The nemamiriro dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama. Reflex mhete. Physiology pakati tsinga

Mumwe nomumwe wedu kanenge kamwe muupenyu hwake wakataura mashoko okuti "Ndine reflex", asi vanhu vashoma vanonzwisisa zvarinotaura. Zvinenge hwedu hwose upenyu hwakavakirwa hunenge. In paucheche, zvinotibatsira topinda munyika vakura - kushanda zvinobudirira uye uri mutano. Kuteerera hunenge, yatinofema, famba, kudya, uye zvakawanda.

Reflex

Reflex - ndiyo mhinduro muviri kuti tide kuita riri kuitwa tsinga. Vanoratidza pakutanga kana kugumiswa chero basa: kufamba tsandanyama, kwemakemikari anobudiswa omumuviri, kuchinja vascular matauriro. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti nokukurumidza kuchinja kuti kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu. Zvichireva hunenge muupenyu hwevanhu kwazvo kuti kunyange kukwana kwavo kubviswa (Kubviswa pakuvhiya, kunotevera, sitiroko, pfari), kutungamirira urema zvachose.

Kudzidza ari nechepakati uye peripheral tsinga kuitawo IP Pavlov uye IM Section. Vakasiya zvakawanda vaizotevera vanachiremba. Kare hatina kugoverana Psychiatry uye Neurology, asi pashure kwavo waivako neurologists vakatanga kuita oga, kuunganidza ruzivo uye kuongorora izvozvo.

marudzi hunenge

Pose hunenge akakamurwa zvimiso zvodini. Wekutanga simuka muupenyu hwevanhu uye muitiro zvinesungano, kazhinji kacho, pamwe zvaakanga achiita. Vamwe unyanzvi vawana pamusoro nguva, kunyangarika, uye nzvimbo yavo anotorwa itsva zvakawanda, zvakakodzera mune ezvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuchovha, kutamba, kuridza zviridzwa, raanoziva mubhizimisi, kutyaira motokari, uye zvakawanda. hunenge aya dzimwe nguva anonzi "simba kufanana nevechiduku".

Chavanoziva hunenge sezvo kuradzikwa vanhu vose zvakaenzana, uye ikoko tine kubvira pakuzvarwa. Ivo vanoramba hwose, kubva zvinotsigira kuvapo kwedu. Vanhu havazivi kuti vanofanira kufema, kuderedza mwoyo tsandanyama, chengeta muviri wako nzvimbo mune imwe mamiriro, nekubwaira, hotsira, etc. Izvi zvinoitika rwoga, nekuti hunhu akatora kutarisirwa nesu.

kupatsanura pakati hunenge

Kune classifications inoverengeka hunenge hunoratidza basa ravo kana kunoratidza pamwero maonero. Mumwe anogona kumbotipa vamwe vavo.

Biological ukoshi akanga voga hunenge:

• zvokudya;
• inodzivirira;
• pabonde;
• INDICATIVE
• hunenge Pakusarudza muviri nzvimbo (pozotonicheskie);
• hunenge kutama.

Maererano nzvimbo receptors kuti kuona vakurukurirane vangazivikanwa:

• exteroreceptors dziri ganda uye mucous membranes;
• interoreceptors, riri zvomukati nemidziyo ropa;
• proprioceptors muchinzwisisa atsamwa kuti tsandanyama, mapfundo nemarunda.

Kuziva classifications matatu anogona pasi chero dzepanguva kutsanangura: iri kuwanwa kana vachiberekwa, izvo mashandiro anoita uye sei kumutumidza.

Nhanho Reflex chinhu chakakombama

Kuti neurologists zvinokosha kuziva padanho panguva iyo dzepanguva anovhara. Zvinobatsira kuti nani kuziva njodzi nzvimbo uye kufungidzira kukuvadza utano. Kusiyanisa musana hunenge, injini Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu izvo dziri mune musana. Ivo ndivo hurongwa muviri, tsandanyama marwadzo, basa pelvic zvomukati. Kukurira kuti LEVEL - iri medulla oblongata, akawana bulbar nzvimbo kuti waidzora mate omumuviri, vamwe tsandanyama dzechiso, kufema nokumira kwemoyo kushanda. Kuzotadzira dhipatimendi iyi inenge nguva zvinouraya.

The midbrain akavharwa mesencephalic hunenge. Zvikurukuru ndicho dzepanguva arc ari cranial tsinga. A mutsauko kuri diencephalic hunenge kwokupedzisira dzouropi riri mune diencephalon. Uye cortical hunenge, izvo raitungamirwa cerebral cortex. Kazhinji, anowanikwa unyanzvi.

Ona kuti urongwa dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama chokuita rokumusoro ekufambisa nzvimbo tsinga dzose kunosanganisira rezasi nhanho. Ndicho corticospinal nzira achapfuura chinhu zvenguva, pakati, oblong uye musana.

The physiology pakati tsinga hwakarongwa kuitira kuti mumwe dzepanguva kudzokororwa arcs akawanda. Izvi unochengeta Mabasa muviri, kunyange makuvaro uye zvirwere.

The Reflex chinhu chakakombama

Reflex chinhu chakakombama - tsinga zvairatidza Kupfuudzwa nzira kubva vachifunga muviri (Kanotokonya) kuti kubata. Huta dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama ine Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu vavo pezvakaitwa, izvo zvinoumba dunhu. Pfungwa iyi chakaunzwa mushonga M.Hollom pakati rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore, asi nokufamba kwenguva, zviri rinochinjwa kuva "mhete dzepanguva." Kwakasarudzwa kuti izwi iri nani zvinoratidza pezvakaitwa kuti kuitika tsinga.

Physiology kusiyanisa monosynaptic, uyewo zviviri uye trehneyronnye chinhu chakakombama dzimwe nguva akawana polisinapticheskie hunenge, kureva, kusanganisira Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu kupfuura vatatu. Nyore chinhu chakakombama ine Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu vaviri perceiver uye injini. The kupomba ichipfuura refu muitiro ari dzouropi kuti tsinga yacho, izvo zvinozoita transmits kusvikira tsandanyama. hunenge ava kazhinji kusiko.

Madhipatimendi Reflex chinhu chakakombama

The nemamiriro dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama ine madhipatimendi shanu.

Chokutanga - a Kanotokonya kuti anogamuchira mashoko. Rinogona riri zvose pamusoro muviri pamusoro (ganda, mucosal), uye rakadzika (the retina, nemarunda, tsandanyama). Morphologically Kanotokonya chingaratidzika somunhu refu basa dzouropi kana zvasangana, masero.

chidimbu Second - nehanya tsinga faibha, izvo transmits excitation pamusoro chinhu chakakombama. Mitumbi Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu izvi dziri kunze musimboti tsinga (CNS), mu musana nzvimbo. basa ravo zvakafanana museve pamusoro njanji pamakwara. Kureva kuti, Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu kuparadzira mashoko anouya kwavari, pamusoro yakasiyana kwevari epfungwa.

Third chidimbu - nzvimbo ufambe nehanya motokari fibers. Nokuti vakawanda ndiwo hunenge ari musana, asi vamwe kunzwisisa chinhu chakakombama zvakaitika zvakananga kuburikidza uropi, akadai rokudzivirira, kudzidzira kufamba, zvokudya hunenge.

Wechina Division akapa gwenya faibha kuti anonunura tsinga nomunhu kubva musana injini Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu kana kuti effector.

Last, yechishanu nokupesana - muviri kuti Reflex basa. Kazhinji mhasuru kana shwanu, zvakadai semboni, mwoyo, bonde, kana mate shwanu.

The vasiri ehupfumi ari etsinga nzvimbo

The physiology pakati tsinga iri shanduka panguva yayo dzakasiyana siyana. The gare gare vakaumba dhipatimendi, zvikuru chakaoma basa rake uye hormone murau. Pane nhanhatu ehupfumi kuti ndezvemamiriro tsinga zvose nzvimbo, zvisinei kwakaita nzvimbo yacho:

1. Kuitisa excitation chete kubva Kanotokonya kusvika effector dzouropi. Physiologically, izvi nokuti synapses (Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu kubatana pfungwa) Chiito mune mirayiridzo mumwe chete uye haagoni kuzvishandura.

2. Kunonoka tsinga excitation wakabatanawo kune vakawanda Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu ari chinhu chakakombama uye, naizvozvo, kuti synapses. Kuti synthesize munhu neurotransmitter (namakemikari anotikurudzira), kusunungura icho kupinda synaptic mumukaha uye vanopedza saka zvinofadza, zvinotora nguva yakawanda kupfuura kana pulses kuparadzira chete pamwe etsinga faibha.

3. Summation excitations. Izvi zvinoitika kana vakurukurirane simba, asi nguva dzose uye rhythmically yokudzokorora.. Panyaya iyi, murevereri iri vaunganidza munyika synaptic Kamudzira kusvikira haisi inokosha mari, uye ipapo transmits Ropa. Nyore Muenzaniso Fani iyi - achiita sneezing.

4. Kushandurwa excitation unodiwa. The nemamiriro dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama, uyewo zviri tsinga kuti kunyange kunonoka mutinhimira pamusoro vakurukurirane izvozvo asangana mamwe tichimhanya kwakadaro - kubva mashanu mazana maviri nguva muzana wechipiri. Naizvozvo, tsandanyama mumuviri womunhu vari kuderedzwa tetanic, kureva discontinuously.

5. Reflex mugumisiro. The Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu of dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama vari yaifara ezvinhu kwechinguva pashure kumira pamberi vakurukurirane. Nemhaka iyi, pane pfungwa mbiri. Yokutanga inoti kuti masero etsinga ape excitation chechipiri kunopfuura vakurukurirane uye nokudaro mazhinji dzepanguva. Yechipiri anobva dzepanguva chindori riri akavharwa pakati maviri zvenguva Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Ivo zvinoparadzira excitation chero mumwe wavo haagoni tanga kurova kwemwoyo kana kusvikira pasina zvokunze braking yambiro chiratidzo.

6. Achinyudza tsinga nzvimbo kunoitika munguva kwenguva refu kweiyi pakati receptors. Izvi zvinoratidzwa kuderera wokutanga, uye ipapo havana zvachose nehanya.

Autonomic Reflex chinhu chakakombama

By tsinga mhando kuti zvokurimisa ari excitation uye inoitisa huta zvairatidza, yoga, somatic uye autonomic huta chinhu chakakombama. A chinokosha ndechokuti dzepanguva kune skeletal tsandanyama hauna kuvhiringidzwa, uye autonomic ganglia kunodiwa chinja pamusoro. All nzvimbo tsinga inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata zvitatu:

• Vertebral (musana) ganglia vari chokuita tsitsi tsinga. Vari riri kana divi nomuzongoza, achiumba mbiru.
• Prespinal nodes dziri kure uye kubva musana mbiru, uye kubva nezviremera. Izvi zvinosanganisira ciliary ganglion, remuromo tsitsi nodes, zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri plexus uye mesenteric nodes.
• Intraorganic nodes havasi kuoma zvokufungidzira, dziri muna zvomukati: tsandanyama mwoyo, Árbol, intestinal chubhu, kuti kwemakemikari anobudiswa mumasero.

misiyano iyi pakati somatic uye autonomic nehurongwa vari midzi phylogeny, uye chokuita kupararira velocity kuti hunenge vavo zvakafanira.

Vasinganyatsooni dzepanguva

Externally pamusoro dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama anopinda Kanotokonya dzishande, izvo zvinokonzera excitation uye panowanikwa tsinga zvatinganzwa. Hwaro izvi ndiko Kuchinja wevasungwa calcium yavaibvisa ions, zviri kumativi maviri muchitokisi membrane. Changing uwandu anions uye cations chinokonzera chaishanda yemagetsi kwaniso uye panowanikwa buditsa.

Kubva Kanotokonya dzishande, centripetally kubvongodzwa anopinda afferent linked dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama - cerebrospinal raiva pedyo nebundu. Scion totaura musana kuti vasanonoka cores, uye ipapo Minamato haipindurwe injini Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Ndiro huru kubatana pakati dzepanguva. Pezvakaitwa injini nuclei pamusoro musana dziri pamwe nemamwe nemidzi uye akatumirwa runoenzanirana actuators. The mukobvu tsandanyama fibers kugumisa motokari Dombo.

Baud zvazvingava kupomba kunoenderana mhando tsinga fibers uye Ingasiyana kubva 0.5 kusvika 100 metres muzana wechipiri. Excitation haisi kune pedyo tsinga yakafanira pakuvapo anoshongwa nevamwe pezvakaitwa kubva nomumwe.

Zvichireva Reflex chinovhiringidza

Sezvo etsinga faibha anokwanisa kuchengeta nokusagadzikana refu, kuti braking kunokosha adaptive mashandiro ari muviri. Pamusana kwaari, masero etsinga hatiitirwi kugara kuneta uye overstimulation. Contact afferentation, apo akaziva uye braking, rinobatanidzwa paumbwe vakaumbwa hunenge uye anobvisa kudiwa epfungwa kuongorora yechipiri mabasa. Izvi zvinopa kufambisa hunenge, semuenzaniso, anodudzira.

Feedback afferentation zvakare kunodzivisa Mashoko etsinga nomunhu kune dzimwe Zvivako tsinga, apo kuramba vaita.

Ekufambisa basa tsinga

In hwakanaka munhu ose nhengo vanoita uchinyatsobatanidzwa uye akabvuma. Vane pasi yunifomu hurongwa Kufambisa. The nemamiriro dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama - ichi chinokosha zvakadaro, iyo inosimbisa mutemo chete. Sezvinongoita mimwe ezvinhu, munhu, zvakare, pane zvinotaurwa kana mitemo iyo inoshanda:

• Convergence (pulses zvikamu zvakasiyana iuye mumwe chikamu CNS);
• irradiation (mazhinji uye zvikuru kutsamwa anoita excitation kuti pedyo nzvimbo);
• reciprocity (chinovhiringidza dzimwe hunenge);
• chimwe chokupedzisira nzira (inobva kusawirirana mari afferent Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu kuti efferent);
• inofambiswa (kuzvidzora hurongwa kwakavakirwa uwandu pulses vakapiwa uye vanowanika);
• hune (kuvapo chikuru excitation, iyo overlaps mumwe).