The nzira induction mu pfungwa

Induction - inzira infer, panguva iyo munhu nevakawanda nechinzvimbo zvinobva private. Kukurukura kwakadaro kuburikidza akarongeka, zvepfungwa uye ndeechokwadi mharidzo weaving pamwe prerequisites akawanda. Izvi inobva pakudavira kuti hunhu zvose zvakavapo zvachose pasina mumwe.

Nokuti nguva rokuti "induction" achiri kunoitika muna Socrates, asi kukosha kwayo yakasiyana chaizvo ano pakutanga. Aiona kuti fananidzo mashoma zvimwe zviitiko, kunze venhema, anotibvumira kupa mukuru tsanangudzo pfungwa. Aristotle akaenda mberi: iye akataura kuti musiyano pakati kwakakwana uye kukwana induction, asi haisati kukwanisa kutsanangura mutemo uye nheyo yokupedzisira. Aidavira kuti kufungirei chaiyo pakatarisana syllogism mhando iyi.

Apo vazivi of Renaissance vakatanga kushingaira kupandukira maonero Aristotle, vakazivisa induction nzira chete abudirire sayenzi chaiwo. Akatanga zvikuru anosiyanisa syllogistic nzira yekare muzivi wechiGiriki.

Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti nzira induction iri kunova muchimiro nayo unogamuchirwa munyika sayenzi yemazuva, akanga nominated nokuda Francis Bacon. Kunyange zvazvo iye akanga atova vamutangira akadai Leonardo da Vinci nedzimwe nevafungi. In mashoko, Bacon haana kuzviita kuti kukosha syllogism. Asi tsika hazvisi pasina induction kuti pfungwa iyi. Bacon aidavira kuti kungotaurawo anofanira zvishoma nezvishoma uye kufungawo mitemo matatu, vaiona zvinoratidza imwe pfuma kumativi matatu:

1) Ongorora nyaya yakaipa;

2) Kuongorora zvakanaka zviitiko;

3) kudzokorora nyaya iyo pfuma anoratidzwa pakawanda, nedzimwe simba. Uye kubvira izvi zvose, zvinokwanisika kuti kuona imwe zvavo.

Saka, maererano Bacon rinozobudawo kuti pasina syllogism, kureva pasina nokupfupikisa nyaya iri amutsvaka, pasi mukuru yaanobhadhara, haugoni kuuya pfungwa itsva. Izvi zvinoreva kuti masayendisiti vasingagoni zvakazara tidzivise inductive nzira deductive, uyo advance Descartes. Asi Bacon haana kugumira ipapo. Nekuona kuti nzira yake ine zvainovhiringidzawo ayo, akaronga nzira tizvikunde. Somuenzaniso, aifunga kuti probabilistic chimiro ichi muitiro, zvichaita kukwanisa zvishoma nezvishoma kukunda incompleteness kwezivo aunganidza nevanhu mumamiriro ezvinhu oupenyu.

induction nzira rinogona mhando mbiri: yakakwana uye kukwana. Muchiitiko chokutanga, kutaura achaparadzwa akaratidza yokupedzisira inokosha nyaya asati aneta zvose nzira. Mhedziso akawana zvikuru chinokosha. Nzira iyi ndiyo mubvunzo. Uyezve, anowedzera ruzivo kwevanhu pamusoro penyaya.

kukwana induction nzira, nekusiyana, Kuongorora zvakananga, nomumwe zviitiko zvinotungamirira pfungwa iri ipapo zvakafanira kuti kuratidza. Kubva nemaonero nomufungo yarinopa zvakakwana nenharo, mhedziso akaisa mberi naro, inogona kutsausa. nzira iyi induction zvaidikwa kunyange vamwe uchapupu, sezvazvakaita probabilistic zvakasikwa. Zvisinei, zvikanganiso zvinogoneka ari pose. Zvaitika nokuti kuti kuferefeta, iyo kubata, achiita tsvakurudzo, unogona kunhonga zvikonzero zvakawanda, izvo, uyezve, inogona kureva zvakasiyana nguva.

Maonero induction yesayenzi zvikuru zvakakwana induction. In yake mhedziso pamusoro ehupfumi zvinhu kuva mukirasi chete, chinoitwa pashure kuferefeta yavo womukati kutonhodza. Izvi zvinoita kuti ave akasiyana kwakajairika induction, apo ehupfumi ari chinhu kuitwa vadzidza vanoonekwa kwatangwa, randomly.

Nenzira, nzira kuti inferences mamirire kwete chete nomufungo. The nzira nesayenzi kuti induction nevakawanda uzivi, wefizikisi, mushonga, dzezvoupfumi uye mutemo.