The Magetsi kunobva magetsi: tsananguro uye chaizvo

tese kubva kosi wefizikisi kuti pasi magetsi chinorehwa achitaura akarayira inofamba nezvimedu akatakura mhosva. Kuti vawane muitisi kunobvumirwa yemagetsi munda. Ndizvo zvakakodzera kuti riripo kwenguva refu, Magetsi.

Manyuko Magetsi anogona kuva:

• kunofambira mberi;
• mushonga;
• zvemaziso;
• semiconductor.

basa rimwe nerimwe rinoitwa apo raznozaryazhennye yakakamurwa nezvimedu, i.e. wemagetsi munda simba. Yakakamurwa, vanounganidza pamusoro matanda muvhu chokuita kuti conductors. Kana matanda vari chokuita muitisi nezvimedu pamwe nokubatira atange kutama, uye magetsi aumbwa.

Manyuko Magetsi kuvamba magetsi muchina

Kusvikira pezana-nemanomwe remakore ichibudisa zvemagetsi ichangobuda waida chaizvo nesimba. Panguva iyoyowo, vawandisa masayendisiti munyaya yacho. Uye Otto von Guericke akazogadzira wokutanga yemagetsi motokari munyika. Mune imwe kuedza nayo nesarufa, yakanyungudutswa mukati negomba bhora zvakagadzirwa negirazi, nokuomesa uye vakaputsa girazi. Guericke akasimbisa bhora zvokuti rinogona kuva inotonhorera. Tenderera uye kudzvanya chimedu ganda, rikawira sesasaradzi dzomoto. kukweshera Izvi yekudyidzana nyore kuwana pfupi-rokuti magetsi. Asi matambudziko akaoma zvikuru aigona kugadziriswa chete pakuzadzisa nesayenzi.

Dambudziko raiva kuti zvaipomerwa Gericke akakurumidza anyangarika. Kuwedzera urefu muviri vebasa anoiswa mukati namahwindo midziyo (magirazi hombodo), uye yakafadza mvura mifananidzo amakavaitira chipikiri. Experiment optimized kana guchu kumativi zvemapuranga ane conductive zvinhu (simbi AKAITA Somuenzaniso). Somugumisiro, takaona kuti zvaigoneka kuita pasina mvura.

Datya Makumbo somunhu kuitika rine

Imwe nzira kubereka magetsi kokutanga zvakawanikwa Luidzhi Galvani. Somunhu zvipenyu, akashanda ari yezvirwere apo vaedza magetsi. Akaona akafa datya kuti gumbo akanga aderedzwa kana inovapo pamusana sesasaradzi kubva muchina. Asi rimwe zuva, zvimwechetezvo yakanga kubudirira netsaona kana musayendisiti Akabata simbi scalpel.

Akatanga kutsvaka zvikonzero, apo paiva Magetsi. Manyuko Magetsi kuburikidza ayo mhedziso yokupedzisira vakanga datya munyama.

Mumwe Italian, Alessandro Volta, inopikisanawo "datya" yezvakaita panowanikwa ano. Zvave zvichinzi kuti mukuru uno akawedzera mhangura zinc ari sulfuric asidhi mhinduro. Kubatana uku kunonzi galvanic kana nemakemikari maatomu akafanana.

Asi kushandisa mari yakadaro kuti EMF angadai zvakare dzinodhura. Naizvozvo, masayendisiti ari kushanda pane mumwe, zvemaziso, nzira kugadzirwa magetsi simba.

zvake jenareta sei?

Mukutanga namapfumbamwe remakore AH Oersted akaziva kuti chikamu kuitika kuburikidza nemunhu mumwe remagineti inomuka mavambo. Papera chinguva, Faraday akaziva kuti kana mharadzano pamusoro mitsetse simba EMF anonyengetedzwa mu muitisi hunokonzera ano. Emf zvichisiyana chete nokukurumidza uye conductors pachavo, uyewo musango simba. Panguva mharadzano mamiriyoni zana zvikonzero simba pa wechipiri vakafurira electromotive simba anova akaenzana imwe volt. Zviri pachena kuti Chinyorwa kunhaka ari remagineti haakwanisi kupa hombe Magetsi. Manyuko Magetsi iri mhando ndiyo zvikuru akaratidza ichitenderera waya pamusoro hombe vangapiwa kana kugadzirwa kwayo dhiramu serin'i. The coils anoiswa pamusoro nomubato pakati magineti uye rotatable mvura kana chiutsi. Akadaro zvokuimba simba kwaibva tinoberekwa kwakajairika emagetsi.

Tesla mukuru

A kupenya musayendisiti achibva kuSerbia, Nikola Tesla, kutsaurira upenyu hwake kuna magetsi, zvinhu zvakawanda kuti tishandise nhasi. Multiphase yemagetsi muchina, asynchronous yemagetsi Motors, simba Kupfuudzwa kuburikidza multi-danho rakatumbuka kuitika - ichi hachisi mazita rose guru yesayenzi zvigadzirwa.

Vazhinji vanodavira kuti Chiitiko kweSiberia, anozivikanwa somunhu Tunguska meteorite Chaizvoizvo uchanzi Tesla. Asi zvichida chimwe chezvinhu inoshamisa pakati nokugadzirwa ari transformer inokwanisa kugamuchira voltage kusvika mamiriyoni gumi volts. Kujairika ndiro yake mudziyo uye inozivikanwa yezvinhu intractable Masvomhu. Asi mumazuva iwayo takatanga kuva Vacuum michina, umo makanga musina unoreva zvakawanda. Naizvozvo, nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa musayendisiti panguva kukanganwika.

Asi nhasi, pamwe veMubatanidzwa yokungotaura wefizikisi mubasa rake idzva kufarira zvakare. Eteri akaziva gasi iri pasi zvose mitemo makanika gasi. It anoita kwayo simba kubva ipapo mukuru Tesla. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Eteri dzidziso rave zvakajairika chaizvo kare pakati masayendisiti akawanda. Chete chete kwaita SRT - Einstein neimwe dzidziso relativity, umo akaramba nezvokuvapo Eteri - vakakanganwa nezvazvo, kunyange pashure akagadzira mukuru dzidziso haana kudenha pake akadaro.

Asi apo vanogara Magetsi uye namano kuti vari ubiquitous nhasi.

Development unyanzvi mano - simba rinopiwa

mano kwakadaro inoshandiswa Kushandurwa zvakasiyana simba kupinda magetsi simba. Pasinei nokuti mumuviri uye zvemakemikari nzira kubudisa magetsi akasvinudzwa kwenguva refu, ubiquitous, vakapiwa chete kubva yechipiri yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, pazvakava nokukurumidza dzichiri Electronics. The kutanga galvanic vakaroorana shanu dzakanga vaisanganisa ne 25 marudzi. A Dzidziso galvanic vakaroorana vanogona kuverenga zviuru zvakati, sezvo akasununguka simba anogona chinozoiswa pamusoro chero oxidizing uye yokuderedza nevamiririri.

Physical Power Sources

Natural manyuko magetsi vakatanga kuvapo pave paya. Modern nzira zvava inoomesera, uye mumaindasitiri kupisa thermionic emagetsi kubudirira kukurira kukura nematambudziko. Physical mabhuku simba - ndangariro umo chafariz, remagetsi, zvemaziso uye simba nemwaranzi uye kuvora renyukireya riri dzikwanise magetsi simba. Kuwedzera pane zviri pamusoro apa, ivo dzakakora sezvo dzemagetsi michini, MHD emagetsi, uyewo rokutendeutsa rezuva nemwaranzi uye kuora mabhomba.

Kuna Magetsi ari kondakita kubviswa, zvinoda kuva kwokunze rine kuchengetedza zvinogona musiyano mhiri kondakita inoguma. Nokuti ichi ndizvo zvinotisimbisa simba kuti vave vamwe electromotive simba rokusika uye kuramba zvinogona musiyano. EMF akayera Magetsi bhuku mashandiro anoitwa apo ndinoiitawo mutariri kuchinjirwa mhiri namahwindo vematunhu.

Kupikiswa mukati simba nerubatsiro quantitatively ndozvavava izvozvo, kuziva uwandu simba kurasikirwa kuburikidza kunobva.

The simba uye kunyatsoshanda pamusoro voltage wakaenzana nhamba yacho kwokunze yemagetsi aitenderera EMF.

Chemical zvinyorwa

Chemical kuitika bhuku iri zvemagetsi redunhu EMF ari mudziyo, umo simba nemakemikari iri dzikwanise magetsi simba.

hwaro Its ine electrodes maviri: a isakarurama mhosva achidzikisa mumiririri uye oxidizing mumiririri iri chokwadi mhosva, vari neVadzidzi electrolyte. Pakati electrodes anogona musiyano, EMF.

Modern mano anowanzoshandiswa:

• somunhu kuderedza mumiriri - achitungamirira, cadmium, zingi uye vamwe;
• oxidant - nickel hydroxide, kutungamirira oxide, manganese uye zvakadai;
• electrolyte - zvinogadzirisa pamusoro acids, alkalis kana munyu.

Zvinowanzoshandiswa masero inopisa zingi uye manganese. Mudziyo akatorwa kubva zingi (ane kunaka electrode). Inside anoiswa yakanaka electrode pamwe musanganiswa manganese yakasviba ine kabhoni kana graphite upfu izvo zvinoderedza nemishonga. The electrolyte anoita somunhu namatidza pamusoro Ammonium chloride, starch nezvimwe zvinoriumba.

Rakanamatidzwa kutungamirira-iine acid bhatiri - kazhinji yechipiri makemikari kuitika bhuku iri zvemagetsi redunhu ane mukuru kukwanisa, yakatsiga kumhanya uye ane mari shoma. Batteries iyi mhando zvinoshandiswa muminda siyana. Kazhinji vanosarudza kuti Starter mabhatiri, izvo zvinokosha zvikuru nokuti motokari, apo ivo kazhinji ndivo monopolists.

Imwe bhatiri yakajairika chinosanganisira simbi (anode), nickel oxide hydrate (cathode) uye electrolyte - ane aqueous mhinduro kuti potassium kana yavaibvisa. The kushingaira acho ari nickel-kuifukidza simbi sepombi.

Kushandiswa ichi mhando yakaderera mushure moto pa fekitari Edison muna 1914. Zvisinei, kana tiri enzanisa zvinoitwa rokutanga uye rechipiri mhando bhatiri, zvinoitika kuti nokushanda resimbi-nickel inogona yekudyidzana anopfuura mutobvu acid.

Generators pamusoro DC uye AC

The emagetsi ndangariro kuti inoitirwa kuchinja zvokuimba simba kupinda magetsi simba.

Nyore DC jenareta inogona achimiririrwa chakafanana muitisi, iyo yakaiswa pakati rinobva matanda uye migumo vari chokuita kure hafu zvenzeve (nomuteresi). Nokuti mudziyo basa, unofanira nechokwadi vachishandisa kutenderera furemu pamwe nemuteresi. Ipapo zvichava vafurira Magetsi kuchinja mirayiridzo pasi pokudzora remagineti mitsetse. The Dunhu kwokunze ruchapinda mune rimwe divi. Zvakaratidza kuti nomuteresi achaita ruramisa rakatumbuka ano, uko zvinoberekwa pepuranga. Kuti vabudirire DC nomuteresi chakagadzirwa matatu namatanhatu kana kupfuura ndiro, uye muitisi rinosanganisira muzvizhinji nemafuremu ari chimiro armature ichitenderera.

Funga chinangwa ano kunobva redunhu. Discover Ndoda ano zvinopa dziripo.

An zvemagetsi redunhu: magetsi ano, simba ano, ano mabviro

The zvemagetsi redunhu rinosanganisira bhuku razvino iyo, pamwe nevamwe zvinhu anosika nzira uno. A Pfungwa emf voltage uye ano kuerera ichi rakazaruka remagetsi kwendangariro.

Chinonyanya nyore zvemagetsi dunhu rine kuitika tsime (bhatiri, imwe electrochemical muchitokisi jenareta, nezvimwewo), simba vatengi (dzemagetsi Heaters, dzemagetsi Motors nezvimwe), uye tambo unobva zviteshi ari voltage panobva uye nevatengi.

The zvemagetsi wedunhu ane zvemukati (simba source) uye yokunze (waya, haizoshandisi, vaputsi, kuyera nhumbi) zvikamu.

Zvichaita kushanda uye ane ukoshi zvakanaka chete kana yakapiwa remudunhu wakapfigwa. Chero pakakoromoka hunokonzera kumira ano chokubuda.

The zvemagetsi Dunhu rine kuitika tsime muchimiro masero electrochemical, dzemagetsi accumulators, electromechanical uye thermoelectric emagetsi, masero zuva, uye zvichingodaro.

Sezvo dzemagetsi Motors vanoita vagamuchiri kuti exchange simba kupinda zvokuimba simba, kuvheneka uye kudziyisa namano, electrolysis chokugadza zvichingodaro.

Accessories ndiwo namano kuti zvinokosha atendeuka uye kure, kuyera nhumbi uye anodzivirira nzira.

All zvakamisa hurongwa akakamurwa:

• basa (sezvamakaropafadzwa yemagetsi redunhu unosanganisira kuitika tsime EMF, dzemagetsi Motors, mabhatiri zvichingodaro);
• pusa (izvo zvinosanganisira nemagetsi vagamuchiri uye interconnecting wiring).

The cheni vanogona kuva:

• Linear, sezvamakaropafadzwa kurwisa chinhu anogara dzinoratidzwa yakarurama mutsetse;
• nonlinear, sezvamakaropafadzwa kurwisa iri novimba voltage kana ano.

Ndicho nyore zano, sezvamakaropafadzwa dunhu unosanganisira kuitika tsime chinja, rimwe girobhu racho, mumwe rheostat.

Pasinei kwakapararira kuwanda vakadaro unyanzvi mano, kunyanya munguva ichangopfuura vanhu vakawanda varikubvunza mibvunzo pamusoro kugadzwa kungaitwa pane simba zvinyorwa.

A-siyana zvinopa yemagetsi simba

Ndezvipi manyuko zvemagetsi kuitika zvichiripo? Hazvina chete zuva, mhepo, pasi uye mafungu emvura. Vava kunzi yepamutemo nzira simba zvinyorwa.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti kune imwe nzira yakatarwa. Havasi zvakajairika, nekuti havasi asi inoshanda uye dzakanaka. Asi ndiani anoziva, zvichida ramangwana richange chete shure kwavo.

Saka, zvemagetsi simba anogona kuwanikwa kubva mvura munyu. Norway wakatosvika yakasimbiswa simba, nokushandisa zvigadzirwa ichi.

Power dzemapurisa anogona kumhanya mafuta masero anyatsonzwisisa oxide electrolyte zvakare.

Rizivikanwe piezoelectric emagetsi kugamuchira simba kuburikidza kinetic simba (yatovapo kudaro Michina menzira, kumhanya anorovera, turnstiles uye kunyange kutamba uriri).

Kune nanogenerators, izvo chinangwa kuchinja simba mumuviri womunhu kupinda magetsi.

Chii chaungaita iwe unoti pamusoro algae kuti vakuchidzire dzimba dzavo, nhabvu minondo, generating magetsi, mabhasikoro, zvemagetsi zvemazuva inogona mhosva, uye kunyange wakatemerwa bepa, senzira simba kupi?

Chipikirwa Great Chokwadi, ndezvaJehovha pave kuputika simba.

Zvose izvi zviripo-zuva chaizvoizvo pamusoro iro masayendisiti kushanda. Zvinoita kuti vamwe vavo nokukurumidza kwakura chinowanzoitwa, kufanana magetsi mudzimba nhasi.

Pamwe mumwe ichafukura zvakavanzika musayendisiti Nikola Tesla, uye vanhu vachakwanisa kuwana simba nyore kubva mumhepo?