Central uye peripheral nervous system: chimiro uye mabasa

Basa rakarurama rehurongwa hwemitsipa pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakosha zvikuru muupenyu hwomunhu huzere. Nzira yehutano yevanhu inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo yakanyanyogadzirisa chimiro chemuviri.

Pfungwa dzemazuva ano nezvemabasa ehurumende yenheyo

Inyanzvi yekukurukurirana, iyo inosayenzi yehupenyu inosarudzwa sehurongwa hwemagandanga, inoparadzaniswa kuva pakati nepamativi ose, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yemasero emasero ivo pachavo. Yokutanga inobatanidza masero ari mukati meuropi uye musipinha. Asi mishonga yechirwere iyo iri kunze kweiyo inoumba chirwere chendangariro yenyika (PNS).

Inonzi central nervous system (CNS) inoshandisa mabasa makuru ekugadzirisa uye kuendesa mashoko, kuwirirana nemhepo. Nzira yehutano inoshanda nechinangwa chaicho. Reflex ndiyo mhinduro yemuviri kune chimwe chinhu chinotsamwisa. Masero emakumbo europi anobatanidzwa zvakananga mune izvi. Vagamuchira ruzivo kubva kuPNS neurons, vanoritora uye vanotungamira pfungwa kumutungamiriri mukuru. Nenheyo iyi, zvose zvinozvipira uye zvisingaiti zvinoshandiswa zvinoitwa , nhengo dzepfungwa (kugadzirisa mabasa) basa, kufunga nekuyeuka basa, nezvimwewo.

Maitiro emagetsi

Pasinei nemabasa ehutano uye hwemhirizhonga yenheyo system uye nzvimbo yemasero, neurons ane zvimwe zvinozivikanwa nemasero ose emuviri. Saka, neuron imwe neimwe inosanganisira:

• Mhembwe, kana kuti cytoplasmic membrane;
• Cytoplasm, kana nzvimbo pakati pe membrane uye nucleus nucleus, iyo izere ne-intracellular fluid;
• Mitochondria , iyo inopa neuron pachayo nesimba ravanowana kubva glucose uye oksijeni;
• Microtubules - dzakanaka dzimba dzinoita mabasa ekutsigira uye dzinobatsira sero kuchengeta fomu yepakutanga;
• Endoplasmic reticulum - mukati mamakandani, ayo sero rinoshandisa kuzviraramisa.

Kusiyana kwemasero emasero

Nhengo dzemawere dzine zvimwe zvikamu izvo zvinokonzerwa nekukurukurirana kwavo nemamwe neuroni.

Majekiseni ndiwo maitiro makuru emasero emishonga, kuburikidza nepi zvinyorwa zvinoparidzirwa pamwe chete negeural circuit. Iyo inowanzobudisa chiteshi chekufambisa mashoko inogadzira neuron, iyo yakawanda matavi ari mune iri axon.

Dendrites mamwe maitiro e-neuron. Pamusoro pavo kune mazano ekubatanidza - mamwe maonero apo kusangana neyeuroni kunoitika. Nokudaro, iyo inosvika neural signal inonzi "syoptic transmission".

Kuenzanisa uye nzvimbo yemasero emagetsi

Nhengo dzemasero, kana kuti neuron, dzinogoverwa mumapoka mazhinji uye masangano, zvichienderana nehutano hwavo, hunoita, uye nzvimbo mumusana wekunamata.

Zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nekunzwisisa kwekunzwa kwekunze kwekunze (kuona, kunzwa, tactile kunzwa, pfungwa yekunhuhwira, nezvimwewo) inonzi inzwi. Neurons iyo yakabatanidzwa munetaneti kunopa motokisi mabasa inonzi motor neurons. Uyewo muNational Assembly pane mishonga yakasiyana-siyana inoshandiswa pasi rose.

Zvichienderana nenzvimbo ye neuron maererano neuropi uye nhengo huru, masero anogona kunge ari ekutanga, wechipiri, nezvimwewo.

Mahedheni, neuroni ndiwo anokonzera kushandiswa kwema molecule chaiwo avanoshandisa synaptic kuwirirana nemamwe matukisi, asi masero emagetsi haakwanisi kugovana.

Ichi ndicho chikonzero chekutaura kwakakurumbira mumabhuku okuti "nhengo dzemawere hadzina kudzorerwa." Zvinonzwisisika, iyo neuroni isingagoni kugoverwa haigoni kudzorerwa. Asi ivo vanogona kese yechipiri kuti vagadzire hutsva hutsva hutsva hwekuita mabasa akaoma.

Nokudaro, masero anorongwa kuti agare achiwedzera hukama hwepamusoro. Iyi ndiyo nzira inoshandiswa nehutano hwakaoma hwekutsvaga hutsanana. Kusika kwekubatanidza kwitsva muuropi kunotungamirira kukurudzirwa kweunyanzvi, kufunga. Muscular intelligence inowedzera nenzira iyi. Uropi hunovandudzwa zvisinganzwisisiki paunodzidza zvose zvitsva uye zvitsva motokari.

Kubudirira kwekunzwisisa kwepfungwa, mumuviri uye mupfungwa, kunowanikwa munhurongwa hwekutya nenzira yakafanana. Asi kana kusimbiswa kune chimwe chinhu, mamwe mabasa haakurudziri zvakanyanya.

Uropi

Iyo uropi uhwu hunorema anenge anenge 1.3-1.5 kg. Masayendisiti akawana kuti kusvikira ava nemakore makumi maviri nemaviri, kuwedzera kwake kunowedzera kuwedzera, uye mushure memakore makumi matatu nematatu anotanga kuderera.

Muhupi hwehuwandu hwevanhu pane zvinopfuura 100 trillion magetsi ekubatanidza, uye izvi nguva dzakawanda zvakakura kudarika kwose kunobatanidza mumagetsi ose emagetsi munyika.

Vatsvakurudzi vanopedza makumi emakore uye makumi emamiriyoni emadhora achidzidza nekuedza kuvandudza huropi hunoita mabasa.

Kuparadzaniswa kwehuropi, hutsika hwavo hunhu

Kunyange zvakadaro, zivo yemazuva ano yeuropi inogona kuonekwa seyakakwana. Kunyanya kufunga kuti sayenzi yemabasa emamwe mativi europi yakaita kuti kuve nekugadzirwa kweeurology, neurosurgery.

Uropi hwakakamurwa kuva nzvimbo dzakadaro:

1. The forebrain. Izvo zvinowanzozivikanwa ne "zvakakwirira" maitiro epfungwa. Inosanganisira:

• Frontal lobes, ane mutoro wekugadzirisa mabasa eimwe nzvimbo;
• Chirevo chekare chinokonzera kunzwa uye kutaura;
• Parietal lobes rinodzora kufamba kwekufamba uye pfungwa dzekunzwa.
• Occipital lobe mukupindura pane zvinoonekwa.

2. Uropi hwepakati hunosanganisira:

• Thalamus, uko kushandiswa kwemashoko ose ari kupinda mu forebrain.
• Iyo hypothalamus inodzora ruzivo runobva kune nhengo dzepakati uye dzenhepfenyuro yenheyo system uye yeA autonomic NA.

3. Hindbrain inosanganisira:

• Uropi hwebongo, iyo inokonzera kugadziriswa kwebiorhythms nekucherechedza.
• Uropi hunokonzera hunosimudzira nzira dzenharo dzinoshandiswa neuropi nehutano hwomutsipa wepelinha, iyi ndiyo mutauro wekukurukurirana chiteshi pakati pepakati uye purogiramu yenheyo yenheyo.
• Iro cerebellum, kana uropi hudiki, inoita chikamu chegumi cheupfungwa hwehuropi. Pamusoro payo pane maviri makuru hemispheres. Kubva mubasa re cerebellum kunobva pakubatanidzwa kwevanhu, kukwanisa kuchengetedza zvakakwana munzvimbo.

Mutsara wesimbi

Ivhareji urefu hwemunhu mukuru wepemutsi tsambo inenge 44 cm.

Icho chinotangira kubva muuropiyo uye inopfuura nepakati pemagetsi makuru e occipital mudhehenya. Icho chinopera pamwero wechipiri lumbar vertebra. Kuguma kwemutsipa wepelinha kunonzi medulla cone. Iyo inoguma muboka re lumbar uye mitsetse ye sacral.

Kubva pamutsipa weropa remutsipa, mapeji makumi maviri nemasere emagetsi emasipiresi. Vanobatsira kubatanidza madhipatimendi ehurumende yenheyo: pakati nepakadzika. Nenzira idzi, chikamu chemuviri uye nhengo dzomukati dzinogamuchira zviratidzo kubva ku NS.

Mumutsipa wepelinha, zvakare, kutanga kushandiswa kwemashoko akajeka kunoitika, kuitira kuti mhinduro yekuita zvinokurudzira mumamiriro ezvinhu ane ngozi inowedzera.

Doro, kana kuti cerebral fluid, yakajairika kumutsara wepelinha uye uropi, inoumbwa mumakumbo emasero emakumbo europi kubva muropa remvura.

Kazhinji, kupararira kwayo kunofanira kuramba kuripo. Doro rinogadzira kusingaperi mukati mekumanikidzika kwemhepo, inoita kuderedza uye kuchengetedza mabasa. Kuongorora kwekuumbwa kweScf imwe yenzira dzakanakisisa dzekuongorora zvirwere zvakakomba zveSNS.

Chii chinokonzera zvipembenene zvepakati penheyo system yakasiyana-siyana

Zvironda zvehurongwa hwemitsipa, zvichienderana nenguva, zvakakamurwa kuva:

1. Preperinatal - utano hwehupi panguva yekuvandudzwa kwemukati.
2. Perinatal - kana chironda ichi chikaitika panguva yekuberekwa uye mumaawa ekutanga mushure mokuberekwa.
3. Mushure mekuberekwa - apo chironda chepelinha kana uropi hunoitika mushure mokuberekwa.

Zvichienderana nezvakasikwa, zvipembenene zvepakati remagetsi zvinokonzerwa zvi:

1. Kutambudzika (zvakajeka). Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti chirwere chetsitsi chinonyanya kukosha kune zvisikwa zvipenyu uye kubva pakuona kwekushanduka-shanduka, naizvozvo tsanga remutsipa uye uropi hunovimbiswa nekuchengetedzwa nehuwandu hwemakumbo, huwandu hwemvura uye mapfupa emapfupa. Zvisinei, pane dzimwe nguva izvi kudzivirirwa hazvina kukwana. Zvimwe kukuvadzwa zvinotungamirira kukuvadza kusvika pakati nepakati pechirwere chendaneti. Matambudziko anorwadza emutsipa wepelinha anotungamirira kumigumisiro isingagadziriswi. Kazhinji kazhinji izvi zvinopera simba, uyezve kuora mwoyo (pamwe chete nekufa zvishoma nezvishoma kunopera neurons). Iyo yakakwirira kukanganisa, yakawanda paresis (kuderera kwemasimba emasumbu). Kukuvadza kwakanyanya kunowanikwa uye kwakapfigwa mazano europi.
2. Kukanganisa kwemuviri kunheyo yenheyo yenguva dzose kunowanzoitika panguva yekuberekwa uye kunotungamirira kumwana wechidiki cerebral palsy. Vanomuka nekuda kwekukanda kwomweya wehogi (hypoxia). Icho chigumisiro chebasa rakareba kana umbilical cord kupinda mukati. Zvichienderana nezvenguva ye hypo hypoia, cerebral palsy inogona kuva yakasiyana-siyana yezvinyanyisa: kubva pane zvishoma kusvika kune yakaoma, iyo inofambidzana neatrophy yakaoma yepakati uye yeropa rwenheyo system. CNS zvipembenene mushure mekurohwa kwechirwere zvinotsanangurwa zvakare sekuti organic.
3. Kuita zvirwere kunokonzera zvipembenene zvepakati yenheyo yepamusoro inovapo nekuda kwekuchinja kwemugene wegene. Vanonzi vanogara nhaka. Yakawanda ndeyeArt's syndrome, Tourette's syndrome, autism (genetic-metabolic disorder), iyo inoratidzika pakarepo mushure mekuberekwa kana mugore rokutanga rehupenyu. Zvirwere Kensington, Parkinson, Alzheimer inonzi inosvibisa uye inoratidzika pakati kana kuti kukwegura.
4. Encephalopathy - kazhinji inowanzoitika sechikonzero chekukuvadza kuuropi hutachiona hutachiona (herpetic encephalopathy, meningococcal, cytomegalovirus).

Urongwa hwehutachiona hwemagetsi

PNS maitiro emasero emasero ari kunze kwechoropi uye mugona wemugwagwa. Inosanganisira nerve nodes (cranial, spinal uye vegetative). Uyewo muPNS mune mapeji makumi maviri nemasere emisipiresi uye nerve yekuguma.

Mune chinangwa chebasa, PNS inosanganisira somatic neurons inotendesa mafungiro emotokari uye inosangana nemagamuchirwo emitumbi, uye zvinomera, izvo zvinokonzera basa remukati. Purogiramu neuronal zvivako zvine motori, sensoric uye vegetative fibers.

Zvinopisa simba

Zvirwere zvepakati nepakati penheyo yenheyo zvakasiyana zvachose mumasikirwo. Kana iCNS zvipembenene zvinowanzove zvakaoma, migumisiro yepasi pose, zvirwere zvePNS zvinowanzozviratidzira sezvokuvhiringidza zvirongwa munzvimbo dzemazinga emagetsi. Mukurapa, kupopota kwakadaro kunonzi neuralgia.

Neuralgia - ihwohwo kuputika kunorwadza munzvimbo yekuunganidza maitiro emisungo, kusuruvara kunokonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kwekurwadziwa. Neuralgia inosanganisira polyneuritis, radiculitis, kuputika kwetatu kana kuti nenyonga, plexitis, nezvimwewo.

Basa repakati nepakati penheji yenheyo mukushanduka kwemuviri womunhu

Nzira yeutsi ndiyo chete nzira yemuviri womunhu inogona kuvandudzwa. Chimiro chakakomba chepakati uye chinoputika chirongwa chevanhu chinokonzerwa nehutano uye nekushanduka-shanduka. Uropi hune zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana - neuroplasticity. Iko kukwanisa kweCSS masero kuti atore pamabasa ekuvakidzana nemasero akafa, kuvaka nhengo itsva yehutano. Izvi zvinotsanangura chiitiko chechiremba, apo vana vane uori hwehupombwe huri kukura, vanodzidza kufamba, kutaura, nezvimwewo, uye vanhu mushure mekurova chirwere vanozopedzisira vavazve nekwanisi yekufamba zvakanaka. Izvi zvinotangira nekuvakwa kwemamiriyoni ehutano hutsva pakati pepakati nepamativi epakati penheyo yenheyo.

Nekufambira mberi kwehutsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudzorera varwere mushure mokutambudzika kwehuropi, nzira dzekusimudzirwa kwevanhu dzirikudziridzwa zvakare. Izvo zvinobva pakufungidzira kunonzwisisika kuti kana zvose zviri pakati nepakati pechendaneti zvinogona kupora kubva mukukuvadzwa, masero ehutano ane hutano anokwanisawo kukudziridza zvaanogona kusvika kusvika kune zvisingagumi.