The ehupfumi kuti aruminiyamu - mashoko nguva dzose

Kazhinji zita rokutanga chinhu - mudziyo, zvinhu kana chigadzirwa - kupfuura yakarurama uye anonzwisisika vanoratidza chaizvo yavo. Zvino pane nguva kufungisisa uye anouya zita idzva, zvesayenzi, umo zviri pachena "zvenyika" pfungwa achienda zvachose. Pakangotanga aruminiyamu akanga zita alumina, kureva, "Ivhu enyika", uye ivhu, sezvo tichiziva, tiri nyika chepuraimari. Zvino akadana saka alumina. Uye atsiva aivapo pamberi zita "Alumina" yasvika zita idzva - "Aluminum" - akanaka, inoshamisa uye nesayenzi. Legend pakati veMubatanidzwa aruminiyamu wokutanga, ane unosuwisa: Tenzi, chaipiwa kuna Kesari Tibheriyo zvinoshamisa mukombe kusvikira zvisingazivikanwi simbi kuchengeta chipo chimwe chete kopi, chete kana, akamugura musoro wake - akawana mumwe kupa. Mumazuva iwayo, pakutanga yaitonga yedu, mibvunzo voga akagadzirisa tichaona uye kuonga unyanzvi akanga chaiyo. Chero zvakanga, asi Paracelsus yakasimbiswa gumi emakore kuti alumina (alum) rakashandiswa kugadzirisa wemadhai mu machira uye leathers, rine oxide ane zvisingazivikanwi simbi.

simbi yakachena akakwanisa kuwana chete muna 1825. Danish musayendisiti Oersted somunhu divi mugumisiro kwavo kutsvakurudza akanga "chimedu simbi zvakafanana mugaba ', asi ramba basa haana. Zvisinei, nokuda pakati XIX remakore aruminiyamu - sirivha, chiedza, nyore kuti ironge simbi - aikoshesa kupfuura goridhe. The ehupfumi kuti aruminiyamu zvikurukuru akaonga jewelers. Raiva fashoni, uye panguva pashoo kuParis muna 1855, aruminiyamu zvigadzirwa hwakaratidza pedyo korona French pamwe mangoda. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, kudiwa inobudisa inopa, saka rwokugadzira akamuka chaizvo kukura. Uye pezana remakore rechimakumi maviri rakava zvake aruminiyamu iri zvinowanzoshandiswa zvinhu engineering, uye zvivako zviri aruminiyamu mumuviri kunge zvakanaka kudzidza.

Industrial kugadzirwa aruminiyamu Technology

The hwaro aruminiyamu Kugadzirwa ndiye electrolysis uye yakatsvuka zvinhu yakanyauka mu yakaumbwa cryolite-alumina Al2O3. Nokuti kugeza electrolysis rinoshandiswa, kuti uchishandisa tembiricha iri zvishoma pane 1000 ° C. Yakaumbwa aruminiyamu inounganidzwa pamusoro pasi bhati - ichi kugadzwa cathode. Vakaidururira kupinda chimiro uye kuwana Gráfica kana vara - yakatsvuka mashoko mamwe kugadzira.

aruminiyamu ehupfumi zvinochinja ari kutsvakwa nomutowo achishandisa dopants. Saka kubudirira kuwedzera simba, zvakaoma, kupisa nemishonga, etc. pamwe Kusimbisa zvariri kushanda. Alloying zvokuvakisa alloys siyana -. Copper, manganese, zingi, magnesium, uyewo (mu shoma), nesilicon, simbi, nickel, etc. inowedzerwa uchanyangadika munguva yokupedzisira zvaAtemisi Finished chigadzirwa achida.

Basic voystva panyama ne aruminiyamu

Chero zvinhu dzinoratidzwa yakarongwa kuti physico-namakemikari ehupfumi, iyo anosarudza kushandiswa kwayo tevera. Aluminum ehupfumi - mukana wokushandiswa, yakaderera chaizvo uremu, zvakanaka chafariz uye zvemagetsi conductivity - anozivikanwa vose.

• Aluminum Density - 2,710 makirogiramu / m3
• Utsotso pfungwa - 660 ° C
• Achibika pfungwa - 2519 ° C
• The zvemagetsi resistivity - 2.7 * 10-8 M ohms / ba mm.

Mumaonero magetsi mafomu isiyo mubereko ndizvo rinobva ehupfumi ose aruminiyamu, izvo zvinoreva kuti boka zvakaneta paramagnetic zvinhu. Kirasi ichi nezvinhu kunoratidzwa muna kuti ayo remagineti pasi zvinoitwa ane zvokunze munda rinobatana mirayiridzo, uye, kunyange kwazvo zvishoma, asi kunowedzera.

Kushandiswa aruminiyamu

Kukosha mashoko kunotema chakakoshera nyaya dzayo. Aluminum kudiwa pakutanga ari kuvaka zvinhu. shungu kugadzira uye kubvumira kushandiswa ngura nemishonga kuti aruminiyamu zvigadzirwa rokuvaka, engineering, hwokubereka kupisa, zvokudya uye mamwe marudzi michina. Aluminum - ndiyo huru STRUCTURAL zvinhu zviri avhiyesheni. Kuramba muri zvikuru kushandiswa aruminiyamu alloys kuti shipbuilding - hulls, kukurukurirana, superstructure, siyana zvomumvura michina. Vakawanda kushandiswa bhizimisi uye zuva upenyu silumin uye duralumin - kungatikanganisa aruminiyamu alloys nendarira - kusvika 7% kana nesilicon - kusvika 14%.

aruminiyamu Conductivity zvishoma muduku kuna mhangura, asi aruminiyamu nyore zvikuru uye isingadhuri kupfuura uye nokuda wayo kwazvo kushandiswa magetsi mapurani. Saka dzinokosha ehupfumi ari aruminiyamu kushandiswa yakadaro - duku yemagetsi nemishonga, uremu, uye vakaderera mutengo. Kuwedzera mune magetsi, izvo ichangobva akatonga zvachose chete conductors mhangura, akashandisa aruminiyamu windings pamusoro transformers, inductors, reactors, "Musimboti" netambo uye nevamwe. Hunde simba mutsetse ndiko kunonyanya chikwereti aruminiyamu.

Hapana mubvunzo kuti ichi simbi chinoshamisa haasati kwakaratidza zvose zvaangaita ayo - chinofanira kuitwa munguva yemberi.