomurayiro yokunyoresa. Izvi zvinoshandawo nomumwe zvikamu ndege - vanofanira kudzokera kudivi nezvekutanga. It anobvumawo Mari kutsvaka.

Mwedzi rinoshandiswa zvose nyika yokutsvakurudza zvinangwa rugare. Echiuto uye chero mabasa zvehondo (zviitwa, miedzo) vari zvaisambobvumirwa pamusoro Satellite paNyika.

Chii chichaitika kana dzimwe upenyu zvakasikwa?

Parizvino, yakadaro mukana haisi neizvi nemasayendisiti. Asi haana kuiswawo pakati nzvimbo mutemo. Somuenzaniso, kana chitsva zvipenyu vachawanikwa parimwe mapuraneti yakawanikwa (kana anonzwisisa kana kwete), kuvakwa pamutemo ukama pakati pavo uye nenyika hazvibviri. Saka, handizivi zvokuita kuti vanhu sokunge kune imwewo nzvimbo muchadenga acharatidza kumusoro "vavakidzani." Hapana mitemo kuMudzidzisi, uye default, zvose mapuraneti yavo zvichibvira vagere panyika ndivo pfuma vomunharaunda.

Mapuraneti, nyeredzi, comets, asteroids, interplanetary ndege, satellites, nzvimbo dzemapurisa , uye zvakawanda - izvi zvose chinosanganisirwa pfungwa "nzvimbo chinhu". Pakati vakadaro dzinongoitika uye chakagadzirwa zvinhu vaishandisa mitemo inokosha wokurera panguva dzakawanda vaenzane uye mune dzimwe rinoti Pasi chechetere.